Abstract
Beekeeping also known as apiculture is an interesting hobby and an ideal agro-based subsidiary enterprise, providing supplementary and sometimes major income to the people in the rural areas. Honey is nature’s miraculous food. The nutritional composition of honey, is closer to fruit than it is to table sugar or any other sweetener. Honey bees are not only important for the honey and other products they provide but they are also vital as pollinators of agricultural and horticultural crops. Before taking up beekeeping as a profession, one must know the basic aspects of beekeeping such as different bee species, their biology, rearing and management methods, bee enemy and diseases, bee forage, role of honey bees in crop pollination and causes for pollinator decline and mitigation. Scientists, students, farmers, honey traders and all the stakeholders in the honey industry will benefit by the knowledge of beekeeping techniques dealt in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrol DP (1997) Bees and Beekeeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, 450pp
Abrol DP (2011) Foraging. In: Hepburn HR, Radloff SE (eds) Honeybees of Asia. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 257–292
Abrol DP (2012) Pollination biology biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York
Abrol DP (2013) Beekeeping a comprehensive guide to bees and beekeeping. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur, p 499
Abrol DP, Kakroo SR (1994) In: Veeresh, GK, Virktamath CA (eds) Proceedings of the 1st National Seminar Cum workshop on honeybee diseases, diagnosis and management, Oxford and IBH Publication, Ludhiana, 450
Akratanakul P (1976) Honeybees in Thailand. Am Bee J 116:120–121
Akratanakul P (1986) FAO Bull. Common wealth Institution, IBRA, London, p. 56
Akratanakul P (1990) Beekeeping in Asia. FAO Agricultural Services. Bulletin 68/4 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome
Ali AD et al (1973b) J Apic. Restor Dent 12:125–130
Allen MF (1995) Bees and beekeeping in Nepal. Bee World 76:185–194
Anderson RH (1963) The laying worker in the Cape bee, Apis mellifera capensis. J Apic Res 2:85–92
Anderson DL (1999) Genetic and reproductive variation in Varroa jacobsoni. Proc. XIIIInt. Congr. IUSSI, Adelaide, p. 33
Aruna R, Srinivasan MR, Selvarajan R (2016) Comparison of genomic RNA sequences of different isolates of Thai Sac Brood virus attacking Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica Fab. Tamil Nadu by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. J Entomol Res 40(2):117–122
Aspay E (1977) Selective effect of propolis in the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes.in Nordisk. Vet Dermatol 29(10):440–445
Atwal AS (1971) Acarine disease problem of the Indian honeybee. Apisindica F Am Bee J 111(134–136):196–187
Atwal AS, Dhaliwal GS (1969) Some behavioural characteristics of Apis indica F. and A. mellifera L. Indian Bee J 31(1):1–8
Atwal AS, Goyal NP (1971) Infestation of honeybee colonies with Tropilaelaps and its control. J Apic Res 10(3):137–142
Bailey L, Collins MD (1982) Reclassification of Streptococcus pluton (White) in a new genus Melissococcus pluton. J Appl Bacteriol 53:215–217
Bankova VS, Popov SS, Marekov NL (1983) A study on flavonoids of propolis. J Nat Prod 46:471–474
Bankova V, De Castro SL, Marcucci MC (2000) Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie 31:3–15
Bansal K, Singhand Y, Singh P (2013) Constraints of apiculture in India. Int J Life Sci Res 1(1):1–4
Bhardwaj. RK (1968) A new record of mite, Tropilaelaps clareae from Apis dorsata colonies. BeeWorld 49(3):115
Bisht DD, Naim M, Mehrotra KN (1983) Studies on the role of honeybees in rapeseed production. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference of apiculture in tropical climate. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, pp 491–496
Boecking O, Bienefeldand K, Drescher W (2000) Heritability of the Varroa specific hygienic behaviour in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Anim Breed Genet 117(6):417–424
Burdock GA (1998) Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis. Food Chem Toxicol 36:347–363
Buys B (1990) Applied myrmecology. In: RK V et al (eds) A world perspective. Westview Press Inc, Boulder, pp 519–524
Caron DE (1990) Honeybee pests, predators and disease. Cornell University press, Ithaca/New York, pp 171–172
Casanova Ostos RA (1992) Three methods for control of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), in stored honeycombs. Revista Cientifica UNET 6(1):5–16
Cramp D (2008) The practical manual of beekeeping. Spring-hill House, Oxford, pp. 202–201
Crane E (2004) A short history of knowledge about honey bees (Apis) up to 1800. Bee World 85(1):6–11
Crane E, Walker P (1983) The impact of pest management on bees and pollination. International Bee Research Association, London, 107pp
Cuningham SA, Fitzgibben F, Heard TA (2002) The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. Agriculture 53(8):893–900
De Jong D (1997) Mites: varroa and other parasites of brood. In: Morse RA, Flottum K (eds) Honey bee pests, predators and diseases, 3rd edn. A.I. Root Company, Medina, pp 278–327
De long D, Roger AM, Eiclcwort, George C (1982) Mite pests of honeybees. Ann Rev Enl 27:229–252
Delfinado MD, Baker EW (1961) Tropilaelaps, a new genus of mite from the Philippines (Laelapidae: Acarina). Fieldiana-Zool 44(7):53–56
Delfinado MD, Baker EW (1987) A new Varroa (Acari: Varroidae) from the nest of Apis cerana (Apidae). Int J Acarol 13:233–237
Devanesan, S., Jacob A (2001). Thai sacbrood virus disease of Asian honeybee Apis cerana indica Fab, in Kerala, India. Proceedings 37th international apiculture congress, 28th October–1st Nov 2001, Durban, South Africa
Dhaliwai HS, Sharma PL (1974) Foraging range of the Indian honeybee. J Apic Res 13(2):137–141
Dyer M, Fry CH (1980) Acta 17 International Organisation Congress. Velrag, D.O-G., Berlin, pp. 44–46
FAO (2016) FAOSTAT. Accessed on 1 Nov 2016
Farnesi AP, Aquino-Ferreira R, De Jong D, Bastos JK, Soares AEE (2009) Effects of stingless bee and honey bee propolis on four species of bacteria. Genet Mol Restor Dent 8(2):635–640
Fearnley J (2005) Bee propolis natural healing from the hive. Souvenir Press
Garg R, Kashyap NP (1998) In: Mishra RC (ed) Perspectives in Indian apiculture, Agro Botanica, Bikaner, pp 290–303
Gary NE (1963) Observation of mating behavior in the honeybee. J Apic Res 2:3–13
Gerson U, Lensky Y, Lubinevski Y, Slabezki Y, Stern Y (1988) Varroa jacobsoni in Israel, 1984–1986. In: Neeedham GR, Page RE, Delfinado-Baker M, Bowman CE (eds) Africanized honey bees and bee mites. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, pp 420–424
Ghisalberti EL (1979) Propolis: a review. Bee World 60:59–84
Gochnauer TA (1981) The distribution of Bacillus larvae spores in the environs of colonies infected with American foulbrood disease. Am Bee J 121:332–335
Gulati R, Kaushik HD (2004) Enemies of honeybees and their management – a review, Agric. Revue 25(3):189–200
Gurung MB, Ahmad F, Joshi SR, Bhatta CR (2003) The value of Apis cerana beekeeping for mountain farmers in Nepal. Bee Dev J 69:13
Hepburn HR, Radloff SE (2011) Honeybees of Asia. Springer, Berlin
Hirschfelder H, Sachs H (1952) Recent research on the acarine mite. Bee World 33:201–209
Hyatt S (2011) Asian honey bee (Apis cerana javana) in Cairns, Far North Queensland. Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI)
Johansen CA (1977) Pesticides and pollinators. Annu Rev Entomol 22:177–192
Kamakura M (2011) Royalactin induces queen differentiation in honeybees. Nature 473:478–483. doi:10.1038/nature 10093
Kaur B (1998) Evaluation of selected training course organised by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Ph.D. dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Kenmore P, Krell R (1998) Global perspectives on pollination in agriculture and agroecosystem management. In: International Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Useof Pollinators in Agriculture, with Emphasis on Bees. Brazil, Sao Paulo
Kishan Tej M, Srinivasan MR, Rajadurai G (2014) Proceedings of the national symposium on emerging trends in eco- friendly insect pest management. AE publications, Coimbatore, p 283
Koeniger N (1969) Experiments concerning the ability of the queen (Apis mellifera L.) to distinguish between drone and worker cells. XXII International Beekeeping Congress Summit, p. 138
Koeniger N (1970) Factors determining the laying of drone and worker eggs by the queen honeybee. Bee World 51:166–169
Koetz AH, Hyatt S (2013) Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) remote nest treatment. Asian Honey bee transition to management program, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF); Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Kshirsagar KK, Saxena UC, Chauhan RM (1982) Occurrence of sacbrood disease in Apis cerana indica F. in Bihar, India. Indian Bee J 44:8–9
Kumar Y (1996) Advanced training course in apiculture, CAS, Department of Entomology. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, pp. 201–207
Kumar P (2000) Present status, problems and prospects of beekeeping in Ludhiana district of Punjab, M.Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Laigo FM, Morse RA (1969) Control of the bee mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans and Tropilaelaps clareae. Delfinado and Baker with Chlorobenzilate. Philippines Entomol 1:144–148
Le Conte Y, Arnold G, Trouiller J, Masson C, Chappeand B, Ourisson G (1989) Attraction of the parasitic mite Varroa to the drone larvae of honey bees by simple aliphatic esters. Science 245:638–639
Lepcha SR, Gurung R, Arrawatia ML (2012) Traditional Lepcha craft Sumok-thyaktuk (Lepcha hat) and its conservation in Dzongu Tribal Reserved Area (DTRA), Sikkim, India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 11:537–541
Lundie AE (1940) The small hive beetle Aethina tumida, Science Bulletin 220. Department of Agriculture Forestry, Government Printer, Pretoria
Maa TC (1953) An inquiry into the systematics of the Tribus Apidini or honeybees (hymenoptera). Treubia 21:525–640
Mackensen O (1943) The occurrence of parthenogenetic females in some strains of honeybees. J Econ Entomol 36:465–467
Mackenzie KE, Winston ML (1989) Effect of sublethal exposure to diazinon on longevity and temporal division of labor in the honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Econ Entomol 82(1):75–82
Marcucci MC (1995) Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie 26:83–99
Michener CD (2000) The bees of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Mishra RC (1995) Honeybees and their management in India, publications and information division Indian council of agricultural research. Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, Pusa, New delhi
Morhe RA (ed) (1999) Honeybee pests, predators and diseases. Cornell University Press, Ithaca/New York
Mraz (1982) Bee venom for arthritis – an update. Am Bee J 22:121–123
Nair MC (2003) Apiculture resource biodiversity and management in southern Kerala. Ph. D. thesis. Mahatma Ghandhi University, Kottayam, 277pp
Nakamura LK (1996) Paenibacillus apiarius sp. nov./nt. J Syst Bacteriol 46:688–693
Nikiel AH (1972) Glean Bee Cult 100:330
Oldroyd BP, Wongsiri S (2006) Asian honey bees. In: Biology, conservation and human interactions. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Olivieri M, Ginocchi G, Melzi R (1981) Antimicrobial effect of propolis. Cronache Farmacentiche 24(2):94–96
Otis GW (1990) Diversity of Apis in Southeast Asia. In: Vearesh GK, Malik B, Viraktanathan H (eds) Social insects and Environment. IBA, Oxford, pp 725–726
Otis GW (1996) Distribution of recently recognized species of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis) in Asia. J Kansas Entomol Soc 69:311–333
Partap U (2011) The pollination role of honeybees. In: Hepburn HR, Radloff SE (eds) Honeybees of Asia. Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, pp 227–255
Partap U, Verma LR (1998) Asian bees and bee keeping: issues and initiatives, Asian bees and bee keeping progress of research and development. Proceeding of fourth Asian apicultural association international conference, Kathmandu, 23–28 March 1998, pp 3–14
Phadke RP, Phadke RS (1975) Physico-chemical characteristics of waxes from Indian honeybees II Viscosity and refractive index. Indian Bee J 37(1/4):15–18
Phadke KGDS, RB B, Sinha P (1966) Occurrence of mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans in the brood cells of honeybee Apisindica F. Indian J Ent 28:411–412
Pimental D (1980) Environmental and social cost of pesticides: a preliminary assessment. Oikos 34(2):126–140
Poehling HM (1989) Selective application strategies for insecticides in agricultural crops. In: Jepson PC (ed) Pesticides and nontarget invertebrates. Intercept, Wimborne, Dorset, pp 151–175
Pugh BM (1947) Varieties of bees found in Assam (Extract from the report of the Assistant Agriculture Officer, North East Frontier Agency, Assam, on “Agriculture in the Mynner (Jirang) state, Khasi Hills, Assam”). Indian Bee J 9:62
Ramachandran S, Mahadevan V (1951) The wax moths and their control. Indian Bee J 14:758–785
Ramchandra TV, Subashchandran MD, Joshi NV, Balachandran C (2012) ENVIS technical. report: 49, Centre for ecological sciences. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Ragumoorthi KNMR, Srinivsan V, Balasubramani, Natrajan N (2007) Applied entomology. A.E. Publications, Coimbatore, pp. 26–28
Rana BS, Goyal NP (1991) Field toxicity of methyl demeton and dimethoate to the foragers of honeybee (Apis cerana indica F.) visitors to Brassica chinensis L. Indian Bee J 53(1–4):73–77
Rana BS, Kumar A, Gupta JK (2000) Influence of environmental factors on the population of predatory wasps of honey bees and evaluation of methods for controlling the wasps. Indian Bee J 62(1–2):47–54
Rasmussen C (2013) Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge. Zootaxa 3647(3):401–402pp
Rasmussen C, Camargo JMF (2008) A molecular phylogeny and the evolution of nest architecture and behavior in Trigona Spp.(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Apidologie 39:102–118
Ratnieks FLW (1993) Egg-laying, egg-removal, and ovary development by workers in queenright honey bee colonies. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 32:191–198
Rennie J (1921) Acarine disease in hive bees: its cause, nature and control. N Scotland Coll Agric Bull 33:3–34
Rinderer TE, de Guzman LI, Lancaster VA, Delatteand GT, Stelzer JA (1999) Varroa in the mating yard: I. The effects of Varroa jacobsoni and Apistan on drone honey bees. Am Bee J 139:134–139
Ritter W (1981) Varroa disease of the honeybee Varroa mellifera. Bee World 62:141–153
Russell D, Meyer R, Bukowski J (1998) Potential impact of micro encapsulated pesticides on New Jersey apiaries. Am Bee J 138(3):207–210
Ruttner F (1966) The life and the flight activity of drone. Bee World 47:93–100
Ruttner F (1988) Biogeography and taxonomy of honeybees. Springer, Berlin
Sammataro D (1997) Report on parasitic honey bee mites and disease associations. American Bee Journal 137:301–302
Sammataro D, Cobey S, Smith BH, Needham GR (1994) Controlling tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with vegetable oil. J Econ Entomol 87:910–916
Seeley TD (1985) Honeybee ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Sharma SK, Kumar Y, Rana MK (2014) Status and prospects of beekeeping in Haryana. Workshop on promotion of honeybee keeping in Haryana held on June 24 2014
Shinde SG, Phadke RP (1995) Beekeeping in India: history, present status and future. Indian Bee J 57:–37
Singh S (1957) Acarine disease in the Indian honey bee (Apis indica F.). Indian Bee J 19:27–28
Singh S (1962) Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi, pp. 1–214
Singh D (2000) A focus on honeybees in the tropics. Curr Sci 79:1155–1157
Singh AK (2014) Traditional beekeeping shows great promises for endangered indigenous bee Apis cerana. Indian J Tradit Knowl 13(3):582–588
Singh KK, Gaira KS, Rai LK (2011) Agricultural scenario vis-a-vis the pollinator elements of the Sikkim Himalayan region. In: Arrawatia ML, Tambe S (eds) Biodiversity of Sikkim-Exploring and Conserving a Global Hotspot. Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Sikkim, Sikkim, pp 427–441
Singh MP, Chourasia HR, Agarwal M, Malhotra A, Sharma M, Sharma D, Khan S (2012) Honey as complementary medicine. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 3(2):2012
Sivaram V (2012) Status, prospects and strategy for development of organic beekeeping in the South Asian Countries. www.apiservices.com/…/23_02_12_concept_organic_south_asia.pdf
Soman AG, Chawda SS (1996) A contribution to the biology and behaviour of dwarf bee, A. florea F. and its economic importance in Kutch, Gujarat, India. Indian Bee J 58(2):81–88
Stark DJD, Jepson PC, Mayer DF (1995) Limitation to use of topical toxicity data for production of pesticide side effects in the field. J Econ Entomol 88(5):1081–1088
Sundararaju D (2003) Occurrence of bee fauna and extent of pollination in insecticide sprayed ecosystem of cashew. J Palynol 39:121–125
Suwannaong G (2000) Ultrastructure and pheromones of the mandibular glands of honeybee foragers in Thailand. Ph. D Thesis, Chulalongkorn University. pp 177
Suwannapong G, Seanbualuang P, Gowda SV, Benbow EM (2010) Detection of odor perception in Asiatic honeybee, Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 workers by changing in membrane potential of the antennal sensilla. J Asia Pac Entomol 13(3):197–200
Suwannapong G, Benbow ME, James CN (2011) Biology of Thai honeybees: natural history and threats. Nova science publishers, New York, pp 1–98
Tewarson NC, Singh A, Engels W (1992) Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis cerana indica under natural and experimental conditions. Apidologie 23:161–171
Thomas D, Pal N, Chawda SS, Rao KS (2001) Bee flora and migratory routes in India Proceedings 37th International Apiculture Congrress, 28 October–1 November 2001, Durban, South Africa
Thomas D, Pal N, Subba Rao K (2002) Bee management and productivity of Indian honeybees. Apidologie 3:1–5
Tirgari S (1971) On the biology and manipulation of Apis florea F. in Iran. 23rd International Beekeeping Congress, pp 330–332
Tribe GD, Fletcher DJC (1977) Rate of development of the workers of Apis mellifera adansonii L. In: Fletcher DJC (ed) African bees: their taxonomy, biology, and economic use. Apimondia, Pretoria, pp 115–119
Urtubey N (2005) Apitoxin: from bee venom to apitoxin for medical use. Termas de Rio Grande Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero
Visscher PK, Seeley TD (1982) Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology 63(6):1790–1801
Von Frisch K (1967) The dance language and orientation of bees. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Von Frisch K (1971) Bees, their vision, chemical senses and language, Ithaca. Cornell University Press, NewYork
White JW (1962) Composition of American Honeys. Technical Bulletin 1261. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
White JW Jr (1980) Detection of honey adulteration by carbohydrate analysis. JAOAC 63(1):11–18
Wille A (1983) Biology of the stingless bees. Annu Rev Entomol 28:41–64
Winston ML (1979) Intra-colony demography and reproductive rate of the Africanized honeybee in South America. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 4:279–292
Winston ML (1987) The biology of honeybee. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Winston ML (1992) The honeybee colony: life history; The hive and the honeybee. Dadant& Sons, Michigan, pp. 73–101
Winston ML, Fergusson LA (1985) The effect of worker loss on temporal caste structure in colonies of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Can J Zool 63:777–780
Wolfgang R (1981) Varroa disease of the honeybee, Apis mellifera. Bee World 62:141–153
Wongsiri S, Rindererand TE, Sylvester HA (1991) Biodiversity of Honeybees in Thailand. Prachachon, Bangkok, pp. 50–63
Wongsiri S, Lekprayoon C, Thapa R, Thirakupt K, Rinderer T, Sylvesterand H, Oldroyd B (1996) Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand. Bee World 77(4):25–35
Woyke J (1963) What happens to diploid drone larvae in a honeybee colony? J Apic Res 2:73–75
Woyke J (1969) A method of rearing diploid droned in a honeybee colony. J Apic Res 8:65–74
Woyke J (1973) Reproductive organs of haploid and diploid drone honeybee. J Apic Res 12:35–51
Zhong HE, Mark L, Sheve P, Cate B (2004) Minimizing the impact of the mosquito adulticide naled on honeybees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Aerial Ultra volume application using a high-pressure nozzle system. J Econ Entomol 97(1):1–7
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kishan Tej, M., Aruna, R., Mishra, G., Srinivasan, M.R. (2017). Beekeeping in India. In: Omkar (eds) Industrial Entomology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3304-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3304-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3303-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3304-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)