Abstract
Two pairs of wings usually present; the anterior pair most often of harder consistency than the posterior pair, either uniformly so (Homoptera) or with the apical portion more membranous than the remainder (Heteroptera). Mouthparts piercing and suctorial, palps atrophied; the labium forming a dorsally grooved sheath in which lie two pairs of bristle-like stylets (modified mandibles and maxillae). Metamorphosis usually gradual, rarely complete.
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Literature on the Hemiptera
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Richards, O.W., Davies, R.G. (1977). Hemiptera (Rhynchota: Plant Bugs, etc.). In: Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0472-4_20
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