Abstract
In this chapter, three cases of disassociation will be examined: Indonesian “withdrawal” from the United Nations; French refusal to participate in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); and the Cuban “expulsion” from the Organization of American States (OAS). In spite of their physical disassociations from the respective international organizations, states concerned are or had to be regarded as members of the respective international organizations in law.
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References
Egon Schwelb, “Withdrawal From the United Nations: The Indonesian Intermezzo,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 61 (1967), pp. 661–672; For the text of Indonesian letter, see New York Times, January 22, 1965.
Hans Kelsen, The Law of the United Nations, (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), pp. 122–126.
Schwelb, op. cit., p. 663, see also Francis O. Wilcox and Carl M. Marcy, Proposals for Changes in the United Nations, (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1955), pp. 24–25.
For a complete discussion on this point, see Leland M. Goodrich and Anne P. Simons, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, 2nd printing, (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1957), pp. 128-141.
Eric Stein and Dominique Carreau, “Law and Peaceful Change in a Subsystem: ‘Withdrawal’ of France from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 62 (1968), p. 618.
See Eric Stein and Dominique Carreau, and Carroll Quigley, “France and the United States in World Politics,” Current History, vol. 54, no. 319 (1968), pp. 151–159, 180.
Elliot R. Goodman, “De Gaulle’s NATO Policy in Perspective,” ORBIS, vol. 10, no. 3 (1966), pp. 690–723.
John Davis Lodge, “Can NATO Be Restored,” ORBIS, vol. 10, no. 3 (1966), pp. 724–736.
See, for instance, Charles G. Fenwick, “Issues at Punta de Este: Non-Intervention versus Collective Security,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 56 (1962), pp. 469–474.
For further discussion on this and related points, see Inis L. Claude, Jr., “The OAS, the UN and the United States,” International Conciliation, No. 547 (1964), pp. 53-60.
Robert N. Burr, Our Troubled Hemisphere: Perspectives on United States-Latin American Relations, (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1967), pp. 69–70.
For this and related points, see N. Feinberg, “Unilateral Withdrawal from An International Organization,” British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 39 (1963), pp. 189–219.
For a discussion on the applicability of rebus sic stantibus concept, see William L. Tung, International Law in an Organizing World, (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1968), pp. 356–359.
Professor Fenwick states, in this connection, that: “This rule [rebus sic stantibus] is logically deducible from the general principle that a state cannot be presumed to have bargained away the very conditions of its continued existence as an international person unless it has done so in clear and explicit terms.” See Charles G. Fenwick, International Law, 4th ed., (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965), pp. 545–546.
For a discussion on the rationales behind the concept of “sovereignty” and the theory of confederation as a basis for the existence of right of withdrawal, see N. Feinberg, International Law, 4th ed., (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts pp. 212–214.
For a brief discussion on the issue of dissociation from international organizations, see Elmer Plischke, International Relations: Basic Documents, 2nd ed., (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1962), p. 51.
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© 1972 Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands
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Kim, JG., Howell, J.M. (1972). The Cases of Indonesia, France, and Cuba. In: Conflict of International Obligations and State Interests. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0505-5_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0505-5_9
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