Abstract
This paper begins with a general review of the main policy choices open to governments regarding the provision of social services and the relationship between the formal and informal sectors of social care. It proceeds to a discussion of the contribution of research to our understanding of the dynamics of informal care and the problems of conducting research into this sector. The paper concludes with an appraisal of the political implications of making greater use of the informal sector and strengthening its links with the formal sector of social care.
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Notes
The concepts of universality and selectivity are central to the literature of British social policy, although they are sometimes used differently by different authors. See M. Reddin, Universality and selectivity: strategies in social policy, Report no. 36, National Economic and Development Council, Dublin, 1978; Bleddyn Davies, Universality, selectivity and effectiveness in social policy, Heinemann Educational Books, 1978; Richard M. Titmuss, Commitment to welfare, second edition, George Allen and Unwin, 1976; T.H. Marshall, The right to welfare and other essays, Heinemann Educational Books, 1981; T.H. Marshall, Social policy in the twentieth century, Hutchinson, 1975; Robert Pinker, Social theory and social policy, Heinemann Educational Books, 1971; Robert Pinker, The idea of welfare, Heinemann Educational Books, 1979; Arthur Seldon, Universal or selective social benefits, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1967; Peter Townsend, Sociology and social policy, Penguin Books, 1975, chs. 7 & 9; and Muriel Brown, Introduction to social administration in Britain, fifth edition, Hutchinson, 1982, ch.
See M. Friedman, Capitalism and freedom, University of Chicago Press, 1962; F.A. Hayek, The road to serfdom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979; W.H. Chaloner et al., The coming confrontation, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1978; Ian Gilmour, Inside right: a study of conservatism, Quartet Books, 1978; R.M. Titmuss, Social policy, George Allen and Unwin, 1974; and Titmuss, Commitment to welfare; Albert Weale, Equality and social policy, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978; Raymond Plant, Harry Lesser and Peter Taylor-Gooby, Political philosophy and social welfare: essays on the normative basis of welfare provision, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980; N. Bosanquet and P. Townsend, Labour and inequality, Heinemann Educational Books, 1980; and P. Taylor-Gooby and J. Dale, Social theory and social welfare, Edward Arnold, 1981.
Townsend, Sociology and social policy, pp. 121-7.
Titmuss, Commitment to welfare, p. 135.
Anthony Christopher, George Polanyi, Arthur Seldon and Barbara Shenfield, Policy for poverty, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1970, p.11.
R.M. Titmuss, The social division of welfare, essays on the welfare state, George Allen and Unwin, 1975, pp. 34–5.
For recent comments on Titmuss’s approach, see Adrian Sinfield, Analyses in the social division of welfare, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 7 part. 2, 1978; David Reisman, Richard Titmuss: welfare and society, Heinemann Educational Books, 1977 (with a preface by Robert Pinker); and Hilary Rose, Rereading Titmuss: the sexual division of welfare, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 10, part 4, 1981.
There is now a very considerable literature on the voluntary sector and volunteer service. See The voluntary worker in the social services (Aves Report), George Allen and Unwin, 1969; Current issues in community work (Gulbenkian Report), Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973; R.H.S. Crossman, The role of the volunteer in the modern social service, Sidney Ball Memorial Lecture, 1973, Clarendon Press Depository, Oxford, 1974; Adrian Webb, Lesley Day and Douglas Weller, Voluntary social service manpower resources, Personal Social Services Council, 1976; Encouraging the community, Volunteer Centre, 1976; Kay Richard, Training volunteer organisers, National Institute of Social Work Papers, no. 3, 1977; The future of voluntary organisations: report of the committee on voluntary organisations (Wolfenden Report), Croom Helm, 1977; Anthea Holme and Joan Maizels, Social workers and volunteers, BASW, George Allen and Unwin, 1978; Sandra Strachan, Voluntary organisations and volunteers, in DHSS, Social service teams: the practitioner’s view (O. Stevenson and P. Parsloe), HMSO, 1978; S. Hatch, Outside the state: voluntary organisations in three English towns, Croom Helm, 1980; Roger Hadley and Stephen Hatch, Social welfare and the failure of the state, George Allen and Unwin,-1981; and Social workers, their role and tasks (Barclay Report) National Institute for Social Work, Bedford Square Press, NCVO, 1982. See also Joan Cooper, The creation of the British personal social services, 1962-74, Heinemann Educational Books, 1983. The Volunteer Centre (Berkhampstead) had made a major contribution both to the encouragement of volunteer servie and to the literature on these initiatives.
See Robert Pinker, An alternative view. Appendix B, in Barclay Report. See also Philip Abrams, Neighbourhood care and social policy: a research perspective. The Volunteer Centre, 1978; and M. Bayley, Helping care to happen in the community, in Alan Walker (Ed.), Community care: the family, the state and social policy, Basil Blackwell and Martin Robertson, 1982, esp. pp.179–82.
Pinker, Social theory and social policy, p.211.
Malcolm Johnson and Steven Cooper, Informal care and the personal social services. Policy Studies Insitute, 1984.
Ibid., p. 108.
Ibid., p. 69.
Ibid., pp. 70-71.
Ibid., p. 4.
Philip Abrams, Social change, social networks and neighbourhood care. Social Work Service, no. 22, February 1980, pp 12-23.
Philip Abrams, Realities of neighbourhood care. Policy and Politics, vol. 12 no. 4, 1984, p. 415.
Ibid., pp. 417-18.
See H. Qureshi, D. Challis and B. Davies, Motivations and rewards for helpers in a Kent community care scheme, in S. Hatch (Ed.), Volunteers: patterns, meanings and motives. Volunteer Centre, Berkhampstead, 1983, pp. 144–66.
Martin Knapp, The economics of social care, Macmillan, 1984, pp. 109 & 154 et seq.
Ken Judge, From the tyranny of the case to the myth of the community: reflections on the Barclay Report, paper for the ESRC Conference, University of Bath, 1984, p. 16. See also David Challis and Bleddyn Davies, The Thanet community care project: some interim results, PSSRU Discussion Paper, 194/3, mimeo.
Judge, op. cit., p. 8.
Johnson and Cooper, op. cit., p. 104.
David Piachaud, Round about fifty hours a week, Child Poverty Action Group, London, 1984.
Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves, A labour of love: women, work and caring, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 10.
William Thackeray, Vanity fair, Penguin Books, 1983, p. 663.
See M. Bayley, Mental handicap and community care, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973; and M. Bayley, Neighbourhood care and community care: a response to Philip Abrams, Social Work Service, February 1980, no. 22; Colin and Meg Ball, What the neighbours say. Volunteer Centre, 1982, forthcoming for Penguin; R. Hadley, Social services departments and the community, in E.M. Goldberg and S. Hatch, A new look at the personal social services. Policy Studies Institute, 1981; and R. Hadley et al., Appendix A, Social workers: their role and tasks (Barclay Report).
Abrams, Social change, social networks and neighbourhood care; and Philip Abrams, Community care: some research problems and priorities, in J.A. Barnes and N. Connelly (Eds.), Social care research, Bedford Square Press for the Policy Studies Institute, 1978. See also Pinker, Appendix B, Social workers: their role and tasks (Barclay Report).
Philip Abrams, Evaluating soft findings: some problems of measuring informal care, Research policy and planning, the Journal of the Social Services Research Group, University of Sheffield, vol. 2 no. 2, 1984, p. 1.
Ibid., p. 2.
Ibid., p. 2.
Ibid., p. 6. Abrams draws extensively on procedures developed by Bloor in his article on the inductive interpretation and validation of observational data-M. Bloor, On the analysis of observational data, Sociology, vol. 12, 1978, pp. 545–52.
Abrams, Evaluating soft findings, pp. 4-5.
Martin Bulmer, Sociological research methods, Macmillan, 1977, pp. 276–81.
Martin Knapp, The economics of social care, Macmillan, 1984, pp. 154–65.
Ibid., p. 166. The conceptual problems of defining policy objectives in relation to improving the “quality of life” are usefully discussed in Alex Robertson and Averil Osborn (Eds.), Planning to care, Gower, 1984. See especially Alex Robertson, Social services planning and the quality of life, pp. 122-45.
Noel and Rita Timms, Perspectives in social work, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977, p. 64; J. Fischer, Effective casework practice: an eclectic approach, McGraw Hill, 1978; and E.J. Mullen and J.R. Dumpson (Eds.), Evaluation of social work intervention, Jossey-Bass, 1972. See also H.J. Meyer, E.F. Borgatta and W.C. Jones, Girls at vocational high, Sage, 1969.
E. Matilda Goldberg and Naomi Connelly, Evaluative research in social care, Heinemann Educational Books, Policy Studies Institute, 1981. See also the research of Goldberg and her colleagues, including Ann Mortimer and B.T. Williams, Helping the aged, Allen and Unwin, 1970; E. Matilda Goldberg and R. William Warburton, Ends and means in social work, Allen and Unwin, 1979; E. Matilda Goldberg and Naomi Connelly, The effectiveness of social care for the elderly, Heinemann Education Books, 1982. Other key contributions are C. Hallett and O. Stevenson, Child abuse: aspects of interprofessional co-operation, Allen and Unwin, 1980; E. Sainsbury, Social work with families, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975; M. Fisher, Clive Newton and Eric Sainsbury, Mental health social work observed, Allen and Unwin, 1984; and the work of the Personal Social Services Research Unit at the University of Kent, including B. Davies and D. Challis, The Thanet community care project: some interim results, Discussion Paper 194/3, PSSRU, 1981; D. Challis and B. Davies, Matching resources to needs in community care, forthcoming 1985; H. Qureshi, D. Challis and B. Davies, Why help?: a study of the rewards and motivations of helpers in the Thanet community care project, forthcoming, 1985.
See The effectiveness of social work: recent evidence in Goldberg and Connelly, Evaluative research, p. 16.
The Rt. Hon. Norman Fowler, M.P., Secretary of State for Social Services, Speech to the Joint Services Annual Conference, Thursday September 1984, press release.
Judge, op. cit., pp. 2-3.
Abrams, Evaluating soft findings, pp. 7–8.
Abrams, Realities of neighbourhood care, pp. 424–5.
Johnson and Cooper, op. cit., p. 68.
Central Policy Review Staff, Child care facilities in Britain, HMSO, 1980; and Johnson and Cooper, op. cit. pp. 124-5.
Michael Oakeshott, Political Education, in Rationalism in politics and other essays, Methuen, 1962, p. 121.
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Pinker, R. (1985). Social Policy and Social Care: Divisions of Responsibility. In: Yoder, J.A. (eds) Support Networks in a Caring Community. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5141-9_6
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