Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Herzchirurgie

  • Chapter
Gender Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Herzchirurgische Eingriffe werden täglich in grosser Zahl durchgeführt, das Operations- und Komplikationsrisiko sind relativ niedrig, jedoch für Frauen nach wie vor höher als für Männer. Sie sind durchschnittlich länger intubiert, haben einen grösseren Bluttransfusionsbedarf, Intensivstationsund Krankenhausaufenthalte sind länger und die Hospitalmortalität ist höher. Der Frauenanteil an den Herzoperationen wird weiter ansteigen, deren Krankheitsbeginn ist gegenüber Männern lediglich verschoben, die Inzidenz ist jedoch nicht geringer.Gleichzeitig werden die Eingriffe aufgrund zunehmenden Alters, Komorbiditäten und vermehrte Kombinationseingriffe (aortokoronare Bypassoperationen und Herzklappen) schwieriger. Idealerweise wird die Herzerkrankung früh diagnostiziert und bei gegebener Indikation, vor der Entwicklung von weiteren Komplikationen der Grunderkrankung (Myokardinfarkt, Herzinsuffizienz), behandelt. Deren Präventionsmöglichkeiten werden jedoch bei weitem nicht ausgeschöpft, etwa 83% des Risikos für KHK wäre bei Frauen prinzipiell vermeidbar und ist einer frühen Intervention zugänglich. Die relative Bedeutung verschiedener Risikofaktoren ist geschlechtsabhängig; besonders jüngere Frauen sind durch Rauchen, körperliche Inaktivität, Triglyzeriderhöhung, Diabetes und Adipositas weit mehr gefährdet als Männer. Depression, Ängstlichkeit, soziale Isolation, Stress- und Mehrfachbelastungen sowie der sozioökonomischer Status sind auch in der Herzchirurgie prognostisch wirksam, und betreffen ebenfalls vermehrt Frauen. Chronischer psychosozialer Stress kann, vermutlich über Aktivierung des sympathischen Nervensystems, gestörter Ovarfunktion, Hyperkortisolämie und adrenerge Stimulation, die Atherosklerose beschleunigen. Akute Stressereignisse können die myokardiale Ischämie verstärken, wirken vasokonstriktiv und proarrhythmogen, aktivieren Thrombozyten und erhöhen die Blutviskosität durch Hämokonzentration. Subjektiv emotional belastender psychosozialer Stress stellt bei entsprechender Dauer und Intensität einen unabhängigen Risikofaktor für die KHK dar und wird mit Sicherheit zu wenig berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus bestehen eine ganze Reihe geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede, beispielsweise bei der klinischen Präsentation der Herzerkrankungen, der Sensitivität und Spezifität diagnostischer Methoden und auch bei Adaptation des Myokards auf chronische Druckbelastung (Myokardinfarkt, Klappenvitium). Diese Faktoren können zu einer, die Prognose determinierenden, Verzögerung in der Diagnosestellung führen. Die herzchirurgischen Verfahren sind weitgehend standardisiert, besonders Hochrisikogruppen könnten allerdings von bestimmtenTechniken, beispielsweise der Bypassoperation ohne Herz-Lungen-Maschine (off-pump) durch geringere psychoneurologische Komplikationen profitieren. Das Erleben des chirurgischen Eingriffs, die Krankheitsverarbeitung und der posttraumatische Stress sind abhängig von der psychosozialen Ausgangssituation, und diese beeinflusst auch das Operationsergebnis. Sowohl in der Prävention, der Diagnostik als auch in der prä- und postoperativen Phase bieten sich zahlreiche potentielle Möglichkeiten für eine Verminderung der herzchirurgischen Morbidität und Mortalität, besonders bei weiblichen Patientinnen, worauf in diesem Beitrag hingewiesen werden soll.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Agabiti-Rosei E, Muiesan ML (2002) Left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in women. J Hyper-tens 2: S34–S38

    Google Scholar 

  2. Albert CM, Chae CU, Grodstein F, Rose LM, Rexrode KM, Ruskin JN, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE (2003) Prospective study of sudden cardiac death among women in the United States. Circulation 107:2096–2101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Albert CM, McGovern BA, Newell JB, Ruskin JN (1996) Sex differences in cardiac arrest survivors. Circulation 93:1170–1176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Allen JK (1999) Coronary riskfactors in women one year after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Wo-mens Health Gend Based Med 8:617–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ancona C, Agabiti N, Forastiere F, Arca M, Fusco D, Ferro S; Perucci CA (2000) Coronary artery bypass surgery: socioeconomic inequalities in access and in 30 day mortality: A population-based study in Rome, Italy. J Epidemiol Comm Health 54:930–935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, Macera C, Eaker E, Glasman A, Marks J (1993) Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiology 4:285–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Andrew MJ, Baker RA, Kneebone AC, Knight JL (2000) Mood state as a predictor of neuropsychological deficits following cardiac surgery. J Psycho-som Res 48:537–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Antunes PE, de Oliveira JF, Antunes MJ (2003) Predictors of cerebrovascular events in patients subjected to isolated coronary surgery. The importance of aortic cross-clamping. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 23: 328–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aurigemma GP, Silver KH, McLaughlin M, Mauser J, Gaasch WH (1994) Impact of chamber geometry and gender on left ventricular systolic function in patients > 60 years of age with aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 74:794–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Baker RA, Andrew MJ, Schrader G, Knight JL (2001) Preoperative depression and mortality in coronary artery bypass surgery: preliminary findings. ANZ J Surg 71:139–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Barakat K, Stevenson S, Wilkinson P, Suliman A,Ranja-dayalan K, Timmis AD (2001) Socioeconomic differentials in recurrent ischemia and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Heart 85:390–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Barakat K, Wilkinson p, Suliman A, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis A (2000) Acute myocardial infarction in women: contribution of treatment variables to adverse outcome. Am Heart J 140:740–746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Barnard CN (1967) The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schurr Hospital, Cape Town. S Afr Med J: 1271–1274

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bates CJ, Prentice A, Finch S (1999) Gender differences in food and nutrient intakes and status indices from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over. Eur J Clin Nutr 53: 694–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Beer S, Reincke M, Krai M, Lie SZ, Steinhauer S, Schmidt HH, Allolio B, Neubauer S (2002) Susceptibility to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is modulated by chronic estrogen status. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40:420–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI (1992) Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction: a prospective, population-based study of the elderly. Ann Intern Med 117:1003–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bickell NA, Pieper KS, Lee KL, Mark DB, Glower DD, Pryor DB, Califf RM (1992) Referral patterns for coronary artery disease treatment: gender bias or good clinical judgement? Ann Intern Med 116:791–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Blalock A, Taussig H (1945) The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia. J Am Med Assoc 128:189–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Blazer DG (1982) Social support and mortality in an elderly community population. Am J Epidemiol 115: 684–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Rejeski WJ (1988) The effects of exercise training on psychosocial functioning after myocardial infarction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil8:183–193

    Google Scholar 

  21. Blumenthal JA, Jiang W, Waugh RA, Frid DJ, Morris JJ, Coleman RE, Hanson M, Babyak M, Thyrum ET, Krantz DS (1995) Mental stress-induced ischemia in the laboratory and ambulatory ischemia during daily life. Association and hemodynamic features. Circulation 92:2102–2108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bosma H, Peter R, Siegrist J, Marmot M (1998) Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health 88:68–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brezinka V, Kittel F (1995) Psychosocial factors of coronary heart disease in women: a review. Soc Sci Med 42:1351–1365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bruckenberger E (2001) Herzbericht mit Trans-platationschirurgie. 14. Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe Krankenhauswesen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden der Länder. Krankenhausreferent im niedersächsischen Ministerium für Frauen, Arbeit und Soziales. Medizinische Hochschule Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bugiardini R, Pozzati A, Ottani F, Morgagni GL, Pud-du P (1993) Vasotonic angina: a spectrum of ischemic syndromes involving functional abnormalities of the epicardial and microvascular coronary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:417–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Burker EJ, Blumenthal JA, Feldman M, Burnett R, White W, Smith LR, Croughwell N, Schell R, Newman M, Reves JG (1995) Depression in male and female patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Clin Psychol. 34:119–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Butterworth J, James R, Prielipp R, Cerese J, Livingston J, Burnett W (2000) Female gender associates with increased duration of intubation and length of stay after coronary surgery. CABG clinical benchmarking database participants. Anesthesiology 92: 414–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Campbell SE, Rakusan K, Gerdes AM (1989) Changes in cardiac myocyte size distribution in aortic-constricted neonatal rats. Basic Res Cardiol 84:247–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Carney RM, Saunders RD, Freedland KE, Stein P, Rich MW, Jaffe AS (1995) Association of depression with reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 76:562–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Castelli WP, Anderson K, Wilson PW, Levy D (1992) Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Fra-mingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 2:23–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cerqueira MD (1995) Diagnostic testing strategies for coronary artery disease: special issues related to gender. Am J Cardiol 75:725–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Chambless L, Keil U, Dobson A, Mähönen M, Kuu-lasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, Löwel H, Tunstall-Pedeo H, for the WHO MONICA-Project (1997) Population versus clinical view of case fatality from acute coronary heart disease. Results from the WHO MONICA Project 1985–1990. Circulation 96:3849–3859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chandra NC, Ziegelstein RC, Rogers WJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Gore JM, French WJ, Rubison M (1998) Observations of the treatment of women in the United States with myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 158:981–988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chiriboga DE, Yarzebski J, Goldberg RJ, Chen Z, Gurwitz J, Gore JM, Alpert JS, Dalen JE (1993) A community-wide perspective of gender differences and temporal trends in the use of diagnostic and revascularization procedures for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 71:268–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chua TP, Saia F, Bhardwaj V, Wright C, Clarke D, Hennessy M, Ford KM (2000) Are there gender differences in patients presenting with unstable angina? Int J Cardiol 72:281–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens HC (1987) Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 316:1105–1110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cooper G, Sandler DP (1998) Age at natural menopause and mortality. Ann Epidemiol 8:229–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cowley MJ, Mullin SM, Kelsey SF, Kent KM, Gruetzig AR, Detre KM, Passamani ER (1985) Sex differences in early and long-term results of coronary angioplasty in the NHLBI PTCA registry. Circulation 71: 90–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cutler EC, Levine SA (1923) Cardiotomy and valvulotomy for mitral stenosis. Experimental observations and clinical notes concerning an operated case with recovery. Boston Med Surg J 188:1023–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Davidson JR, Connor KM (1999) Management of posttraumatic stress: diagnostic and therapeutic issues. J Clin Psychiatry 60: S33-S38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. De Bree A, van Dusseldorp M, van het Hof KH, Steegers-Theunissen RPM (1997) Folate intake in Europe: recommended, actual and desired intake. EurJCIinNutr51:643–660

    Google Scholar 

  42. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Meyer RA (1995) Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 26:979–983

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dewey TM, Magee MJ, Edgerton JR, Herbert MA, Prince SL, Jrachiotis G, Alexander EP, Mack MJ (2003) Avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass improves early survival in multi-vessel coronary artery bypass patients with poorventricularfunction. Heart Surg Forum 1:S26

    Google Scholar 

  44. Dodge JT, Brwon BG, Bolson EL, Dodge HT (1992) Lumen diameter of normal human coronary arteries. Influence of age, sex, anatomic variation, and left ventricular hypertrophy or dilation. Circulation 86:232–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dong W, Ben-Shlomo Y, Colhoun H, Chaturvedi N (1998) Gender differences in assessing cardiac surgery across England: a cross-sectional analysis of the health survey for England. Soc Sci Med 47:1773–1780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dresler CM, Padgett DL, MacKinnon SE, Patterson GA (1996) Experiences of women in cardiothoracic surgery. Arch Surg 131:1128–1134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dusseldorp E, van Elderen T, Maes S, Meulman J, Kraaij V (1999) A meta-analysis of psychoeducatio-nal programs for coronary artery disease patients. Health Psychol 18:506–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Eaker ED, Chesebro JH, Sacks FM, Wenger NK, Whis-nant JP, Winston M (1993) Cardiovascular disease in women. AHA Medical/Scientific Statement. Circulation 88:1999–2009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Eaker ED, Kronmal R, Kennedy JW, Davis K (1989) Comparison of the long-term postsurgical survival of women and men in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Am Heart J 117: 71–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ebert AD, Walzer TA, Huth C, Herrmann M (2001) Early neurobehavioral disorders after cardiac surgery: a comparative analysis of coronary bypass graft surgery and valve replacement. J Cardiotho-rac Vasc Anesth 15:15–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Eckhoff DE, Bilbao G, Frenette L, Thompson JA, Contreras JL (2002) 17-beta-estradiol protects the liver against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury and is associated with increased serum nitric oxide and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Surgery 132: 302–309

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ellis JM, McCully KS (1995) Prevention of myocardial infarction by vitamin B6. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 89:208–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ennker IC, Schwarz K, Ennker J (1999) The disproportion of female and male surgeons in cardiothoracic surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47:131–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. EUROASPIRE Study Group (1997) EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. Eur Heart J 18:1569–1582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen J (1996) Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med 58: 113–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fisher LD, Kennedy JW, Davis KB, Maynard C, Fritz JK, Kaiser G, Myers WO and the participating CASS Clinics (1982) Association of sex, physical size and operative mortality after coronary artery bypass in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. J Thorac Car-diovasc Surg 84:334–341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Forthofer MS, Janz NK, Dodge JA, Clark NM (2001) Gender differences in the associations of self esteem, stress and social support with functional health status among older adults with heart disease. J Women Aging 13:19–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Juneau M, Talajic M, Bourassa MG (1999) Gender, depression, and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psych-somat Med 61:26–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Friedman TD, Greene AC, Iskandrian AS, Hakki AH, Kane SA, Segal BL (1982) Exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in women: correlation with coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol 49: 1632–1637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA (2002) How gender affects patterns of social relations and their impact on health: a comparison of one or multiple sources of support from “close persons”. Soc Sci Med 54:811–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gaspar M, Laufer G, Bonatti J, Muller L, Mair P (2002) Epiaortic ultrasound and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for the thoracic aorta atherosclerosis assessment in patient undergoing CABG. Surgical technique modification to avoid cerebral stroke. Chirurgia 97:529–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gibbon JH Jr (1954) Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery. Minn Med37:171–180

    Google Scholar 

  63. Glynn LM, Christenfeld N, Gerin W (1999) Gender, social support, and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psycosom Med 61:234–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gohlke-Bärwolf C (2000) Coronary artery disease-is menopause a riskfactor? Basic Res Cardiol 95: S77-S83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Goldberg AD, Becker LC, Bonsall R, Cohen JD, Ketterer MW, Kaufman PG, Krantz DS, Light KC, McMa-hon RP, Noreuil T, Pepine CJ, Raczynski J, Stone PH, Strother D, Taylor H, Sheps DS (1996) Ischemic, hemodynamic, and neurohormonal responses to mental and exercise stress. Experience from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia Study (PIMI) Circulation 94:2402–2409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Grignani G, Pacchiarini L, Zucchella M, Tacconi F, Canevari A, Soffiantino F, Tavazzi L (1992) Effect of mental stress on platelet function in normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease. Haemostasis.22:138–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gunn AD (1985) Vitamin B6 and the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Intern Vit Nutr Res 27:213–224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hague W, Forder P, Simes J, Hunt D, Tonkin A (2003) Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events and mortality in 1516 women with coronary heart disease: results from the long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischemic disease (LIPID) study. Am Heart J 145:643–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hanke H, Hanke S, Ickrath O, Lange K, Bruck B, Muck AO, Seeger H, Zwirner M, Voisard R, Haasis R, Ham-bach V (1997) Estradiol concentrations in premenopausal women with coronary heart disease. Coron Art Dis 8:511–515

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Harringer W (2000) Capture of particulate emboli during cardiac procedures in which aortic cross-clamp is used. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1119–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hayward CS, Kalnins WV, Kelly RP (2001) Gender-related differences in left ventricular chamber function. Cardiovasc Res 49:340–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, Sharp PC, Shumaker SA, Snyder TE, Furberg CD, Kowal-chuk GJ, Stuckey TD, Rogers WJ, Givens SH, Waters D (2000) Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 343:522–529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Herrmann JM, Schonecke OW, Wagner H, Rosenthal J, Schmidt TH (1980) Different endocrinal and hemodynamic response patterns to various noxious stimuli. Psychother Psychosom 33:160–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hochleitner M, Bader A (2003) Herzpatienten und Lebensqualität: gibt es einen Geschlechtsunterschied? J Hypertonie 7:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, van de Werf F, Aylward P, Topol EJ, Califf RM (1999) Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global use of strategies to open

    Google Scholar 

  76. Horsten M, Mittleman MA, Wamala SP, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Orth-Gomér K (2000) Depressive symp-toms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis in middle-aged women. Eur Heart J 21: 1072–1080

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH, Colditz GA, John-son M, Manson JE, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ (1999) Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 159:1061–1066

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Humphrey LL, Chan BKS, Sox HC (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 137:273–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hunink MG, Goldman L, Tosteson ANA, Mittleman MA, Goldman PA, Williams LW, Tsevat J, Weinstein MC (1997) The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1980–1990. The effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment. J Am Med Assoc 277:535–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hussain KM, Kogan A, Estrada AQ, Kostandy G, Foschi A, Dadkhah S (1998) Referral pattern and outcome in men and women undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery — a critical review. Angiology 49:243–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Immer F, Habicht J, Nessensohn K, Bernet F, Stulz P, Kaufmann M, Skarvan K (2000) Prospective evaluation of 3 risk stratification scores in cardiac surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:134–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Jacobs AK (2003) Coronary Revascularization in women in 2003. Circulation 107:375–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Jacobs AK, Kelsey SF, Brooks MM, Faxon DP, Chait-man BR, Bittner V, Mock MB, Weiner BH, Dean L, Winston C, Drew L, Sopko G (1998) Better outcome for women compared with men undergoing coronary revascularization. A report from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). Circulation 98:1279–1285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Jazayeri S, Tatou E, Gomez Bielefeld MC, Saleh M, Bouchot O, Brenot R, David M (2003) Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting decreases mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients. Heart Surg Forum 6:S43

    Google Scholar 

  85. Jenkins CD, Jono RT, Stanton BA (1996) Predicting completeness of symptom relief after major heart surgery. Behav Med 22:45–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Jovanovic S, Jovanovic, Shen WK, Terzic A (2000) Low concentrations of 17beta-estradiol protect single cardiac cells against metabolic stress-induced Ca2+ loading. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:948–952

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kalmar P, Irrgang E (2002) Cardiac surgery in Germany during 2001: A report by the german society for thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 50:30–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kannel WB, Feinleib M (1972) Natural history of angina pectoris in the Framingham study. Prognosis and survival. Am J Cardiol 29:154–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Cobb J (1998) Sudden coronary death in women. Am Heart J 136: 205–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kapetanakis El, Petro KR, Stamou SS, Bafi AS, Dullum MK, Boxce SW, Corso PJ (2003) Comparison of the quality of life after conventional versus off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Heart Surg Forum 6: S44

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kaplan GA, Keil JE (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, Mmanuck SB, Shively CA, Williams JK (1996) Psychosocial factors, sex differences, and atherosclerosis: lessons from animal models. Psychosom Med 58:596–611

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST (1994) Symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease: the normative aging study. Circulation 90: 2225–2229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Keelan ET, Nunez BD, Grill DE, berger PB, Holmes DR, Bell MR (1997) Comparison of immediate and long-term outcome of coronary angioplasty performed for unstable angina and rest pain in men and women. Mayo Clin Proc 72:5–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kennedy JW, Killip T, Fisher LD, Alderman EL, Gillespie MJ, Mock MB (1982) The clinical spectrum of coronary artery disease and its surgical and medical management, 1074–1979. The coronary artery surgery study. Circulation 66: S16–S23

    Google Scholar 

  96. Khan SS, Nessim S, Gray R, Czer LS, Chaux A, Matloff J (1990) Increased mortality of women in coronary artery bypass surgery; evidence for referral bias. Ann Intern Med 112:561–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. King KM (2000) Gender and short-term recovery from cardiac surgery. Nurs Res 49:29–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. King KM, Koop PM (1999) The influence of the cardiac surgery patient’s sex and age on care-giving received. Soc Sci Med 48:1735–1742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Koenig W (1998) Epidemiologie der koronaren Herzkrankheit. Z Kardiol 87: S3-S7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Kostkiewicz M, Tracz W, Olszowska M, Podolec P, Drop D (1999) Left ventricular geometry and function in patients with aortic stenosis: gender differences. Int J Cardiol 71:57–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kucher N, Lipp E, Schwerzmann M, Zimmerli M, Allemann Y, Seiler C (2001) Gender differences in coronary artery size per 100g of left ventricular mass in a population without cardiac disease. Swiss Med Wkly 131:610–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kunnas TA, Laippala P, Penttila A, Lehtimaki T, Karhunen PJ (2000) Association of polymorphism of alpha estrogen receptor gene with coronary artery disease in men: a necropsy study. Br Med J 321: 273–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lage-Luddeke P, Fulcher G, Baird D, Hughes C, Tennent C (1989) A prospective evaluation of the psychosocial effects of coronary artery bypass surgery. J Psychosom Res 33:37–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner W, Pollock B, Johnson PC, Finkel MS (1997) Elevated platelet factor 4 and b-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 42:290–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lauer MS, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Harvey SA, Thomas JD, Marwick TH (1997) Sex and diagnostic evaluation of possible coronary artery disease after exercise treadmill testing at one academic teaching center. Am Heart J 134:807–813

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. LaVecchia C, decardi A, Franceschi S, Gentile A, Negri E, Parazzini F (1987) Menstrual and reproductive factors and the risk of myocardial infarction in women under fifty-five years of age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1108–1112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Leacche M, Carrier M, Bouchard D, Pellerin M, Per-rault LP, Paga P, Hebert Y, Cartier R (2003) Improving neurologic outcome in off-pump surgery:the “no touch” technique. Heart Surg Forum 6:169–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lehtimaki T, Kunnas TA, Mattila KM, Perola M, Penttila A, Koivulula T, Karhunen PJ (2002) Coronary artery wall atherosclerosis in relation to the estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphism: an autopsy study. J Mol Med 80:176–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Lewis JF, Lin L, McGorray S, Pepine CJ, Doyle M, Edmundowicz D, Holubkov R, Pohost G, Reichek N, Rogers W, Sharaf BL, Sopko G, Merz CN (1999) Dobutamine stress echocardiography in women with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1462–1468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Linden W, Stossel C, Maurice J (1996) Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Int Med 156:745–752

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Litwin SE, Katz SE, Litwin CM, Morgan JP, Douglas PS (1999) Gender differences in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Cardiology 91:173–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Loop FD, Golding LR, MacMillan JP, Cosgrove DM, Lytle BW, Sheldon WC (1983) Coronary artery surgery in women compared to men: analyses of risks and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol 1:383–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Losordo DW, Kearney M, Kim EA, Jekanowski J, lsner JM (1994) Variable expression of the estrogen receptor in normal and atherosclerostic coronary arteries of premenopausal women. Circulation 8: 1501–1510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Löwel H, Lewis M, Hörmann A (1991) Prognostische Bedeutung der Prähospitalphase beim akuten Myokardinfarkt. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116:929–933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Löwel H, Meisinger C, Heier M, Hörmann A, Kuch B, Gostomzyk J, Koenig W (2000) Geschlechtsspezifische Trends von plötzlichem Herztod und akutem Myokardinfarkt. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 127:2311–2316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Löwel H, Stieber J, Koenig W, Thorand B, Hörmann A, Gostomzyk J, Keil U (1999) Das Diabetes-bedingte Herzinfarktrisiko in der süddeutschen Bevölkerung: Ergebnisse der MONICA-Augsburg-Studien 1985–94. Diab Stoffw 8:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  117. Malenka DJ, Wennberg DE, Quinton HA, O’Rourke DJ, McGrath PD, Shubrooks SJ, O’Connor GT, Ryan TJ, Robb JF, Kellett MA, Bradley WA, Hearne MA, VerLee PN, Watkins MW, Hettleman BD, Piper WD (2002) Gender-related changes in the practice and outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions in northern new England from 1994 to 1999. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:2092–2101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. McKhann GM, Borowicz LM, Goldsborough MA, Enger C, Seines OA (1997) Depression and cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass grafting. Lancet 349:1282–1284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH (1999) The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 340:1801–1811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Mendes de Leon CF, Dilillo V, Czajkowski S, Norten J, Schaefer J, Catellier D, Blumenthal JA (2001) Psychosocial characteristics after acute myocardial infarction: the ENRICHD pilot study. Enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 21:353–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Mershon JL, Baker RS, Clark KE (2002) Estrogen increases iNOS expression in the ovine coronary artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H1169-H1180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mesa A, Falcone M, Hernandez A, Stainback RF, Wilansky S (1999) Long-term prognosis in women with normal dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 83:1127–1129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mijatovic V, van der Mooren MJ (2001) Homocysteine in postmenopausal women and the importance of hormone replacement therapy. Clin Chem Lab Med 39:764–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Missed opportunities in preventive counseling for cardiovascular disease: United States (1998) MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep 47:91–95

    Google Scholar 

  125. Mosca L (2000) The role of hormone replacement therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal heart disease. Arch Intern Med 160:2263–2272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Nickerson NJ, Murphy SF, Davila-Roman VG, Schechtman KB, Kouchoukos NT (1999) Obstacles to early discharge after cardiac surgery. Am J Manag Care 5:29–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, Van de Werf F, Aylward P, Topol EJ, Califf RM (1999) Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global use of strategies to open occluded coronary arteries in acute coronary syndromes lib Investigators. N Engl J Med 341 (4): 226–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Paroo Z, Haist JV, Karmazyn M, Noble EG (2002) Exercise improves postischemic function in males but not females: consequences of a novel sex-specific heat shock protein 70 response. Circ Res 90: 911–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Parsonnet V, Dean D, Bernstein AD (1989) A method of uniform stratification of risk for evaluating the results of surgery in aquired adult heart disease. Circulation 79: S3-S12

    Google Scholar 

  130. Pelzer T, Neumann M, de Jager T, Jazbutyte V, Neyses L (2001) Estrogen effects in the myocardium: inhibition of NF-kappa B DNA binding by estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286:1153–1157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G (2000) Gender differences in depression. Br J Psychiatry 177:486–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Polvani G, Marino MR, Roberto M, Dainese L, Parolari A, Pompilio G, Di Matteo S, Fumero A, Cannata A, Barili F, Biglioli P (2002) Acute effects of 17beta-estradiol on left internal mammary graft after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 695–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Punnonen R, Jokela H, Aine R, Teisala K, Salomaki A, Uppa HH (1997) Impaired ovarian function and risk factors for atherosclerosis in premenopausal women. Maturitas 27:231–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Ramstrom J, Lund O, Cadavid E, Thuren J, Oxelbark S, Henze A (1993) Multiarterial coronary artery bypass grafting with special reference to small vessel disease and results in women. Eur Heart J 14:634–639

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Rao SV, Kaul P, Newby LK, Lincoff AM, Hochmann J, Harrington RA, Mark DB, Peterson ED (2003) Poverty, process of care, and outcome in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1948–1954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Rathore SS, Berger AK, Weinfurt KP, Feinleib M, Oetgen WJ, Gersh BJ, Schulman KA (2000) Race, sex, poverty, and the medical treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Circulation 102: 642–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Reis SE, Holubkov R, Lee JS, Sharaf B, Reichek N, Rogers WJ, Walsh EG, Fuisz AR, Kerensky R, Detre KM, Sopko G, Pepine CJ (1999) Coronary flow velocity response to adenosine characterizes coronary microvascularfunction in women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1469–1675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Reitz BA, Wallwork JL, Hunt SA, Pennock JL, Billing-ham ME, Oyer PE, Stinson EB, Shumway NE (1982) Heart-lung transplantation. Successful therapy for patients with pulmonary vascular disease. N Engl J Med 306:557–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Remes J, Miettinen H, Reunanen A, Pyorala K (1991) Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary care community. Eur Heart J 12:315–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kaplan GA, Keil JE (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation 88:1973–1998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Rodewald G, Dahme B, Emskotter T, Gotze P, Lachenmeyer L, Lamparter U, Kalmar P, Krebber HJ, Meffert HJ, Pokar H (1990) Central nervous system risk factors in heart surgery. Z Kardiol 79: S13–S21

    Google Scholar 

  142. Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, Miller TD, Bailey KR, Gersh BJ (1998) Gender differences in use of stress testing and coronary heart disease mortality: population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. J Am Cardiol 32:345–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Roques F, Nashef SA, Michel P, Gauducheau E, de Vincentiis CC, Baudet E, Cortina J, David M, Faichney A, Gabrielle F, Gams E, Harjula A, Jones MT, Pintor PP, Salamon R, Thulin L (1999) Risk factors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19030 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15:816–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J (1999) Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 99:2192–2217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Rubanyi GM (2000) Estrogen receptor deficiency leads to impaired endothelial nitric oxide production and premature coronary atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 902:302–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, Chaudhary BS (1984) Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 311:552–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Sandstede J, Lipke C, Beer M, Hofmann S, Pabst T, Kenn W, Neuba S, Hahn D (2000) Age- and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricle var-diac function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 10:438–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE (2003) Effect of antidepressants and their relative affinity for the serotonin transporter on the risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 108:2–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Schannwell CM, Schoebel FC, Lazica D, Marx R, Plehn G, Leschke M, Strauer BE (2000) Besonderheiten der koronaren Herzkrankheit in der klinischen Symptomatik und Erstdiagnostik bei Frauen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 125:1417–1423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schelling G, Stoll C, Kapfhammer HP, Rothenhäusler HB, Krauseneck T, Durst K, Haller M, Briegel J (1999) The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in survivors. Crit Care Med 27:2678–2683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Schunkert H, Harrel L, Palacios IF (1999) Implications of small reference vessel diameter in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:40–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Scott BH, Seifert FC, Glass PS (2003) Does gender influence resource utilization in patients undergoing off-pump coronary bypass surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17:346–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Secknus MA, Marwick TH (1997) Influence of gender on physiologic response and accuracy of dobuta-mine echocardiography. A, J Cardiol 80:721–724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Seeman TE, Berkman LF, Blazer D, Rowe JW (1994) Social ties and support and neuroendocrine functions: the Macarthur studies of successful aging. Ann Behav Med 16: 95–106

    Google Scholar 

  155. Shehan DV (1982) Current concepts in psychiatry: panic attacks and phobias. N Engl J Med 307:156–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Sheps DS, McMahon RP, Becker L, Carney RM, Freed-land KE, Cohen JD, Sheffield D, Goldberg AD, Ket-terer MW, Pepine CJ, Raczynski JM, Light K, Krantz DS, Stone PH, Knatterud GL, Kaufmann PG (2002) Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: Results from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study. Circulation 105:1780–1784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Sherwood, Johnson K, Blumenthal JA, Hinderliter AL (1999) Endothelial function and hemodynamic responses during mental stress. Psychosomat Med 61:365–370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Shor-Posner G, Feaster DJ, Blaney NT, Rocca H, Mantero-Atienza E, Szapocznik J, Eisdorfer C, Goodkin K, Baum MK (1994) Impact of vitamin B6 status on psychological distress in a longitudinal study of HIV-1 infection. Inter J Psychiatry Med 24:209–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Sjoland H, Caidahl K, Karlson BW, Karlson T, Herlitz J (1997) Limitation of physical activity, dyspnea and chest pain before and two years after coronary bypass grafting in relation to sex. Int J cardiol 61: 123–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Smart SC, Bhatia A, Hellman R, Stoiber T, Krasnow A, Collier BD, Sagar KB (2000) Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole sesta-mibi scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease: limitations and concordance. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1265–1273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A, Morgan CA, Arnsten A, Charney DS (1999) Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 46: 1192–1204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, Daviglus ML, Garside D, Dyer AR, Liu K, Greenland P (1999) Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings from 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women. J Am Med Assoc 282:2012–2018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Stamou SC, Hill PC, Dangas G, Pfister AJ, Boyce SW, Dullum MK, Bafi AS, Corso PJ (2001) Stroke after coronary artery bypass: incidence, predictors, and clinical outcome. Stroke 32:1508–1513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Stamou SC, Jablonski KA, Pfister AJ, Hill PC, Dullum MK, Bafi AS, Boyce SW, Petro KR, Corso PJ (2002) Stroke after conventional versus minimally invasive coronary artery bypass. Ann Ann Thorac Surg 74(2): 394–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Stampfer, MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett, WC (2000) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 343:16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Stanger O (2002) Physiology of folic acid in health and disease. Curr Drug Metab 3:211–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Stanger O, Weger M, Renner W, Konetschny R (2001) Vascular dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. Implications for atherothrombotic disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 39: 725–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Steingart RM, Packer M, Hamm P, Coglianese ME, Gersh B, Geltman EM, Sollano J, Katz S, Moye L, Basta LL (1991) Sex differences in the management of coronary artery disease. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators. N Engl J Med 325:226–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Sternby NH (1968) Atherosclerosis in a defined population. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 194: S1–S69

    Google Scholar 

  170. Stoll C, Schelling G, Goetz AE, Kilger E, Bayer A, Kapfhammer HP, Rothenhäusler HB, Kreuzer E, Reichart B, Peter K (2000) Health-related quality of life and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery and intensive care treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 120:505–520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Stone PH, Krantz DS, McMahon RP, Goldberg AD, Becker LC, Chaitman BR, Taylor HA, Cohen JD, Freed-land KE, Bertolet BD, Coughlan C, Pepine CJ, Kaufmann PG, Sheps DS (1999) Relationship among mental stress-induced ischemia and ischemia during daily life and during exercise: the Psychophysiologic Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1476–1484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Stoney CM (1999) Plasma homocysteine increases in women during psychological stress. Life Sci 64: 2359–2365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES (2002) Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 52:318–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Sutton-Tyrrell K, Lassila HC, Meilahn E, Bunker C, Matthews KA, Kuller LH (1998) Carotid atherosclerosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and its association with riskfactors measured after menopause. Stroke 29:1116–1121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. The writing group for the PEPI trial (1995) Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease riskfactors in postmenopausal women. The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. J Am Med Assoc 273:199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Tong AT, Douglas PS (1999) Stress echocardiography in women. Cardiol Clin 17:573–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Unden AL, Orth-Gomer K, Elofsson S (1991) Cardiovascular effects of social support in the work place: twenty-four-hour ECG monitoring of men and women. Psychosom Med 53:53–60

    Google Scholar 

  178. Unger F, Ghosh P (2002) International cardiac surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 14:321–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Vaccarino V, Lin ZQ, Kasl SV, Mattera JA, Roumanis SA, Abramso JL, Krumholz HM (2003) Gender differences in recovery after coronary bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:307–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Van Baal WM, Kooistra T, Stehouwer CD (2000) Cardiovascular disease riskand hormone replacement therapy (HRT):a review based on randomised, controlled studies in post-menopausal women. Curr Med Chem 7:499–517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Van Driel RC, Op den Velde W (1995) Myocardial infarction and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 8:151–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Van Eickels M, Patten RD, Aronovitz MJ, Alsheikh-Ali A,Gostyla K, Celestin F, Grohe C, Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH (2003) 17-beta-estradiol increases cardiac remodeling and mortality in mice with myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:2084–2092

    Google Scholar 

  183. Warshaw M (1993) Quality of life and dissociation in anxiety disorder patients with histories of trauma or PTSD. Am J psychiatry 150:1512–1516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Watkins LL, Grossman P (1999) Association of depressive symptoms with reduced baroflex cardiac control in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 37: 453–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Watson SL, Shively CA, Kaplan JR, Line SW (1998) Effects of chronic social separation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in female cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 137:259–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Wexler LF (1999) Studies of acute coronary syndromes in women: lessons for everyone. N Engl J Med 341:275–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Williams JK, Shively CA, Clarkson TB (1994) Determinants of coronary artery reactivity in premenopausal female cynomolgus monkeys with diet-induced atherosclerosis. Circulation 90:983–987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Barrett DC (1990) Social class disparities in riskfactors of disease: eight year prevalence patterns by level of education. Prev Med 19:1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Zamvar V, Williams D, Hall J, Payne N, Young K, Karthikeyan S, Dunne J (2003) Neurocognitive outcome, s100b and nse release in coronary artery bypass graft surgery-comparison of the off-pump and on-pump techniques: a randomized controlled study. Heart Surg Forum 1: S12

    Google Scholar 

  190. Zhao X, Eghbali-Webb M (2002) Gender-related differences in basal and hypoxia-induced activation of signal transduction pathways controlling cell cycle progression and apoptosis, in cardiac fibroblasts. Endocrine 18:137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. O. Stanger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich

    Anita Rieder

  2. Abteilung für Geschichte, Ethik und Philosophie der Medizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Deutschland

    Brigitte Lohff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stanger, O. (2004). Herzchirurgie. In: Rieder, A., Lohff, B. (eds) Gender Medizin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3766-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3766-6_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3767-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3766-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation