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Physiologische Wirkmechanismen des Sports unter Stress

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Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport

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Zusammenfassung

Stress wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag zunächst als biopsychosoziales Phänomen definiert, bevor das Konzept der ‚Cross-Stressor Adaptationshypothese‘ eingeführt wird. Darauf aufbauend wird erörtert, ob sportliche Aktivität selbst ein Stressreiz darstellt, durch den zentrale stressregulierende Körperfunktionen aktiviert werden, und ob durch sportliche Aktivität unspezifische Anpassungsvorgänge ausgelöst werden, durch die sich bei Sporttreibenden auch in sportfremden Stresssituationen die Stressreaktivität bzw. die Stressregeneration verbessert. Eine Diskussion der aktuellen Literatur soll Aufschluss über die derzeitige Befundlage zum Einfluss regelmäßiger sportlicher Aktivität bzw. einer hohen kardiorespiratorischen Fitness auf die Stressreaktivität und Stressregeneration unter Laborbedingungen und in natürlichen Stresssituationen geben. Im letzten Teil des Kapitels wird erörtert, inwiefern einzelne akute Sportepisoden zu einer verbesserten Stressreaktivität und Stressregeneration beitragen können, wenn Personen in unmittelbarem Anschluss mit einem kognitiven oder psychosozialen Stressreiz konfrontiert werden.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In der Hypophyse werden zwei Effektorhormone (Prolactin und Wachstumshormon) sowie vier trophische Hormone (adrenokortikotropes Hormon [ACTH], thyreotropes Hormon [TSH], luteinisierendes Hormon [LH], und follikelstimulierendes Hormon [FSH]) synthetisiert und ausgeschüttet. Effektorhormone wirken direkt auf die Zielzellen und -organe, während trophische Hormone ihre Wirkung indirekt über andere Hormone entfalten, die in peripheren Drüsen (Nebenniere, Schilddrüse, Eierstöcke, Hoden) ausgeschüttet werden. Dementsprechend können je nach peripherer endokriner Drüse spezifische Hormonachsen unterschieden werden, wie beispielsweise die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren-Achse (HHN-Achse), die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Schilddrüsen-Achse (HPT-Achse) oder die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden-Achse (HPG-Achse). Für die Regulation von Stress ist insbesondere die HHN-Achse von Bedeutung (Strahler und Klumbies 2012; Tsigos und Chrousos 2002).

  2. 2.

    In dieser Studie wurde jedoch nicht der TSST eingesetzt, sondern das Matt Stress Reactivity Protocol (MSRP), bei dem mehrere Stressoren (Stroop Task, mentale Kopfrechnenaufgabe, Lösen von Anagrammen, Kältedruck, Gespräch über ein besonders stressreiches Lebensereignis) kombiniert werden.

  3. 3.

    Die Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) ist ein einfaches und nicht-invasives Instrument, um Variationen in den R-R-Intervallen (entspricht einem Herzzyklus) und damit in der Aktivität des autonomen Nervensystems zu messen (Tonello et al. 2014). Schwankungen in der HRV werden primär durch den Parasympathikus moduliert. Zur Analyse der HRV kann auf Parameter im Zeitbereich (z. B. SDNN, pNN 50 %, RMSSD) oder Frequenzbereich (z. B. LF, HF, LF/HF-Verhältnis) zurückgegriffen werden (Eller-Berndl 2015). Inzwischen existieren überzeugende Belege, dass die HRV mit der körperlich-sportlichen Aktivität bzw. der Fitness (Kiviniemi et al. 2007), der Stresswahrnehmung (Clays et al. 2011) sowie kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen (Kivimäki et al. 2006) assoziiert ist (Tonello et al. 2014).

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  1. Departement für Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit, Universität Basel, St. Jakob-Turm, Birsstr. 320 B, 4052, Basel, Schweiz

    Markus Gerber

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  1. Markus Gerber
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  1. Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br., Germany

    Reinhard Fuchs

  2. Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Markus Gerber

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Gerber, M. (2018). Physiologische Wirkmechanismen des Sports unter Stress. In: Fuchs, R., Gerber, M. (eds) Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Springer Reference Psychologie . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_10

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