Skip to main content

Seismic Strengthening Strategies for Heritage Structures

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering

Introduction

The global seismic behavior of historic masonry buildings is highly influenced by the integrity of the connections among vertical and horizontal structural elements, to ensure the so-called box behavior. This, providing the transfer of inertial and dynamic actions from elements working in flexure out-of-plane to elements working in in-plane shear, leads to a global response best suited to the strength capacity of the constitutive materials and hence enhanced performance and lower damage level. Notwithstanding the importance of connections’ integrity, analytical checks of existing connecting elements, or design of new elements to strengthen existing connections, are generally based on qualitative rules or simplified overall checks, rather than rigorous analytical approach. The “Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Non-Engineered Construction” were first published by the International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) in 1986 specifically with the objective of...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Benedetti D (2004) Increasing available ductility in masonry buildings via energy absorbers. Shaking table tests. Eur Earthq Eng 18(3):3–16

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Borri A, Castori G, Grazini A, Giannantoni A (2007) Performance of masonry elements strengthened with steel reinforced grout. In: Fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement for concrete structures – FRPRCS-8, Patras, 16–18 July

    Google Scholar 

  • Borri A, Castori G, Grazini A (2009) Retrofitting of masonry building with reinforced masonry ring-beam. Constr Build Mater 23(5):1892–1901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) (2000) Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, FEMA, 356. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • California Historical Building Code (2007) California code of regulations. Title 24, part 8. California Building Standards Commission, International Code Council, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Casadei P, Agneloni E (2008) Advance composites applications on historical structures in Italy: Case studies and future developments 6th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Construction

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuxian S, Guiqiu L, Wenchao W (1997) The design of brick masonry structure with concrete column. In: XI brick and block masonry conference, Shanghai

    Google Scholar 

  • CNR-DT 200 R1/2013. Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures, ROMA – CNR October 10th 2013 – release of May 15th 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Corradi M, Grazini A, Borri A (2007) Confinement of brick masonry columns with CFRP materials. Compos Sci Technol 67:1772–1783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Paganoni S (2011) Assessment and analysis of damage in L’Aquila historic city centre after 6th April 2009. Bull Earthq Eng 9(1):81–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Paganoni S (2014) Protocol for testing and design of dissipative devices for out-of-plane damage Struct Build 167(1):26–40

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Speranza E (2003) Definition of Collapse Mechanisms and Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Masonry Buildings. Earthquake Spectra 19(3):479–509. doi:10.1193/1.1599896

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Yeomans D (2004) Assessing the seismic vulnerability of late Ottoman buildings in Istanbul. In: IV international seminar on structural analysis of historical constructions – SAHC04, Padua

    Google Scholar 

  • DD CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009. Design of fastenings for use in concrete

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Ludovico M, D’Ambra C, Prota A, Manfredi G (2010) FRP confinement of tuff and clay brick columns, experimental study and assessment of analytical models. J Compos Constr 14(5):583–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eligehausen R, Mall R, Silva JF (2006) Anchorage in concrete construction. Ernst Sohn, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1991-1:2002. Eurocode 1- Actions on structures

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1992-1:2004. Eurocode 2- Design of concrete structures

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1993-1:2005. Eurocode 3- Design of steel structures

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1995-1:2004 + A1:2008. Eurocode 5- Design of timber structures

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1996-12005. Eurocode 6- Design of masonry structures

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1998-1:2004. Eurocode 8- Design of structure for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1998-3:2005. Eurocode 8- Design of structure for earthquake resistance. Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 15129:2009: Anti-seismic devices

    Google Scholar 

  • EOTA, European Organisation for Technical Assessments (2010) TR 029, Design of bonded anchors, Sept 2010. Downloaded at www.eota.eu. Accessed 8 Jan 2014

  • EOTA, European Organisation for Technical Assessments (2013) TR 045, Design of metal anchors for use in concrete under seismic actions. Downloaded at www.eota.eu. Accessed 8 Jan 2014

  • Gigla B (2004) Bond strength of injection anchors as supplementary reinforcement inside historic masonry. In: XIII international brick and block masonry conference, Amsterdam, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigla B (2010). Comparison of failure of injection anchors as supplementary reinforcement inside masonry and concrete. In: VIII international masonry conference, Dresden, pp 2019–2028

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigla B, Wenzel F (2000) Design recommendations for injection anchors as supplementary reinforcement of historic masonry. In: XII international brick and block masonry conference, Madrid, pp 691–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Giuffrè A (1993) Sicurezza e conservazione dei centri storici: il caso di Ortigia. Laterza, Roma-Bari

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamoush SA, McGinley MW, Mlakar P, Scott D, Murray K (2001) Out-of-plane strengthening of masonry walls with reinforced composites. J Compos Constr 5(3):139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Indirli M, Castellano MG, Clemente P, Martelli A (2001) Demo-application of shape memory alloy devices, the rehabilitation of S. Giorgio Church Bell-Tower. In: VI international symposium on smart structures and materials – SPIE 2001, Newport Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministero deri Beni Architettonici e Culturali, Italia, Guidelines for evaluation and mitigation of seismic risk to cultural heritage : (2007) Cangemi Editore S.p.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karantoni F, Fardis M (1992) Effectiveness of seismic strengthening techniques for masonry buildings. ASCE 118(7):1884–1902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krevaikas TD, Triantafillou T (2006) Masonry confinement with fiber-reinforced polymers. ASCE J Compos Constr 9(2):128–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandara A, Mazzolani FM (2001) Energy dissipation devices in seismic up-grading of monumental buildings. In: III international seminar on structural analysis of historical constructions – SAHC01, GuimarĂŁes

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcari G, Manfredi G, Pecce M (2003) Experimental behaviour of masonry panels strengthened with FRP sheets. In: Tan KH (ed) 6th international conference on fibre-reinforced plastics for reinforced concrete structures, World Scientific, Singapore, pp 1209–1218

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayorca P, Meguro K (2004) Proposal of an efficient technique for retrofitting unreinforced masonry dwellings. In: XIII world conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver

    Google Scholar 

  • Miranda E, Taghavi S (2005) Approximate floor acceleration demands in multistory buildings. I: formulation. J Struct Eng 131:203–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OPCM (2005) No. 3431, May 3, 2005. Official Bulletin no. 107, May 10, 2005 (in Italian). Gazzetta Ufficiale – Serie Generale n. 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Priestley MJN (2000) Performance based seismic design. In: XII world conference of earthquake engineering, Auckland

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence R, D’Ayala D (1999) Damage assessment and analysis of the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquakes. Struct Eng Int 9(3):229–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomazevic M (1999) Earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings. Imperial College Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumialan G, Huang P-C, Nanni A, Silva P (2001) Strengthening of masonry walls by FRP structural repointing. In: Burgoyne CJ (ed) 5th international conference on fibre-reinforced plastics for reinforced concrete structures, Thomas Telford, Cambridge, pp 1033–1042

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dina D’Ayala .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

D’Ayala, D., Paganoni, S. (2014). Seismic Strengthening Strategies for Heritage Structures. In: Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I., Patelli, E., Au, IK. (eds) Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_199-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_199-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36197-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics