Skip to main content

High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Semiconductor Research

Abstract

This chapter briefly describes the fundamentals of high-resolution electron microscopy techniques. In particular, the Peak Pairs approach for strain mapping with atomic column resolution, and a quantitative procedure to extract atomic column compositional information from Z-contrast high-resolution images are presented. It also reviews the structural, compositional, and strain results obtained by conventional and advanced transmission electron microscopy methods on a number of III–V semiconductor nanostructures and heterostructures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. M. De Graef, Introduction to Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. D.B. Williams, C.B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Springer, New York, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  3. S.J. Pennycook et al., in The Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology: Frontiers and Advances: in Three Volumes, ed. by A.V. Narlikar, Y.Y. Fu (Oxford University Press, New York, 2010), Volume II: Materials

    Google Scholar 

  4. S.J. Pennycook, M. Varela, C.J.D. Hetherington, A.I. Kirkland, MRS Bull. 31, 36 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Varela, A.R. Lupini, K.V. Benthem, A.Y. Borisevich, M.F. Chisholm, N. Shibata, E. Abe, S.J. Pennycook, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 35, 539 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. S.J. Pennycook, S.D. Berger, R.J. Culbertson, J. Microsc. Oxford 144, 229 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Howie, J. Microsc. Oxford 117, 11 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P.D. Nellist, S.J. Pennycook, J. Microsc. 190, 159 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S.J. Pennycook, D.E. Jesson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 938 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. P.D. Nellist, et al., Science 305, 1741 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Galluppi, A. Frova, M. Capizzi, F. Boscherini, P. Frigeri, S. Franchi, A. Passaseo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3121 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Shumway, A.J. Williamson, A. Zunger, A. Passaseo, M. DeGiorgi, R. Cingolani, M. Catalano, P. Crozier, Phys. Rev. B 64, 125302 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. E, P.D. Nellist, S. Lozano-Perez, D. Ozkaya, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 241, 012067 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  14. L.J. Allen, A.J. D’Alfonso, S.D. Findlay, J.M. LeBeau, N.R. Lugg, S. Stemmer, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 241, 012061 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. E. Carlino, S. Modesti, D. Furlanetto, M. Piccin, S. Rubini, A. Franciosi, Appl. Phys. Rev. 83, 662 (2003) doi:10.1063/1.1592314

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. D. Zhi, P.A. Midgley, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski, B.A. Joyce, D.W. Pashley, A.L. Bleloch, P.J. Goodhew, in Group-IV Semiconductor Nanostructures, vol. 832, ed. by L. Tsybeskov, D.J. Lockwood, C. Delerue, M. Ichikawa (2005), p. 105

    Google Scholar 

  17. S.I. Molina, D.L. Sales, P.L. Galindo, D. Fuster, Y. Gonzalez, B. Alen, L. Gonzalez, M. Varela, S.J. Pennycook, Ultramicroscopy 109, 1315 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. R.F. Egerton, Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope (Plenum, New York, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  19. P.L. Galindo, S. Kret, A.M. Sanchez, J.Y. Laval, A. Yanez, J. Pizarro, E. Guerrero, T. Ben, S.I. Molina, Ultramicroscopy 107, 1186 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J.M. LeBeau, S.D. Findlay, L.J. Allen, S. Stemmer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 206101 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. J.M. LeBeau, S. Stemmer, Ultramicroscopy 108, 1653 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. S.I. Molina, M.P. Guerrero, P.L. Galindo, D.L. Sales, M. Varela, S.J. Pennycook, J. Electron Microsc. 60, 29 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Takeda, H. Ina, S. Kobayashi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 156 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Bierwolf, M. Hohenstein, F. Phillipp, O. Brandt, G.E. Crook, K. Ploog, Ultramicroscopy 49, 273 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. P.H. Jouneau, A. Tardot, G. Feuillet, H. Mariette, J. Cibert, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 7310 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. H. Seitz, M. Seibt, F.H. Baumann, K. Ahlborn, W. Schroter, Phys. Stat. Sol. A Appl. Res. 150, 625 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Kilaas, S. Paciornik, A.J. Schwartz, L.E. Tanner, J. Comput. Assist. Microsc. 6, 129 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  28. M.D. Robertson, J.M. Corbett, J.B. Webb, J. Jagger, J.E. Currie, Micron 26, 521 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Rosenauer, S. Kaiser, T. Reisinger, J. Zweck, W. Gebhardt, D. Gerthsen, Optik 102, 63 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Kret, P. Ruterana, A. Rosenauer, D. Gerthsen, Phys. Stat. Sol. B Basic Res. 227, 247 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. M.J. Hÿtch, E. Snoeck, R. Kilaas, Ultramicroscopy 74, 131 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. D.J. Bone, H.A. Bachor, R.J. Sandeman, Appl. Opt. 25, 1653 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Takeda, J. Suzuki, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 13, 1495 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. M.J. Hytch, J.L. Putaux, J.M. Penisson, Nature 423, 270 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. A.M. Sanchez, P.L. Galindo, S. Kret, M. Falke, R. Beanland, P.J. Goodhew, Microsc. Microanal. 12, 285 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Guerrero, P. Galindo, A. Yanez, T. Ben, S.I. Molina, Microsc. Microanal. 13, 320 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. K. Tillmann, M. Lentzen, R. Rosenfeld, Ultramicroscopy 83, 111 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. M.J. Hytch, T. Plamann, Ultramicroscopy 87, 199 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M.M.J. Treacy, J.M. Gibson, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B 4, 1458 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Shusterman, A. Raizman, A. Sher, A. Schwarzman, O. Azriel, A. Boag, Y. Rosenwaks, P.L. Galindo, Y. Paltiel, EPL 88 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. Kovacs, K. Sato, V.K. Lazarov, P.L. Galindo, T.J. Konno, Y. Hirotsu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  42. P.D. Robb, A.J. Craven, Ultramicroscopy 109, 61 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. K. Tomioka, J. Motohisa, S. Hara, T. Fukui, Nano Lett. 8, 3475 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. F.M. Morales, D. Gonzalez, J.G. Lozano, R. Garcia, S. Hauguth-Frank, V. Lebedev, V. Cimalla, O. Ambacher, Acta Mater. 57, 5681 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. J.H. Chung, G.D. Lian, L. Rabenberg, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 31, 854 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. F. Hue, M. Hytch, F. Houdellier, E. Snoeck, A. Claverie, Mater. Sci. Eng. B Adv. Funct. Solid State Mater. 154, 221 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  47. F. Hue, M. Hytch, H. Bender, F. Houdellier, A. Claverie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 156602 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. HREM Research, http://www.hremresearch.com/Eng/plugin/PPAEng.html

  49. M. Henini, M. Bugajski, Microelectron. J. 36, 950 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. H.Y. Liu, M.J. Steer, T.J. Badcock, D.J. Mowbray, M.S. Skolnick, P. Navaretti, K.M. Groom, M. Hopkinson, R.A. Hogg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. Yano, M. Ashida, Y. Iwai, M. Inoue, Appl. Surf. Sci. 41–42, 457 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. S.I. Molina et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  53. A.M. Sanchez et al., Nanotechnology 21 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  54. S.I. Molina, A.M. Beltran, T. Ben, P.L. Galindo, E. Guerrero, A.G. Taboada, J.M. Ripalda, M.F. Chisholm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  55. J.M. Garcia, L. Gonzalez, M.U. Gonzalez, J.P. Silveira, Y. Gonzalez, F. Briones, J. Cryst. Growth 227, 975 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. L. Gonzalez, J.M. Garcia, R. Garcia, F. Briones, J. Martinez-Pastor, C. Ballesteros, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1104 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. D. Fuster, L. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez, M.U. Gonzalez, J. Martinez-Pastor, J. Appl. Phys. 98 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  58. D. Fuster, B. Alen, L. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez, J. Martinez-Pastor, M.U. Gonzalez, J.M. Garcia, Nanotechnology 18 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  59. D. Fuster, L. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez, J. Martinez-Pastor, T. Ben, A. Ponce, S. Molina, Eur. Phys. J. B 40, 433 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. D. Fuster, M.U. Gonzalez, L. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez, T. Ben, A. Ponce, S.I. Molina, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4723 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. M.S. Skolnick, D.J. Mowbray, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 34, 181 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. D.L. Sales, M. Varela, S.J. Pennycook, P.L. Galindo, L. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez, D. Fuster, S.I. Molina, Nanotechnology 1, 325706 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  63. G.R. Liu, S.S.Q. Jerry, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 17, 630 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. P. Liu, Y.W. Zhang, C. Lu, Phys. Rev. B 68, 195314 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Q.X. Pei, C. Lu, Y.Y. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 1487 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Y.W. Zhang, S.J. Xu, C.H. Chiu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1809 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. S.I. Molina et al., J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8, 3422 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. S.I. Molina et al., Nanotechnology 17, 5652 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. T. Ben et al., Microsc. Microanal. 14, 344 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. M. Kondow, K. Uomi, A. Niwa, T. Kitatani, S. Watahiki, Y. Yazawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1 Regular Papers Short Notes Rev. Papers 35, 1273 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  71. S. Dhar, N. Halder, A. Mondal, Thin Solid Films 515, 4427 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. W.M. Chen, I.A. Buyanova, C.W. Tu, H. Yonezu, Acta Phys. Pol. A 108, 571 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. R. Intartaglia et al., IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 151, 365 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. M. Herrera et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 125211 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. D.D. Perovic, C.J. Rossouw, A. Howie, Ultramicroscopy 52, 353 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. M.M.J. Treacy, J.M. Gibson, K.T. Short, S.B. Rice, Ultramicroscopy 26, 133 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. V. Grillo, E. Carlino, F. Glas, Phys. Rev. B 77 054103 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. X. Wu, M.D. Robertson, J.A. Gupta, J.M. Baribeau, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20, 075215 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. S.B. Zhang, A. Zunger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 677 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. P. Krispin, V. Gambin, J.S. Harris, K.H. Ploog, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 6095 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Reason, H.A. McKay, W. Ye, S. Hanson, R.S. Goldman, V. Rotberg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1692 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. I.H. Ho, G.B. Stringfellow, J. Cryst. Growth 178, 1 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. P.R. Chalker, T.J. Bullough, M. Gass, S. Thomas, T.B. Joyce, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 16, S3161 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. G. Kresse, J. Furthmuller, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. Pizarro, P.L. Galindo, E. Guerrero, A. Yanez, M.P. Guerrero, A. Rosenauer, D.L. Sales, S.I. Molina, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 153107 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. D.O. Klenov, S. Stemmer, Ultramicroscopy 106, 889 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. R.A. Herring, Ultramicroscopy 106, 960 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. C.R. Hall, P.B. Hirsch, G.R. Booker, Phil. Mag. 14, 979 (1966)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. A. Carvalho et al., Phys. B Condens. Matter 401, 339 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. T. Matsuoka, H. Okamoto, M. Nakao, H. Harima, E. Kurimoto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1246 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. J. Wu, W. Walukiewicz, K.M. Yu, J.W. Ager, E.E. Haller, H. Lu, W.J. Schaff, Y. Saito, Y. Nanishi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3967 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. M. Hori, K. Kano, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Saito, T. Araki, Y. Nanishi, N. Teraguchi, A. Suzuki, Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) 234, 750 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. V.Y. Davydov et al., Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) 230, R4 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. T.L. Tansley, C.P. Foley, J. Appl. Phys. 59, 3241 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. A.G. Bhuiyan, A. Hashimoto, A. Yamamoto, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 2779 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. N. Khan, A. Sedhain, J. Li, J.Y. Lin, H.X. Jiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 172101 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. T.B. Fehlberg, G.A. Umana-Membreno, C.S. Gallinat, G. Koblmüller, S. Bernardis, B.D. Nener, G. Parish, J.S. Speck, Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 4, 2423 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. O. Briot, B. Maleyre, S. Ruffenach, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2919 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. S. Ruffenach, B. Maleyre, O. Briot, B. Gil, Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 2, 826 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Y.G. Cao, M.H. Xie, Y. Liu, Y.F. Ng, H.S. Wu, S.Y. Tong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5157 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. E. Dimakis et al., Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 3, 3983 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, M. Moret, B. Gil, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 153102 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. C. Shen, H. Lin, H. Lee, C. Wu, J. Hsu, S. Gwo, Thin Solid Films 494, 79 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Kumar, B. Roul, T.N. Bhat, M.K. Rajpalke, N. Sinha, A.T. Kalghatgi, S.B. Krupanidhi, Adv. Sci. Lett. 3, 379 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Y. Romanyuk, R. Dengel, L. Stebounova, S. Leone, J. Cryst. Growth 304, 346 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. J.Y. Chen et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 162103 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. A. Yoshikawa, N. Hashimoto, N. Kikukawa, S.B. Che, Y. Ishitani, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153115 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. C.Y. Chen, L. Lee, S.K. Tai, S.F. Fu, W.C. Ke, W.C. Chou, W.H. Chang, M.C. Lee, W.K. Chen, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 031001 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. S. Yuanping, W. Hui, W. Lili, Z. Shuming, Y. Hui, C. Yong-Hoon, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 57, 128 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Y.K. Huang, C.P. Liu, Y.L. Lai, C.Y. Wang, Y.F. Lai, H.C. Chung, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 091921 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. S.B. Che, W. Terashima, T. Ohkubo, M. Yoshitani, N. Hashimoto, K. Akasaka, Y. Ishitani, A. Yoshikawa, Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 2, 2258 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. W. Lin, S. Li, J. Kang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 101115 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. A. Yoshikawa, S.B. Che, W. Yamaguchi, H. Saito, X.Q. Wang, Y. Ishitani, E.S. Hwang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 073101 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. H. Naoi, M. Kurouchi, D. Muto, S. Takado, T. Araki, T. Miyajima, H. Na, A.Y. Nanishi, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 203, 93 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. S. Che, A. Yuki, H. Watanabe, Y. Ishitani, A. Yoshikawa, Appl. Phys. Expr. 2, 021001 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. E. Calleja, J. Ristić, S. Fernández-Garrido, L. Cerutti, M.A. Sánchez-García, J. Grandal, A. Trampert, U. Jahn, G. Sánchez, A. Griol, B. Sánchez, Growth, morphology, and structural properties of group-III-nitride nanocolumns and nanodisks. Phys. Status Solidi B 244, 2816–2837 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. C. Denker, J. Malindretos, F. Werner, F. Limbach, H. Schuhmann, T. Niermann, M. Seibt, A. Rizzi, Phys. Stat. Sol. C – Curr. Top. Solid State Phys. 5(6), 1706 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Y.L. Chang, F. Li, Z. Mi, J. Vacuum Science & Technology B 28(3) DOI: 10.1116/1.3292560 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  119. J. Zhang, B. Xu, F. Jiang, Y. Yang, J. Li, Phys. Lett. A 337, 121 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. Y.H. Kim, H.J. Park, K. Kim, C.S. Kim, W.S. Yun, J.W. Lee, M.D. Kim, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 033112 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. S.Y. Kwon et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 234102 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. J.G. Lozano, D. González, A.M. Sánchez, D. Araújo, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, R. García, Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 3, 1687 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. J.G. Lozano, A.M. Sanchez, R. Garcia, D. Gonzalez, O. Briot, S. Ruffenach, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 151913 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  124. A.M. Sánchez, J.G. Lozano, R. García, M. Herrera, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, D. González, Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2588 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. J.G. Lozano, A.M. Sanchez, R. García, D. González, D. Araujo, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263104 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. D. González, J.G. Lozano, M. Herrera, N.D. Browning, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, R. Garíca, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 013527 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. D. González, J.G. Lozano, M. Herrera, F.M. Morales, S. Ruffenach, O. Briot, R. García, Nanotechnology 21, 185706 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. J.M. Mánuel, F.M. Morales, J.G. Lozano, D. González, R. García, T. Lim, L. Kirste, R. Aidam, O. Ambacher, Acta Mater. 58, 4120 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. J.M. Mánuel, F.M. Morales, R. García, R. Lim, L. Kirste, R. Aidam, O. Ambacher, Cryst. Growth and Design 11, 2588 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. J.M. Mánuel, F.M. Morales, J.G. Lozano R. García, T. Lim L. Kirste, R. Aidam, O. Ambacher, Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) 8(7–8), 2500–2502 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  131. F.Y. Meng, M. Rao, N. Newman, R. Carpenter, S. Mahajan, Acta Mater. 56, 4036 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. F.Y. Meng, M. Rao, N. Newman, S. Mahajan, Acta Mater. 56, 5552 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. M. Rao, D. Kim, S. Mahajan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1961 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. M. Rao, N. Newman, S. Mahajan, Scripta Mater. 56, 33 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. A.N. Westmeyer, S. Mahajan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2710 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. Wise, R. Nandivada, B. Strawbridge, R. Carpenter, N. Newman, S. Mahajan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261914 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. A.T. Wise, D.W. Kim, N. Newman, S. Mahajan, Scripta Mater. 54, 153 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. L. Zhou, D.A. Cullen, D.J. Smith, M.R. McCartney, A. Mouti, M. Gonschorek, E. Feltin, J.F. Carlin, N. Grandjean, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 121909 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. N. Li, S.J. Wang, E.H. Park, Z.C. Feng, H.L. Tsai, J.R. Yang, I. Ferguson, J. Cryst. Growth 311, 4628 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. S.L. Sahonta et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 021913 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. L. Zhou, D.J. Smith, M.R. McCartney, D.S. Katzer, D.F. Storm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 081917 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. T. Kehagias et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 071905 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. Z.L. Miao et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 231909 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. M.E. Hawkridge, Z. Liliental-Weber, H.J. Kim, S. Choi, D. Yoo, J.H. Ryou, R.D. Dupuis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071905 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. M.E. Hawkridge, Z. Liliental-Weber, H.J. Kim, S. Choi, D. Yoo, J.H. Ryou, R.D. Dupuis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 171912 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. J. Park, S.I. Baik, D.S. Ko, S.H. Park, E. Yoon, Y.W. Kim, J. Electron. Mater. 38, 518 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. Z.C. Feng, J.R. Yang, A.G. Li, I.T. Ferguson, in III-Nitride Device and Nano-Engineering, ed. by Z.C. Feng (Imperial College Press, London, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  148. M. Shiojiri, Chiang Mai J. Sci. 35, 25 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  149. J. Wu et al., Nanotechnology 17, 1251 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. H. Okuno, M. Takeguchi, K. Mitsuishi, Y. Irokawa, Y. Sakuma, K. Furuya, Surf. Interface Anal. 40, 1660 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. E. Mugnaioli, G. Capitani, F. Nieto, M. Mellini, Am. Mineral. 94, 793 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. C. Williams, T. Glisson, J. Hauser, M. Littlejohn, J. Electron. Mater. 7, 639 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the European Commission (SANDiE European Network of Excellence NMP4-CT-2004-500101 and COST MP0805), the Spanish MICINN (TEC2005-05781-C03-02/MIC, TEC2008-06756-C03-02/TEC, and CONSOLIDER CSD2009-00013), and the Junta de Andalucía (Ref. P08-TEP-03516 and P09-TEP-5403) with EU-FEDER cofinancing. The authors would like to thank their collaborators and other coauthors of the articles reviewed here (A.G. Taboada, A.J. Papworth, A. Yáñez, B. Alén, D. Fuster, D.G. Morgan, F. de la Pena, J.M. Ripalda, L. González, L. Kirste, M.F. Chisholm, M.H. Du, M.H. Gass, M. Hopkinson, M. Varela, M. Walls, N.D. Browning, O. Ambacher, P.J. Goodhew, Q.M. Ramasse, R. Aidam, S.B. Zhang, S. Hauguth-Frank, S.J. Pennycook, T. Lim, V. Cimalla, V. Lebedev, and Y. González).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David L. Sales .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sales, D.L. et al. (2012). High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures. In: Patane, A., Balkan, N. (eds) Semiconductor Research. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 150. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23351-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23351-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23350-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23351-7

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics