Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular and Cell Biology of Lung Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Malignant Tumors of the Lung

  • 174 Accesses

Abstract

Lung carcinoma is currently perceived to be the result of complex mutational and epigenetic changes in the epithelial cells of the lung that impart to those cells a high capacity for proliferation, resistance to programmed cell (apoptosis), the ability to invade and destroy normal tissue and the capacity to metastasize. Lung cancer cells achieve these properties through series of genomic changes that are highly heterogeneous with respect to the timing of their occurrence, their complexity, the anatomic location of affected cells and the specific molecular pathways that are affected. Defining these changes, devising methods for measuring them in large patient populations and taking advantage of these changes in therapeutic protocols are and will continue to be the most daunting challenges in lung cancer research for the foreseeable future. In recent years, there has been a large increase in available molecular and cellular information in this field. This review attempts to relate well-established molecular data to the clinical problem of lung cancer and premalignancy. Numerous references referring to more detailed reviews are provided for the convenience of those interested in further reading.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adjei AA, Erlichman C, Davis JN, Cutler DL, Sloan JA, Marks RS, Hanson LJ, Svingen PA, Atherton P, Bishop WR, Kirschmeier P, Kaufmann SH (2000) A Phase I trial of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336: evidence for biological and clinical activity. Cancer Res 60:1871–1877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach O, Stout AP, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L (1961) Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking and in relation to lung cancer. N Engl J Med 265(6):253–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach O, Saccomanno G, Kuschner M, Brown RD, Garfinkel L (1978) Histologic findings in the tracheobronchial tree of uranium miners and non-miners with lung cancer. Cancer 42:483–489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach O, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L (1979) Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking, 1955–1960 vs. 1970–1977. N Engl J Med 300:381–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balsara BR, Testa R (2002) Chromosomal imbalances in human lung cancer. Oncogene 21:6877–6883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banham AH, Beasley N, Campo E, Fernandez PL, Fidler C, Gatter K, Jones M, Mason DY, Prime JE, Trougouboff P, Wood K, Cordell JL (2001) The FOXP1 winged helix transcription factor is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p. Cancer Res 61:8820–8829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrand MA, Heppell-Parton AC, Wright KA, Rabbitts PH, Twentyman PR (1994) A 190-kilodalton protein overexpressed in non-P-glycoprotein-containing multidrug-resistant cells and its relationship to the MRP gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:110–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beer DG, Kardia SL, Huang CC, Giordano TJ, Levin AM, Misek DE, Lin L, Chen G, Gharib TG, Thomas DG, Lizyness ML, Kuick R, Hayasaka S, Taylor JM, Iannettoni MD, Orringer MB, Hanash S (2002) Gene-expression profiles predict survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 8:816–824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Palmisano WA, Michels R, Saccomanno G, Gabrielson E, Baylin SB, Herman JG (1998) Aberrant methylation of pl6(INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11891–11896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berenblum I, Shubik P (1947) A new quantitative approach to the study of chemical carcinogenesis in the mouse’s skin. Br J Cancer 1:383–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlin NI, Buncher CR, Fontana RS, Frost JK, Melamed MR (1984) The National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection Program. Results of the initial screen (prevalence). Early lung cancer detection: Introduction. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:545–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee A, Richards WG, Staunton J, Li C, Monti S, Vasa P, Ladd C, Beheshti J, Bueno R, Gillette M, Loda M, Weber G, Mark EJ, Lander ES, Wong W, Johnson BE, Golub TR, Sugarbaker DJ, Meyerson M (2001) Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13790–13795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkqvist AM, Tammilehto L, Nordling S, Nurminen M, Anttila S, Mattson K, Knuutila S (1998) Comparison of DNA copy number changes in malignant mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and large-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. Br J Cancer 77:260–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulaire J, Fotedar A, Fotedar R (2000) The functions of the cdkcyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAFl. Pathol Biol (Paris) 48:190–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman T, Garcia R, Turkson J, Jove R (2000) STATs in oncogenesis. Oncogene 19:2474–2488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brabender J, Danenberg KD, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Park J, Salonga D, Holscher AH, Danenberg PV (2001) Epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2-neu mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer Is correlated with survival. Clin Cancer Res 7:1850–1855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braga E, Pugacheva E, Bazov I, Ermilova V, Kazubskaya T, Mazurenko N, Kisseljov F, Liu J, Garkavtseva R, Zabarovsky E, Kisselev L (1999) Comparative allelotyping of the short arm of human chromosome 3 in epithelial tumors of four different types. FEBS Lett 454:215–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brauch H, Johnson B, Hovis J, Yano T, Gazdar A, Pettengill OS, Graziano S, Sorenson GD, Poiesz BJ, Minna JD (1987) Molecular analysis of the short arm of chromosome 3 in small-cell and non-small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 317:1109–1113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan J, O’Connor T, Makuch RW, Simmons AM, Russell E, Linnoila RI, Phelps RM, Gazdar AF, Ihde DC, Johnson BE (1991) myc family DNA amplification in 107 tumors and tumor cell lines from patients with small cell lung cancer treated with different combination chemotherapy regimens. Cancer Res 51:1708–1712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buetow KH, Klausner RD, Fine H, Kaplan R, Singer DS, Strausberg RL (2002) Cancer Molecular Analysis Project: weaving a rich cancer research tapestry. Cancer Cell 1:315–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buettner R, Mora LB, Jove R (2002) Activated STAT signaling in human tumors provides novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Clin Cancer Res 8:945–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmeliet P, Jain RK (2000) Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chodosh LA (2002) The reciprocal dance between cancer and development. N Engl J Med 347:134–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox G, Jones JL, O’Byrne KJ (2000a) Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the epidermal growth factor signal pathway in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6:2349–2355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox G, Jones JL, Walker RA, Steward WP, O’Byrne KJ (2000b) Angiogenesis and non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 27:81–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crul M, Klerk GJ de, Swart M, Veer LJ van't, Jong D de, Boerrigter L, Palmer PA, Bol CJ, Tan H, Gast GC de, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH (2002) Phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of chronic oral administration of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor Rl 15777 in advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:2726–2735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daigo Y, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Tamari M, Tsuchiya E, Nakamura Y (1999) Molecular cloning of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, DLC1, from chromosome 3p21.3. Cancer Res 59:1966–1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amico TA, Massey M, Herndon JE 2nd, Moore MB, Harpole DH Jr (1999) A biologic risk model for stage I lung cancer: immunohistochemical analysis of 408 patients with the use of ten molecular markers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117:736–743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dammann R, Li C, Yoon JH, Chin PL, Bates S, Pfeifer GP (2000) Epigenetic inactivation of a RAS association domain family protein from the lung tumour suppressor locus 3p21.3. Nat Genet 25:315–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dang TP, Gazdar AF, Virmani AK, Sepetavec T, Hande KR, Minna JD, Roberts JR, Carbone DP (2000) Chromosome 19 translocation, overexpression of Notch3, and human lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1355–1357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’souza B, Taylor-Papadimitriou J (1994) Overexpression of ERBB2 in human mammary epithelial cells signals inhibition of transcription of the E-cadherin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7202–7206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duman-Scheel M, Weng L, Xin S, Du W (2002) Hedgehog regulates cell growth and proliferation by inducing Cyclin D and Cyclin E. Nature 417:299–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak HF (2002) Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy. J Clin Oncol, 20:4368–4380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak HF, Orenstein NS, Carvalho AC, Churchill WH, Dvorak AM, Galli SJ, Feder J, Bitzer AM, Rypysc J, Giovinco P (1979) Induction of a fibrin-gel investment: an early event in line 10 hepatocarcinoma growth mediated by tumor-secreted products. J Immunol, 122:166–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feder M, Siegfried JM, Balshem A, Litwin S, Keller SM, Liu Z, Testa JR (1998) Clinical relevance of chromosome abnormalities in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 102:25–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T (1997) The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 18:4–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, Leung DW (1992) Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 13:18–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FitzGerald GA, Loll P (2001) COX in a crystal ball: current status and future promise of prostaglandin research. J Clin Invest 107:1335–1337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick FA, Soberman R (2001) Regulated formation of eicosanoids. J Clin Invest 107:1347–1351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontanini G, De Laurentiis M, Vignati S, Chine S, Lucchi M, Silvestri V, Mussi A, De Placido S, Tortora G, Bianco AR, Gullick W, Angeletti CA, Bevilacqua G, Ciardiello F (1998) Evaluation of epidermal growth factor-related growth factors and receptors and of neoangiogenesis in completely resected stage I-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer: amphiregulin and microvessel count are independent prognostic indicators of survival. Clin Cancer Res 4:241–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foulds L (1969) Neoplastic development. Neoplastic development, vol 1. Academic Press, London New York, pp 41–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin WA, Veve R, Hirsch FR, Helfrich BA, Bunn PA Jr (2002) Epidermal growth factor receptor family in lung cancer and premalignancy. Semin Oncol 29:3–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao B, Sekido Y, Maximov A, Saad M, Forgacs E, Latif F, Wei MH, Lerman M, Lee JH, Perez-Reyes E, Bezprozvanny I, Minna JD (2000) Functional properties of a new voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha(2)delta auxiliary subunit gene (CACNA2D2). J Biol Chem 275:12237–12242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schluens K, Petersen S, Thaesler Z, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Rijn M van de, Rosen GD, Perou CM, Whyte RI, Altman RB, Brown PO, Botstein D, Petersen I (2001) Diversity of gene expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13784–13789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gemmill RM, West JD, Boldog F, Tanaka N, Robinson LJ, Smith DI, Li F, Drabkin HA (1998) The hereditary renal cell carcinoma 3;8 translocation fuses FHIT to a patched-related gene, TRC8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9572–9577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard L, Zochbauer-Muller S, Virmani AK, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2000) Genome-wide allelotyping of lung cancer identifies new regions of allelic loss, differences between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and loci clustering. Cancer Res 60:4894–4906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk RW, Maas LM, Van Zandwijk N, van't Veer LJ, Breedijk A, Borm PJ, Verhaert J, Kleinjans JC, van Schooten FJ (1998) Differences in aromatic-DNA adduct levels between alveolar macrophages and subpopulations of white blood cells from smokers. Carcinogenesis 19:819–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goode EL, Ulrich CM, Potter JD (2002) Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and associations with cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1513–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greatens TM, Niehans GA, Rubins JB, Jessurun J, Kratzke RA, Maddaus MA, Niewoehner DE (1998) Do molecular markers predict survival in non-small-cell lung cancer? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1093–1097

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC (1994) Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 54:4855–4878

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haaland M (1911) Spontaneous tumours in mice. Sci Rep Invest ICRF 4:1–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn SM, Bernhard EJ, Regine W, Mohiuddin M, Haller DG, Stevenson JP, Smith D, Pramanik B, Tepper J, DeLaney TF, Kiel KD, Morrison B, Deutsch P, Muschel RJ, McKenna WG (2002) A Phase I trial of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor L-778,123 and radiotherapy for locally advanced lung and head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 8:1065–1072

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hainaut P, Olivier M, Pfeifer GP (2001) TP53 mutation spectrum in lung cancers and mutagenic signature of components of tobacco smoke: lessons from the IARC TP53 mutation database. Mutagenesis 16:551–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall A (1994) A biochemical function for Ras-at last. Science 264:1413–1414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haruki N, Harano T, Masuda A, Kiyono T, Takahashi T, Tatematsu Y, Shimizu S, Mitsudomi T, Konishi H, Osada H, Fujii Y, Takahashi T (2001) Persistent increase in chromosome instability in lung cancer: possible indirect involvement of p53 inactivation. Am J Pathol 159:1345–1352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawk E, Viner JL, Lawrence JA (2000) Biomarkers as surrogates for cancer development. Curr Oncol Rep 2:242–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht SS (2002) Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: chemical mechanisms and approaches to prevention. Lancet Oncol 3:461–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB (1996) Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9821–9826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higashiyama M, Doi O, Kodama K, Yokouchi H, Kasugai T, Ishiguro S, Takami K, Nakayama T, Nishisho I (1997) MDM 2 gene amplification and expression in non-small-cell lung cancer: immunohistochemical expression of its protein is a favourable prognostic marker in patients without p53 protein accumulation. Br J Cancer 75:1302–1308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch FR, Prindiville SA, Miller YE, Franklin WA, Dempsey EC, Murphy JR, Bunn PA Jr, Kennedy TC (2001) Fluorescence versus white-light bronchoscopy for detection of preneoplastic lesions: a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1385–1391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA, Veve R, Chen L, Helfrich B, Zeng C, Baron A, Bunn PA Jr (2002a) Evaluation of HER-2/neu gene amplification and protein expression in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. Br J Cancer 86:1449–1456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Veve R, Varella-Garcia M, Bunn PA Jr (2002b) HER2/neu expression in malignant lung tumors. Semin Oncol 29:51–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch FR, Garcia MV, Bunn PA Jr, DiMaria MV, Veve R, Bremnes RM, Zeng C, Franklin WA (2003) Epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung carcinomas: correlation between gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis. J Clin Oncol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Honn KV, Cicone B, Skoff A (1981) Prostacyclin: a potent antimetastatic agent. Science, 212:1270–1272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoschuetzky H, Aberle H, Kemler R (1994) Beta-catenin mediates the interaction of the cadherin-catenin complex with epidermal growth factor receptor. J Cell Biol 127:1375–1380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou SM, Fait S, Yang K, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Hemminki K, Lambert B (2001) Differential interactions between GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes on aromatic DNA adduct level and HPRT mutant frequency in lung cancer patients and population controls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:133–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, Levine E (1998) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:455–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson BE, Linnoila RI, Williams JP, Venzon DJ, Okunieff P, Anderson GB, Richardson GE (1995) Risk of second aerodigestive cancers increases in patients who survive free of small-cell lung cancer for more than 2 years. J Clin Oncol 13:101–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston WW, Elson CE (1991) Respiratory tract. In: Bibbo M (ed.) Comprehensive cytopathology, 1st edn. WB. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo, 320–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Sudar D, Rutovitz D, Gray JW, Waldman F, Pinkel D (1992) Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science, 258:818–821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keith RL, Miller YE, Gemmill RM, Drabkin HA, Dempsey EC, Kennedy TC, Prindiville S, Franklin WA (2000) Angiogenic squamous dysplasia in bronchi of individuals at high risk for lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6:1616–1625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keith RL, Miller YE, Hoshikawa Y, Moore MD, Gesell TL, Gao B, Malkinson AM, Golpon HA, Nemenoff RA, Geraci MW (2002) Manipulation of pulmonary prostacyclin synthase expression prevents murine lung cancer. Cancer Res 62:734–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelloff GJ, Crowell JA, Steele VE, Lubet RA, Boone CW, Malone WA, Hawk ET, Lieberman R, Lawrence JA, Kopelovich L, Ali I, Viner JL, Sigman CC (1999) Progress in cancer chemoprevention. Ann NY Acad Sci 889:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly TJ, Brown GW (2000) Regulation of chromosome replication. Annu Rev Biochem 69:829–880

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khuri FR, Wu H, Lee JJ, Kemp BL, Lotan R, Lippman SM, Feng L, Hong WK, Xu XC (2001) Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:861–867

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto Y, Sugio K, Hung JY, Virmani AK, Mclntire DD, Minna JD, Gazdar AF (1995) Allele-specific loss in chromosome 9p loci in preneoplastic lesions accompanying non-small-cell lung cancers [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1224–1229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kok K, Naylor SL, Buys CH (1997) Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 3 in solid tumors and the search for suppressor genes. Adv Cancer Res 71:27–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komhoff M, Guan Y, Shappell HW, Davis L, Jack G, Shyr Y, Koch MO, Shappell SB, Breyer MD (2000) Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in high grade human transitional cell bladder carcinomas. Am J Pathol 157:29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriek E, Rojas M, Alexandrov K, Bartsch H (1998) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in humans: relevance as biomarkers for exposure and cancer risk. Mutat Res 400:215–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, Stackhouse T, Kuzmin I, Modi W, Geil L, et al. (1993) Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 260:1317–1320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Marchand L, Donlon T, Lum-Jones A, Seifried A, Wilkens LR (2002) Association of the hOGGl Ser326Cys polymorphism with lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:409–412

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerman MI, Minna JD (2000) The 630-kb lung cancer homozygous deletion region on human chromosome 3p21.3: identification and evaluation of the resident candidate tumor suppressor genes. The International Lung Cancer Chromosome 3p21.3 Tumor Suppressor Gene Consortium. Cancer Res 60:6116–6133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin NA, Brzoska PM, Warnock ML, Gray JW, Christman MF (1995) Identification of novel regions of altered DNA copy number in small cell lung tumors. Genes Chromosom Cancer 13:175–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin L, Prescott MS, Zhu Z, Singh P, Chun SY, Kuick RD, Hanash SM, Orringer MB, Glover TW, Beer DG (2000) Identification and characterization of a 19ql2 amplicon in esophageal adenocarcinomas reveals cyclin E as the best candidate gene for this amplicon. Cancer Res 60:7021–7027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Ellis LM (1998) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR in vitro by a soluble factor in confluent endothelial cells. Pathobiology 66:247–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lord RV, Brabender J, Gandara D, Alberola V, Camps C, Domine M, Cardenal F, Sanchez JM, Gumerlock PH, Taron M, Sanchez JJ, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Rosell R (2002) Low ERCC1 expression correlates with prolonged survival after cisplatin plus gemcitabine chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 8:2286–2291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu YJ, Dong XY, Shipley J, Zhang RG, Cheng SJ (1999) Chromosome 3 imbalances are the most frequent aberration found in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 23:61–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luk C, Tsao MS, Bayani J, Shepherd F, Squire JA (2001) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 125:87–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao L, Lee JS, Kurie JM, Fan YH, Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Ro JY, Broxson A, Yu R, Morice RC, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, Walsh GL, Hittelman WN, Hong WK (1997) Clonal genetic alterations in the lungs of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:857–862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massion PP, Kuo WL, Stokoe D, Olshen AB, Treseler PA, Chin K, Chen C, Polikoff D, Jain AN, Pinkel D, Albertson DG, Jablons DM, Gray JW (2002) Genomic copy number analysis of nonsmall cell lung cancer using array comparative genomic hybridization: implications of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Cancer Res 62:3636–3640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matturri L, Lavezzi AM (1994) Recurrent chromosome alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Histochem 38:53–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merlo A, Gabrielson E, Askin F, Sidransky D (1994) Frequent loss of chromosome 9 in human primary non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 54:640–642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michalides RJ, Brekel M van de, Balm F (2002) Defects in Gl-S cell cycle control in head and neck cancer: a review. Head Neck 24:694–704

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller YE, Franklin WA (1997) Molecular events in lung carcinogenesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 11:215–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishina T, Dosaka-Akita H, Hommura F, Nishi M, Kojima T, Ogura S, Shimizu M, Katoh H, Kawakami Y (2000) Cyclin E expression, a potential prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res 6:11–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsudomi T, Hamajima N, Ogawa M, Takahashi T (2000) Prognostic significance of p53 alterations in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 6:4055–4063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murata Y, Tamari M, Takahashi T, Horio Y, Hibi K, Yokoyama S, Inazawa J, Yamakawa K, Ogawa A, et al. (1994) Characterization of an 800 kb region at 3p22-p21.3 that was homozygously deleted in a lung cancer cell line. Hum Mol Genet 3:1341–1344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narumiya S, FitzGerald GA (2001) Genetic and pharmacological analysis of prostanoid receptor function. J Clin Invest 108:25–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor SL, Johnson BE, Minna JD, Sakaguchi AY (1987) Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 3p markers in small-cell lung cancer. Nature 329:451–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nettesheim P, Marchok A (1983) Neoplastic development in airway epithelium. Adv Cancer Res 39:1–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nia AB, Maas LM, Brouwer EM, Kleinjans JC, Van Schooten FJ (2000) Comparison between smoking-related DNA adduct analysis in induced sputum and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 21:1335–1340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Byrne KJ, Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Cox G, Turley H, Steward WP, Gatter K, Harris AL (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 82:1427–1432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochiai M, Oguri T, Isobe T, Ishioka S, Yamakido M (1999) Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression levels in normal lung tissues and non-small cell lung cancers. Jpn J Cancer Res 90:1338–1343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohsaki Y, Tanno S, Fujita Y, Toyoshima E, Fujiuchi S, Nishigaki Y, Ishida S, Nagase A, Miyokawa N, Hirata S, Kikuchi K (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression correlates with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients with p53 overexpression. Oncol Rep 7:603–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshika Y, Nakamura M, Tokunaga T, Ozeki Y, Fukushima Y, Hatanaka H, Abe Y, Yamazaki H, Kijima H, Tamaoki N, Ueyama Y (1998) Expression of cell-associated isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor 189 and its prognostic relevance in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 12:541–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pastorino U, Andreola S, Tagliabue E, Pezzella F, Incarbone M, Sozzi G, Buyse M, Menard S, Pierotti M, Rilke F (1997) Immunocytochemical markers in stage I lung cancer: relevance to prognosis. J Clin Oncol 15:2858–2865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payton M, Coats S (2002) Cyclin E2, the cycle continues. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34:315–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen I, Bujard M, Petersen S, Wolf G, Goeze A, Schwendel A, Langreck H, Gellert K, Reichel M, Just K, Manoir S du, Cremer T, Dietel M, Ried T (1997) Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 57:2331–2335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Hainaut P (2002) Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene 21:7435–7451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer P, Clausen PP, Andersen K, Rose C (1996) Lack of prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor and the oncoprotein pl85HER-2 in patients with systemically untreated non-small-cell lung cancer: an immunohistochemical study on cryosections. Br J Cancer 74:86–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popovici C, Basset C, Bertucci F, Orsetti B, Adelaide J, Mozziconacci MJ, Conte N, Murati A, Ginestier C, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ethier SP, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Theillet C, Birnbaum D, Chaffanet M (2002) Reciprocal translocations in breast tumor cell lines: cloning of a t(3;20) that targets the FHIT gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35:204–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV, Stillman B (2002) Orc6 involved in DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Science 297:1026–1031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qingyi Wei, Lie Cheng Amos CI, Wang LE, Zhaozheng G, Hong WK, Spitz MR (2000) Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1764–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rak J, Mitsuhashi Y, Bayko L, Filmus J, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Kerbel RS (1995) Mutant ras oncogenes upregulate VEGF/VPF expression: implications for induction and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55:4575–4580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramnath N, Hernandez FJ, Tan DF, Huberman JA, Natarajan N, Beck AF, Hyland A, Todorov IT, Brooks JS, Bepler G (2001) MCM2 is an independent predictor of survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 19:4259–4266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reissmann PT, Koga H, Figlin RA, Holmes EC, Slamon DJ (1999) Amplification and overexpression of the cyclin Dl and epidermal growth factor receptor genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 125:61–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson GE, Johnson BE (1993) The biology of lung cancer. Semin Oncol 20:105–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ried T, Petersen I, Holtgreve-Grez H, Speicher MR, Schrock E, Manoir S du, Cremer T (1994) Mapping of multiple DNA gains and losses in primary small cell lung carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 54:1801–1806

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robles AI, Linke SP, Harris CC (2002) The p53 network in lung carcinogenesis. Oncogene 21:6898–6907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roche J, Boldog F, Robinson M, Robinson L, Varella-Garcia M, Swanton M, Waggoner B, Fishel R, Franklin W, Gemmill R, Drabkin H (1996) Distinct 3p21.3 deletions in lung cancer and identification of a new human semaphorin. Oncogene 12:1289–1297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodenhuis S, Wetering ML van de, Mooi WJ, Evers SG, Zandwijk N van, Bos JL (1987) Mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene. A possible pathogenetic factor in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 317:929–935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas M, Alexandrov K, Cascorbi I, Brockmoller J, Likhachev A, Pozharisski K, Bouvier G, Auburtin G, Mayer L, Kopp-Schneider A, Roots I, Bartsch H (1998) High benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide DNA adduct levels in lung and blood cells from individuals with combined CYP1A1 MspI/Msp-GSTM l*0/*0 genotypes. Pharmacogenetics 8:109–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romeo MS, Sokolova IA, Morrison LE, Zeng C, Baron AE, Hirsch FR, Miller YE, Franklin WA, Garcia MV (2003) Chromosomal abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinomas and in bronchial epithelium of high risk smokers detected by multi-target interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Mol Diagn (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rous P, Beard JW (1935) The progression to carcinoma of virus induced papillomas (Shope). J Exp Med 62:523–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch V, Klimstra D, Venkatraman E, Pisters PW, Langenfeld J, Dmitrovsky E (1997) Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligand transforming growth factor alpha is frequent in resectable non-small cell lung cancer but does not predict tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res 3:515–522

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Cespedes M, Decker PA, Doffek KM, Esteller M, Westra WH, Alawi EA, Herman JG, Demeure MJ, Sidransky D, Ahrendt SA (2001) Increased loss of chromosome 9p21 but not pl6 inactivation in primary non-small cell lung cancer from smokers. Cancer Res 61:2092–2096

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Cespedes M, Parrella P, Esteller M, Nomoto S, Trink B, Engles JM, Westra WH, Herman JG, Sidransky D (2002) Inactivation of LKB1/STK11 is a common event in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Cancer Res 62:3659–3662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santella RM (1999) Immunological methods for detection of carcinogen-DNA damage in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:733–739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauer IE, Siriwardana S, Langan TA, Sclafani RA (1994) Cyclin Dl overexpression vs. retinoblastoma inactivation: implications for growth control evasion in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7827–7831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk T, Ackermann J, Brunner C, Schenk P, Zojer N, Roka S, Drach J (1997) Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in bronchoscopically gained cells from lung cancer patients. Chest 111:1691–1696

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider MR, Tang DG, Schirner M, Honn KV (1994) Prostacyclin and its analogues: antimetastatic effects and mechanisms of action. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:349–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr CJ, Weber JD (2000) The ARF/p53 pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10:94–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozaki H, Kadowaki T, Doki Y, Inoue M, Tamura S, Oka H, Iwazawa T, Matsui S, Shimaya K, Takeichi M, et al. (1995) Effect of epidermal growth factor on cadherin-mediated adhesion in a human oesophageal cancer cell line. Br J Cancer 71:250–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi M, Noguchi M, Shimosato Y, Sekiya T (1989) Amplification of protooncogenes in surgical specimens of human lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 49:6474–6479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359:843–845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (1953) „Field cancerization“ in oral stratified squamous epithelium. Clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6:963–968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soria JC, Lee HY, Lee JI, Wang L, Issa JP, Kemp BL, Liu DD, Kurie JM, Mao L, Khuri FR (2002) Lack of PTEN expression in nonsmall cell lung cancer could be related to promoter methylation. Clin Cancer Res 8:1178–1184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sozzi G, Veronese ML, Negrini M, Baffa R, Cotticelli MG, Inoue H, Tornielli S, Pilotti S, De Gregorio L, Pastorino U, Pierotti MA, Ohta M, Huebner K, Croce CM (1996) The FHIT gene 3pl4.2 is abnormal in lung cancer. Cell 85:17–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stillman B (1996) Cell cycle control of DNA replication. Science 274:1659–1664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoehlmacher J, Ghaderi V, Iobal S, Groshen S, Tsao-Wei D, Park D, Lenz HJ (2001) A polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene predicts for response to platinum based treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 21:3075–3079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimura H, Kohno T, Wakai K, Nagura K, Genka K, Igarashi H, Morris BJ, Baba S, Ohno Y, Gao C, Li Z, Wang J, Takezaki T, Tajima K, Varga T, Sawaguchi T, Lum JK, Martinson JJ, Tsugane S, Iwamasa T, Shinmura K, Yokota J (1999) hOGGl Ser326Cys polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:669–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugita M, Geraci M, Gao B, Powell RL, Hirsch FR, Johnson G, Lapadat R, Gabrielson E, Bremnes R, Bunn PA, Franklin WA (2002) Combined use of oligonucleotide and tissue microarrays identifies cancer/testis antigens as biomarkers in lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 62:3971–3979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaresan V, Chung G, Heppell-Parton A, Xiong J, Grundy C, Roberts I, James L, Cahn A, Bench A, Douglas J, Minna J, Sekido Y, Lerman M, Latif F, Bergh J, Li H, Lowe N, Ogilvie D, Rabbitts P (1998) Homozygous deletions at 3pl2 in breast and lung cancer. Oncogene 17:1723–1729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi T, Zhou JY, Feder M, Litwin S, Klein-Szanto AJ, Testa JR (1996) Detection of aneuploidy in interphase nuclei from non-small cell lung carcinomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome-specific repetitive DNA probes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 89:120–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takanami I, Tanaka F, Hashizume T, Kodaira S (1997) Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor correlate with angiogenesis and survival in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 17:2811–2814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka F, Ishikawa S, Yanagihara K, Miyahara R, Kawano Y, Li M, Otake Y, Wada H (2002) Expression of angiopoietins and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 62:7124–7129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taya Y, Hosogai K, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Tsuchiya R, Tsuchida N, Fushimi M, Sekiya T, Nishimura S (1984) A novel combination of K-ras and myc amplification accompanied by point mutational activation of K-ras in a human lung cancer. EMBO J 3:2943–2946

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Testa JR, Siegfried JM, Liu Z, Hunt JD, Feder MM, Litwin S, Zhou JY, Taguchi T, Keller SM (1994) Cytogenetic analysis of 63 nonsmall cell lung carcinomas: recurrent chromosome alterations amid frequent and widespread genomic upheaval. Genes Chromosom Cancer 11:178–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Testa JR, Liu Z, Feder M, Bell DW, Balsara B, Cheng JQ, Taguchi T (1997) Advances in the analysis of chromosome alterations in human lung carcinomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 95:20–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas P, Rubinstein L (1990) Cancer recurrence after resection: Tl NO non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group [published erratum appears in Ann Thorac Surg (1991) 51(3): 526]. Ann Thorac Surg 49:242–246; discussion 246–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tockman MS, Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Donithan MG (1987) Airways obstruction and the risk for lung cancer. Ann Intern Med 106:512–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyooka S, Ouchida M, Jitsumori Y, Tsukuda K, Sakai A, Nakamura A, Shimizu N, Shimizu K (2000) HD-PTP: a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase gene on human chromosome 3p21.3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 278:671–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao MS, Liu N, Nicklee T, Shepherd F, Viallet J (1997) Angiogenesis correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor expression but not with Ki-ras oncogene activation in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 3:1807–1814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vane JR, Bakhle YS, Botting RM (1998) Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:97–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veikkola T, Alitalo K (1999) VEGFs, receptors and angiogenesis. Semin. Cancer Biol 9:211–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virmani AK, Rathi A, Zochbauer-Muller S, Sacchi N, Fukuyama Y, Bryant D, Maitra A, Heda S, Fong KM, Thunnissen F, Minna JD, Gazdar AF (2000) Promoter methylation and silencing of the retinoic acid receptor-beta gene in lung carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1303–1307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volm M, Rittgen W, Drings P (1998) Prognostic value of ERBB-1, VEGF, cyclin A, FOS, JUN and MYC in patients with squamous cell lung carcinomas [published erratum appears in Br J Cancer 1998 Apr;77(7): 1198]. Br J Cancer 77:663–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waltenberger J, Mayr U, Pentz S, Hombach V (1996) Functional upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR by hypoxia. Circulation 94:1647–1654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Darling J, Zhang JS, Liu W, Qian J, Bostwick D, Hartmann L, Jenkins R, Bardenhauer W, Schutte J, Opalka B, Smith DI (2000) Loss of expression of the DRR 1 gene at chromosomal segment 3p21.1 in renal cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei MH, Latif F, Bader S, Kashuba V, Chen JY, Duh FM, Sekido Y, Lee CC, Geil L, Kuzmin I, Zabarovsky E, Klein G, Zbar B, Minna JD, Lerman MI (1996) Construction of a 600-kilobase cosmid clone contig and generation of a transcriptional map surrounding the lung cancer tumor suppressor gene (TSG) locus on human chromosome 3p21.3: progress toward the isolation of a lung cancer TSG. Cancer Res 56:1487–1492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whang-Peng J, Kao-Shan CS, Lee EC, Bunn PA, Carney DN, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (1982a) Specific chromosome defect associated with human small-cell lung cancer; deletion 3p(14–23). Science 215:181–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whang-Peng J, Bunn PA Jr, Kao-Shan CS, Lee EC, Carney DN, Gazdar A, Minna JD (1982b) A nonrandom chromosomal abnormality, del 3p(14–23), in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 6:119–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiencke JK (2002) DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis. Oncogene 21:7376–7391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiest JS, Franklin WA, Otstot JT, Forbey K, Varella-Garcia M, Rao K, Drabkin H, Gemmill R, Ahrent S, Sidransky D, Saccomanno G, Fountain JW, Anderson MW (1997) Identification of a novel region of homozygous deletion on chromosome 9p in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: the location of a putative tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Res 57:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KT, Fu S, Ramanujam KS, Meltzer SJ (1998) Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett’s esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 58:2929–2934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wistuba II, Lam S, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Fong KM, LeRiche J, Samet JM, Srivastava S, Minna JD, Gazdar AF (1997) Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1366–1373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wistuba II, Behrens C, Virmani AK, Mele G, Milchgrub S, Girard L, Fondon JW 3rd Garner HR, McKay B, Latif F, Lerman MI, Lam S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2000) High resolution chromosome 3p allelotyping of human lung cancer and preneoplastic/preinvasive bronchial epithelium reveals multiple, discontinuous sites of 3p allele loss and three regions of frequent breakpoints. Cancer Res 60:1949–1960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2001) Molecular genetics of small cell lung carcinoma. Semin Oncol 28:3–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong MP, Chan SY, Fu KH, Leung SY, Cheung N, Yuen ST, Chung LP (2000) The angiopoietins, tie2 and vascular endothelial growth factor are differentially expressed in the transformation of normal lung to non-small cell lung carcinomas. Lung Cancer 29:11–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood RD (1996) DNA repair in eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem 65:135–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynder EL (1972) Etiology of lung cancer-reflections on two decades of research. Cancer 30:1332–1339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao S, Li D, Corson JM, Vijg J, Fletcher JA (1995) Codeletion of pl5 and pl6 genes in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 55:2968–2971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanouchi H, Furihata M, Fujita J, Murakami H, Yoshinouchi T, Takahara J, Ohtsuki Y (2001) Expression of cyclin E and cyclin Dl in non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 31:3–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamato T, Orikasa K, Fukushige S, Orikasa S, Horii A (1999) Isolation and characterization of the novel gene, TU3A, in a commonly deleted region on 3pl4.3iEpl4.2 in renal cell carcinoma. Cytogenet Cell Genet 87:291–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Holash J (2000) Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature, 407:242–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimatsu K, Altorki NK, Golijanin D, Zhang F, Jakobsson PJ, Dannenberg AJ, Subbaramaiah K (2001) Inducible prostaglandin E synthase is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:2669–2674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JJ, Mu C, Lee KB, Okamoto A, Reed EL, Bostick-Bruton F, Mitchell KC, Reed E (1997) A nucleotide polymorphism in ERCC1 in human ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Mutat Res 382:13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JJ, Lee KB, Mu C, Li Q, Abernathy TV, Bostick-Bruton F, Reed E (2000) Comparison of two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (A2780/CP70 and MCAS) that are equally resistant to platinum, but differ at codon 118 of the ERCC1 gene. Int J Oncol 16:555–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zabarovsky ER, Lerman MI, Minna JD (2002) Tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p involved in the pathogenesis of lung and other cancers. Oncogene 21:6915–6935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Tyndyk M, Eide I, Hemminki K (1999) Endogenous and background DNA adducts by methylating and 2-hydroxyethylating agents. Mutat Res 424:117–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zochbauer-Muller S, Fong KM, Virmani AK, Geradts J, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2001) Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res 61:249–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. W. A. Franklin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. R. Hirsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Service de Médicine, Institut Jules Bordet, 1, rue Héger-Bordet, 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Jean-Paul Sculier M.D., Ph.D.

  2. 1111 Sunset Road, Winnetka, IL, 60093, USA

    Willard A. Fry M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Franklin, W.A., Hirsch, F.R. (2004). Molecular and Cell Biology of Lung Carcinoma. In: Sculier, JP., Fry, W.A. (eds) Malignant Tumors of the Lung. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18698-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18698-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62253-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18698-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation