Abstract
The fossil record of Late Triassic tetrapods can be organized biostratigraphically and biochronologically into five, temporally successive land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVFs) that encompass Late Triassic time (in ascending order): Berdyankian, Otischalkian, Adamanian, Revueltian and Apachean. An up-to-date review of the age constraints on Late Triassic tetrapod fossil assemblages and correlation within the framework of the LVFs is presented. This makes possible a much more accurate evaluation of the timing of biotic events of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including: (1) Otischalkian, HO (highest occurrence) of almasaurids and chroniosuchians?, LOs (lowest occurrences) of crocodylomorphs and dinosaurs; (2) Adamanian, HO of mastodonsaurids and trematosaurids, LO of mammals; (3) Revueltian, HOs of capitosaurids, rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts; and (4) Apachean, HOs of metoposaurids, plagiosaurids and aetosaurs. The LO of turtles is Early Triassic or older, and the HO of phytosaurs is an Early Jurassic record. There is no compelling evidence of tetrapod mass extinctions at either the Carnian-Norian or the Triassic-Jurassic boundaries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdala F, Gaetano LC (2017) Late Triassic cynodont life: time of innovations in the mammal lineage. In: Tanner LH (ed) The Late Triassic world: earth in a time of transition. Topics in geobiology. Springer, New York (this volume)
Abdala F, Ribeiro AM (2003) A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian-Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids. Zool J Linnean Soc 139:529–545
Abdala F, Ribeiro AM (2010) Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 286:202–217
Abdala F, Smith RMH (2009) A Middle Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana. J Vert Paleont 29:837–851
Abdala F, Ribeiro AM, Schultz CL (2001) A rich cynodont fauna of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria Formation (Middle-Upper Triassic), in southern Brazil. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monat 2001:669–687
Abdala F, Marsicano CA, Smith RHM, Swart R (2013) Strengthening western Gondwanan correlations: a Brazilian dicynodont (Synapsida, Anomodontia) in the Middle Triassic of Namibia. Gondwana Res 23:1151–1162
Alcober O, Parrish JM (1997) A new poposaurid from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. J Vert Paleont 17:548–556
Alifanov VR, Kurochkin EN (2011) Kyrgyzsaurus bukhanchenkoi gen. et. sp. nov., a new reptile from the Triassic of southwestern Kyrgyzstan. Paleont J 45:639–647
Araújo DC, Gonzaga TD (1980) Uma nova especie de Jachaleria (Therapsida, Dicynodonta) do Triassico de Brasil. Actas II Congr Paleontol Bioestrat I Congr Latinoamer Paleont Buenos Aires 1:159–174
Arcucci AB, Marsicano CA (1998) A distinctive new archosaur from the Middle Triassic (Los Chañares Formation) of Argentina. J Vert Paleont 18:222–232
Arcucci AB, Marsicano CA, Caselli AT (2004) Tetrapod association and palaeoenvironment of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina): a significant sample from western Gondwana at the end of the Triassic. Geobios 37:557–568
Artabe AE, Morel EM, Spalletti LA (2003) Caracterización de las provincias fitogeográficas triásicas del Gondwana extratropical. Ameghin 40:387–405
Atchley SC, Nordt LC, Dworkin SJ, Ramezani J, Parker WG, Ash SR, Bowring SA (2013) A linkage among Pangean tectonism, cyclic alluviation, climatic change, and biologic turnover in the Late Triassic: the record from the Chinle Formation, southwestern United States. J Sed Res 83:1147–1161
Azevedo SAK, Schultz CL (1987) Scaphonyx sulcognathus sp. nov., um novo rincossaurídeo Neotriássico do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Anais do X Congr Brasil Paleont, Rio de Janeiro 1987:99–113
Bachmann GH, Kozur HW (2004) The Germanic Triassic: correlations with the international scale, numerical ages and Milankovitch cyclicity. Hall Jahrb Geowissen B26:17–62
Baczko MB, Ezcurra MD (2013) Ornithosuchidae: a group of Triassic archosaurs with a unique ankle joint. In: Nesbitt SJ, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (eds) Anatomy, phylogeny and paleobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 379: 187–202
Baird D (1986) Some Upper Triassic reptiles, footprints, and an amphibian from New Jersey. Mosasaur 3:125–153
Bandyopadhyay S, Roychowdhury TK (1996) Beginning of the continental Jurassic in India: a paleontological approach. Mus North Ariz Bull 60:371–378
Bandyopadyhay S, Sengupta DP (2006) Vertebrate faunal turnover during the Triassic-Jurassic transition: an Indian scenario. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:77–85
Barberena MC (1977) Bioestratigrafia preliminar da Formacâo Santa Maria. Pesquisas Porto Alegre 7:111–129
Barberena MC, Araújo DC, Lavina EL (1985) Late Permian and Triassic tetrapods of southern Brazil. Nat Geog Res 1:5–20
Barrett PM, Butler RJ, Edwards NP, Milner AR (2008) Pterosaur distribution in time and space. Zitteliana B28:35–60
Benton MJ (1986) The Late Triassic tetrapod extinction events. In: Padian K (ed) The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 303–320
Benton MJ (1991) What really happened in the Late Triassic? Hist Biol 5:263–278
Benton MJ (1993) Late Triassic terrestrial vertebrate extinctions: stratigraphic aspects and the record of the Germanic basin. Paleont Lomb Nu Ser 2:19–38
Benton MJ (2012) Origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. In: Brett-Surman MK, Holtz TR Jr, Darlow J (eds) The complete dinosaur. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp 331–345
Benton MJ, Spencer PS (1995) Fossil reptiles of Great Britain. Chapman and Hall, London
Bertinelli A, Casacci M, Concheri G, Gattolin G, Godfrey L, Katz ME, Maron M, Mazza M, Mietto P, Muttoni G, Rigo M, Sprovieri M, Stellin F, Zaffani M (2016) The Norian/Rhaetian boundary interval at Pignola-Abriola section (Southern Apennines, Italy) as a GSSP candidate for the Rhaetian stage: an update. Albertiana 43:5–18
Besarie H (1930) Recherches géologiques à Madagascar. Contribution à l’étude des resources minérales. Bull Soc Hist Nat Toul 59:345–616
Besarie H, Collignon M (1960) Madagascar (Supplément). Lex Strat Internat Paris 4(2):1–190
Besarie H, Collignon M (1971) Géologie de Madagascar I. Les Terrains Sedimentaires. Ann Geol Madagascar 35:1–461
Bonaparte JF (1966) Chronological survey of the tetrapod-bearing Triassic of Argentina. Breviora 251:1–13
Bonaparte JF (1967) Cronología de algunas formaciones Triásicas de Argentina: Basada en restos de tetrápodos. Assoc Geol Argent Rev 21:20–38
Bonaparte JF (1970) Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods. In: Second Gondw Symp Proc Pap, pp 665–682
Bonaparte JF (1971) Los tetrapodos del sector superior de la formacion Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triásico Superior). I Parte. Op Lillo 22:1–183
Bonaparte JF (1976) Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. J Paleontol 50:808–820
Bonaparte JF (1978) El Mesozoico de América del Sur y sus tetrápodos. Op Lillo 26:1–596
Bonaparte JF (1980) El primer ictidosaurio (Reptilia-Therapsida) de America del Sur, Chaliminia musteloides, del Triásico Superior de La Rioja, República Argentina. Actas II Congr Argent Paleontol Bioestrat Buenos Aires 1978(1):123–133
Bonaparte JF (1982) Faunal replacement in the Triassic of South America. J Vert Paleont 2:362–371
Bonaparte JF (1997) El Triasico de San Juan-La Rioja Argentina y sus dinosaurios. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires
Bonaparte JF, Pumares JA (1995) Notas sobre el primer craneo de Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanorosauridae) del Triasico Superior de La Rioja, Argentina. Ameghin 32:341–349
Bonaparte JF, Sues HD (2006) A new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeont 49:917–923
Bonaparte JF, Vince M (1979) El hallazgo del primer nido de dinosaurios Triásicos (Saurischia, Prosauropoda), Triásico superior de Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghin 16:173–182
Bonaparte JF, Ferigolo J, Ribeiro AM (1999) A new early Late Triassic saurischian dinosaur from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Nat Sci Mus Monog 15:89–109
Bonaparte JF, Ferigolo J, Ribeiro AM (2001) A primitive Late Triassic ‘ictidosaur’ from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 44:623–635
Bonaparte JF, Brea G, Schultz CL, Martinelli AG (2007) A new specimen of Guaibasaurus candelareiensis (basal Saurischia) from the Late Triassic Caturrita Formation of southern Brazil. Hist Biol 19:73–82
Bonaparte JF, Schultz CL, Soares MB (2010a) Pterosauria from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. In: New aspects of Mesozoic biodiversity. Springer, Berlin, pp 63–71
Bonaparte JF, Schultz CL, Soares MB, Martinelli A (2010b) La fauna local de Faxinal do Soturno, Triássico Tardío de Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Brasil Paleont 13:1–14
Branson EB, Mehl MG (1928) Triassic vertebrate fossils from Wyoming. Science 67:325–326
Britt BB, Chure DJ, Engelmann GF, Shumway JD (2016) Rise of the erg—paleontology and paleoenvironments of the Triassic-Jurassic transition in northeastern Utah. Geol Intermount West 3:1–30
Brusatte SL, Niedźwiedzki G, Butler RJ (2011) Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic. Proc R Soc B 278:1107–1113
Buffetaut E (1983) Isalorhynchus genovefae, n. g. n. sp. (Reptilia, Rhynchocephalia), un noveau rhynchosaure du Trias de Madagascar. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monats 1983:465–480
Buffetaut E (1993) Phytosaurs in time and space. Paleontol Lomb Nuo Serie 2:39–44
Burmeister KC, Flynn JJ, Parrish JM, Wyss AR (2006) Paleogeographic and biostratigraphic implications of new early Mesozoic vertebrates from Poamay, central Morondova basin, Madagascar. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:457–475
Butler RJ, Smith RMH, Norman DB (2007) A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South America, and the early diversification of Ornithischia. Proc R Soc B 274:2041–2046
Butler RJ, Rauhut OWM, Stocker MR, Bronowicz R (2014) Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus (Francosuchus) angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology. Zool J Linnean Soc 170:155–208
Cabrera A (1944) Sobre un estegocéfalo de la Provincia de Mendoza. Not Mus La Plata 9:421–429
Camp CL, Welles SP (1956) Triassic dicynodont reptiles. Mem Univ Cal 13:255–348
Casamiquela RM (1960) Noticia preliminar sobre dos nuevos estagonolepoideos Argentinos. Ameghin 2:3–9
Casamiquela RM (1962) Dos nuevos estagonolepoideos Argentinos. Rev Assoc Geol Argent 16:143–203
Casamiquela RM (1980) La presencia del genero Plateosaurus (Prosauropoda) en el Triásico Superior de la Formación El Tranquilo, Patagonia. Actas II Congr Argent Paleontol Bioestratig, I Congr Latinoamer Paleont 1:143–158
Chatterjee S (1967) New discoveries contributing to the stratigraphy of the continental Triassic sediments of the Pranhita Godavari Valley. Bull Geol Soc India 4:37–41
Chatterjee S (1974) A rhynchosaur from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B267:209–261
Chatterjee S (1978) A primitive parasuchid (phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India. Palaeontology 21:83–127
Chatterjee S (1980) Malerisaurus, a new eosuchian reptile from the Late Triassic of India. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B291:163–200
Chatterjee S (1982) A new cynodont reptile from the Triassic of India. J Paleontol 56:203–214
Chatterjee S (1987) A new theropod dinosaur from India with remarks on the Gondwana-Laurasia connection in the Late Triassic. In: McKenzie GD (ed) Gondwana six: stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology. Amer Geophys Un Monog 41: 183–189
Chatterjee S, Roychowdhury T (1974) Triassic Gondwana vertebrates from India. Ind J Earth Sci 12:96–112
Cirilli S, Marzoli A, Tanner LH, Bertrand H, Buratti N, Jourdan F, Bellieni G, Kontak D, Renne PR (2009) Late Triassic onset of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanism in the Fundy Basin (Nova Scotia): new stratigraphic constraints. Earth Planet Sci Lett 286:514–525
Cisneros JC, Schultz CL (2003) Soturnia caliodon n. g. n. sp., a procolophonid reptile from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monats 227:365–380
Cisneros JC, Damiani R, Schultz C, de Rosa A, Schwanke C, Neto LW, Aurélio PLP (2004) A procolophonoid reptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Triassic of Brazil. Proc R Soc Lond B271:1541–1546
Clark JM, Sues HD, Berman DS (2000) A new specimen of Hesperosuchus agilis from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and the interrelationships of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs. J Vert Paleont 20:683–704
Clark JM, Xu X, Forster CA, Wang Y (2004) A Middle Jurassic ‘sphenosuchian’ from China and the origin of the crocodilian skull. Nature 430:1021–1024
Clemmensen LB, Milàn J, Adolfssen JS, Estrup EJ, Frobose N, Klein N, Mateus O, Wings O (2016) The vertebrate-bearing Late Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of central Greenland revisited: stratigraphy, palaeoclimate and new palaeontological data. In: Kear PB, Lindgren J, Hurm JH, Milàn J, Vajda V (eds) Mesozoic biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic territories. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 434: 31–47
Colbert EH (1952) A pseudosuchian reptile from Arizona. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 99:561–592
Colbert EH (1957) Triassic vertebrates of the Wind River basin. Wyo Geol Assoc Guidebk 12:89–93
Colbert EH (1958) Triassic tetrapod extinction at the end of the Triassic Period. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 44:973–977
Colbert EH (1989) The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Bull Mus North Ariz 57:1–174
Colbert EH, Mook CC (1951) The ancestral crocodilian Protosuchus. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 97:143–182
Cope ED (1871) Observations on the distribution of certain extinct vertebrates in North Carolina. Proc Am Philos Soc 12:210–216
Cox CB (1965) New Triassic dicynodonts from South America, their origins and relationships. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B248:457–516
Cox CB (1973) Triassic tetrapods. In: Hallam A (ed) Atlas of palaeobiogeography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 213–223
Cox CB (1991) The Pangea dicynodont Rechnisaurus and the comparative biostratigraphy of Triassic dicynodont faunas. Palaeontology 34:767–784
Crush PJ (1984) A late Upper Triassic sphenosuchid crocodilian from Wales. Palaeontology 27:131–157
Currie BS, Colombi CE, Tabor NJ, Shipman TC, Montanez IP (2009) Stratigraphy and architecture of the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation, Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci 27:74–87
Dalla Vecchia FM (1995) A new pterosaur (Reptilia, Pterosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Friuli (northeastern Italy). Preliminary note. Gortania 16:59–66
Dalla Vecchia FM (2003) A review of the Triassic pterosaur record. Riv Mus Civ Sci Natural “E. Caffi” 22:13–29
Dalla Vecchia FM (2006) The tetrapod fossil record from the Norian-Rhaetian of Friuli (northeastern Italy). New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:432–444
Dalla Vecchia FM (2009) Anatomy and systematics of the pterosaur Carniadactylus gen. n. rosenfeldi (Dalla Vecchia, 1995). Riv Ital Paleont Stratig 115:159–198
Dalla Vecchia FM (2013) Triassic pterosaurs. In: Nesbitt SJ, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (eds) Anatomy, phylogeny and paleobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 379: 119–155
Damiani R, Schoch RR, Hellrung H, Werneburg R, Gastou S (2009) The plagiosaurid temnospondyl Plagiosuchus pustuliferus (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Triassic of Germany: anatomy and functional morphology of the skull. Zool J Linnean Soc 155:348–373
Datta PM (2005) Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana basin, India. J Vert Paleont 25:200–207
Datta PM, Das DP (1996) Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India. India Min 50:217–222
Debuysschere M, Gheerbrant E, Ailian R (2015) Earliest known European mammals. A review of Morganucodon from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (Upper Triassic, France). J Syst Palaeont 13:825–855
DeQuieroz K (1994) Replacement of an essentialist perspective on taxonomic definition as exemplified by the definition of “Mammalia”. Syst Biol 43:497–510
Desojo JB, Baéz AM (2007) Cranial morphology of the Late Triassic South American archosaur Neoaetosauroides engaeus: evidence for aetosaurian diversity. Palaeontology 50:267–276
Desojo JB, Ezcurra MD, Schultz CL (2011) An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae. Zool J Linnean Soc 161:839–871
Desojo JB, Heckert AB, Martz JW, Parker WG, Schoch RR, Small BJ, Sulej T (2013) Aetosauria: a clade of armoured pseudosuchians from the Upper Triassic continental beds. In: Nesbitt SJ, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (eds) Anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 379: 203–240
Dias-da-Silva S, Carvalho IC, Schwanke C (2007) Vertebrate dinoturbation from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic, Parana basin), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Gondwana Res 11:303–310
Dias-da-Silva S, Dias EV, Schultz CL (2009) First record of stereospondyls (Tetrapoda, Temnospondyli) in the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Gondwana Res 15:131–136
Dilkes D, Sues H-D (2009) Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Doswellia kaltenbachi (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. J Vert Paleont 29:58–79
Dobruskina IA (1995a) Keuper (Triassic) flora from Middle Asia (Madygen, southern Fergana). New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 5:1–49
Dobruskina IA (1995b) Triassic plants and Pangea. Palaeobotanist 44:116–127
Dornelles JEF (1990) Registro sobre a ocorrencia de dentes de um arccossaurio para a Formacao Caturrita, Triassico Superior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cie Natur Santa Maria 12:99–101
Doyle KD, Sues HD (1995) Phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic New Oxford Formation of York County, Pennsylvania. J Vert Paleont 15:545–553
Dutuit JM (1966) Apport des déscovertes de vertébrès à la stratigraphie du Trias continental du coloir d’Argana (Haut-Atlas occidental, Maroc). Maroc Serv Géol Notes 26:29–31
Dutuit JM (1972) Découverte d’un dinosaure ornithischien dans le Trias Supérieur de l’Atlas occidental marocain. Compt Rend Acad Sci D 275:2841–2844
Dutuit JM (1976) Introduction à l’etude paléontologique du Trias continental marocain. Description des premiers stégocéphales recuellis dans le couloir d’Argana. Mém Mus Nat Hist Nat C 36:1–253
Dutuit JM (1977) Paleorhinus magnoculus. Phytosaure du Trias Supérieur de l’Atlas Marocain Anns de Univers Provence 4:255–268
Dutuit JM (1978) Description de quelques fragments osseux provenant de la région de Folakara (Trias supérieur Malgache). Bull Mus Hist Natur 69:79–89
Dutuit JM (1988) Ostéologie crânienne et ses enseignements apports géologique et paléoécologique de Moghreberia nmachouensis, dicynodonte (Reptilia, Therapsida) du Trias Supérieur Marocain. Bull Mus Nat Hist Nat 10:227–285
Dutuit JM (1989a) Azarifeneria barrati, un deuxième genre de dicynodonte du Trias Supérieur Marocain. Compt Rend Acad Sci 309:303–306
Dutuit JM (1989b) Confirmation des affinités entre Trias Supérieurs Marocain et Sud-Americain: Découverte d’un troisième dicynodonte (Reptilia, Therapsida), Azarifeneria robustus, n. sp., de la formation d’Argana (Atlas occidental). Compt Rend Acad Sci 309:1267–1270
Dzik J (2001) A new Paleorhinus fauna in the early Late Triassic of Poland. J Vert Paleont 21:625–627
Dzik J (2003) A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. J Vert Paleont 23:556–574
Dzik J, Sulej T (2007) A review of the Late Triassic Krasiejów biota from Silesia, Poland. Palaeont Polon 64:1–27
Dzik J, Sulej T, Niedźwiedzki G (2008) A dicynodont-theropod association in the latest Triassic of Poland. Acta Palaeont Polon 53:733–738
Emmons E (1856) Geologic report of the midland counties of North Carolina. George P. Putnam and Co., New York
Ezcurra MD (2006) A review of the systematic position of the dinosauriform archosaur Eucoelophysis baldwini Sullivan and Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA. Geodiversitas 28:649–684
Ezcurra MD (2010) Biogeography of Triassic tetrapods: evidence for provincialism and driven sympatric cladogenesis in the early evolution of modern tetrapod lineages. Proc R Soc B 277:2547–2552
Fedak TJ, Sues H-D, Olsen PE (2015) First record of the tritylodontid cynodont Oligokyphus and cynodont postcranial bones from the McCoy Brook Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 52:244–249
Ferigolo J, Langer MC (2006) A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone. Hist Biol 18:1–11
Flynn JJ, Wyss AR (2003) Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas: the early history of Madagascar’s vertebrate diversity. In: Goodman SM, Benstead JP (eds) The natural history of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 34–40
Flynn JJ, Parrish JM, Rakotosamimanana B, Simpson WF, Whatley RL, Wyss AR (1999) A Triassic fauna from Madagascar, including early dinosaurs. Science 286:763–765
Flynn JJ, Parrish JM, Rakotosamimanana B, Ranivoharimanana L, Simpson WF, Wyss AR (2000) New traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar. J Vert Paleont 20:422–427
Flynn J, Nesbitt S, Parrish M, Ranivoharimanana L, Wyss A (2008) A new species of basal archosauromorph from the Late Triassic of Madagascar. J Vert Paleont 28(3):78A
Flynn JJ, Nesbitt SJ, Parrish JM, Ranivoharimanana L, Wyss AR (2010) A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible. Palaeontology 53:669–688
Fraas O (1877) Aetosaurus ferratus Fr. Die gepanzerte Vogel-Echse aus dem Stubensandstein bei Stuttgart. Festschr Feier s vierhundertjähr Jubiläums Eberhard-Karls-Univers Tübingen, Wurttemberg naturwissene Jahresh 33:1–22
Fraser NC (1994) Assemblages of small tetrapods from British Late Triassic fissure deposits. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D (eds) In the shadow of the dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 214–226
Fraser N (2006) Dawn of the dinosaurs: life in the Triassic. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
Fraser NC, Padian K, Walkden GM, Davis ALM (2002) Basal dinosauriform remains from Britain and the diagnosis of the Dinosauria. Palaeontology 45:79–95
Gaffney ES (1990) The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 194:1–263
Galton PM (2005) Bones of large dinosaurs (Prosauropoda and Stegosauria) from the Rhaetic bone bed (Upper Triassic) of Aust Cliff, southwest England. Rev Paléobiol Genève 24:51–74
Galton PM (2007a) Notes on the remains of archosaurian reptiles, mostly basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs, from the 1834 fissure fill (Rhaetian, Upper Triassic) at Clifton in Bristol, southwest England. Rev Paléobiol Genève 26:505–591
Galton PM (2007b) Pantydraco n. gen. for Thecodontosaurus cauducus Yates, 2003, a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic or Lower Jurassic of South Wales, UK. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 243:119–125
Gauffre F (1993) The prosauropod dinosaur Azendohsaurus laaroussii from the Upper Triassic of Morocco. Palaeontology 36:897–908
Gilmore CW (1928) A new fossil reptile from New Jersey. Proc US Nat Mus 73:1–8
Gower DJ, Schoch RR (2009) Postcranial anatomy of the rauisuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. J Vert Paleont 29:103–122
Gower DJ, Sennikov AG (2000) Early archosaurs from Russia. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN (eds) The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 140–159
Guth C (1963) Au sujets de restes de reptiles de Madagascar. Compt Rend Acad Sci 25:2661–2663
Harris JD, Downs A (2002) A drepanosaurid pectoral girdle from the Ghost Ranch (Whitaker) Coelophysis quarry (Chinle Group, Rock Point Formation, Rhaetian), New Mexico. J Vert Paleont 22:70–75
Haubold H (1971) Ichnia Amphibiorum et Reptiliorum fossilium. Encyc Paleoherp 18:1–124
Heckert AB (1997) The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic lower Chinle Group (Adamanian: latest Carnian) of the Zuni Mountains, west-central New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 11:29–40
Heckert AB (2004) Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian). New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 27:1–170
Heckert AB, Lucas SG (1999) A new aetosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Texas and the phylogeny of aetosaurs. J Vert Paleont 19:50–68
Heckert AB, Lucas SG (2000) Taxonomy, phylogeny, biostratigraphy, biochronology, paleobiogeography, and evolution of the Late Triassic Aetosauria (Archosauria:Crurotarsi). Zentralbl Geol Paläont I 1(11–12):1539–1587
Heckert AB, Lucas SG (2002) Lower Chinle Group (Upper Triassic: Carnian) stratigraphy in the Zuni Mountains, west-central New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 21:51–72
Heckert AB, Lucas SG, Hunt AP, Harris JD (2001) A giant phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) skull from the Redonda Formation (Upper Triassic: Apachean) of east-central New Mexico. New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 52:171–178
Heckert AB, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (2005) Triassic vertebrate fossils in Arizona. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 29:16–44
Heckert AB, Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (2007) Biostratigraphic utility of the Upper Triassic aetosaur Tecovasuchus (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae), an index taxon of St. Johnsian (Adamanian:Late Carnian) time. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:51–57
Heckert AB, Lucas SG, Rinehart LF, Hunt AP (2008) A new genus and species of sphenodontian from the Ghost Ranch Coelophysis quarry (Upper Triassic: Apachean), Rock Point Formation, New Mexico, USA. Palaeontology 51:827–845
Heckert AB, Mitchell JS, Schneider VP, Olsen PE (2012) Diverse new microvertebrate assemblage from the Upper Triassic Cumnock Formation, Sanford subbasin, North Carolian, USA. J Paleontol 86:368–390
Hone DWE, Benton MJ (2008) Contrasting supertree and total-evidence methods: the origin of pterosaurs. Zitteliana B28:35–60
Hornung T, Brandner R, Krystyn L, Joachimski MM, Keim L (2007) Multistratigraphic constraints on the NW Tethyan “Carnian crisis”. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:59–67
Hsiou A, Abdala F, Arcucci A (2002) Novo registro de proterocampsideo (Reptilia, Archosauriformes) do Triasico medio-superior do Brasil. Revista Brasil Paleontol 5:48–55
Huber P, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1993a) Revised age and correlation of the Upper Triassic Chatham Group (Deep River basin, Newark Supergroup), North Carolina. Southeast Geol 33:171–193
Huber P, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1993b) Vertebrate biochronology of the Newark Supergroup Triassic, eastern North America. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 3:179–186
Huber P, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1993c) Late Triassic fish assemblages of the North American Western Interior and their biochronologic significance. Mus North Ariz Bull 59:51–66
Hungerbühler A (1998) Taphonomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Sellosaurus, and its implications for carnivore faunas and feeding habits in the Late Triassic. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 143:1–29
Hungerbühler A (2001) The status and phylogenetic relationships of “Zanclodon” arenaceus: the earliest known phytosaur? Paläont Zeitschr 75:97–112
Hungerbühler A (2002) The Late Triassic phytosaur Mystriosuchus westphali, with a revision of the genus. Palaeontology 45:377–418
Hunt AP (1989) Cranial morphology and ecology among phytosaurs. In: Lucas SG, Hunt AP (eds) Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, pp 349–354
Hunt AP (1991) The early diversification of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic. Mod Geol 16:43–60
Hunt AP (1993) Revision of the Metoposauridae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) and description of a new genus from western North America. Mus North Ariz Bull 59:67–97
Hunt AP (1994) Vertebrate paleontology and biostratigraphy of the Bull Canyon Formation (Chinle Group: Norian), east-central New Mexico with revisions of the families Metoposauridae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) and Parasuchidae (Reptilia: Archosauria). PhD dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Hunt AP (2001) The vertebrate fauna, biostratigraphy and biochronology of the type Revueltian land-vertebrate faunachron, Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic), east-central New Mexico. New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 52:123–151
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1990) Re-evaluation of “Typothorax” meadei, a Late Triassic aetosaur from the United States. Paläont Zeitschr 64:317–328
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1991) A new rhynchosaur from the Upper Triassic of West Texas, and the biochronology of Late Triassic rhynchosaurs. Palaeontology 34:927–938
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1993a) Triassic vertebrate paleontology and biochronology of New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 2:49–60
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1993b) A new phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) genus from the uppermost Triassic of the western United States and its biochronologic significance. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 3:193–196
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1994) Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. In: Fraser NC, Sues HD (eds) In the shadow of the dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 227–241
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (1997) Stratigraphy, paleontology and biochronology of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in east-central New Mexico. Southwest Paleont Symp Proc 1:25–40
Hunt AP, Lucas SG (2007) The Triassic tetrapod track record: ichnofaunas, ichnofacies and biochronology. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:78–78
Hunt AP, Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2002) A Revueltian (Norian) phytosaur from the Sonsela Member of the Petrified Forest Formation (Chinle Group: Upper Triassic), Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 21:165–169
Hunt AP, Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2005) Definition and correlation of the Lamyan: a new biochronological unit for the nonmarine late Carnian (Late Triassic). New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 56:357–366
Hunt AP, Lucas SG, Klein H (2017) Late Triassic nonmarine vertebrate and invertebrate trace fossils and the pattern of the Phanerozoic record of vertebrate trace fossils. In: Tanner LH (ed) The Late Triassic world: earth in a time of transition. Topics in geobiology. Springer, New York (this volume)
Ivakhhnenko MF, Golubev VK, Gubin YM, Kalandadze NN, Novikov IV, Sennikov AG, Rautian AS (1997) Permskiye i Triasoviye tetrapodi Vostochnoi Evropi [Permian and Triassic tetrapods of Eastern Europe]. GEOS, Moscow
Ivakhnenko MF (1978) Urodelans from the Triassic and Jurassic of Soviet Central Asia. Paleont J 1978(3):84–89. [in Russian]
Jadoul F (1985) Stratigrafia e paleogeografia del Norico nelle Prealpi Bergamasche occidentali. Riv Ital Paleont Stratig 91:479–512
Jadoul F, Masetti D, Cirilli S, Berra S, Claps N, Frisia S (1994) Norian-Rhaetian stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the Lombardy basin (Bergamasc Alps). In: 15th Internat Assoc Sedimentol Reg Meet, April 1994, Ischia, Italy, Field Excurs B1, Salermo, Italy, pp 5–38
Jain SL, Roychowdhury T (1987) Fossil vertebrates from the Godavari Valley (India) and their stratigraphic correlation. In: McKenzie GD (ed) Gondwana Six: stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology. Am Geophys Un Monogr 41: 219–228
Jain SL, Robinson PL, Roychowdhury TK (1964) A new vertebrate fauna from the Triassic of Deccan, India. J Geol Soc Lond 120:115–124
Jalil N (1999) Continental Permian and Triassic vertebrate localities from Algeria and Morocco and their stratigraphical correlations. J Afr Earth Sci 29:219–226
Jenkins FA, Shubin NH, Amaral WW, Gatesy SM, Schaff CR, Clemmensen LB, Downs WR, Davidson AR, Bonde N, Osbaeck F (1994) Late Triassic vertebrates and depositional environments of the Fleming Fjord Formation, Jameson Land, east Greenland. Meddel Grønl 32:1–25
Jenkins FA Jr, Gatesy SM, Shubin NH, Amaral WW (1997) Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution. Nature 385:715–718
Jenkins FA Jr, Shubin NH, Gatesy SM, Padian K (2001) A diminutive pterosaur (Pterosauria: Eudimorphodontidae) from the Greenland Triassic. Bull Mus Comp Zool 156:151–170
Jenkins FA Jr, Shubin NH, Gatesy SM, Warren A (2008) Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of east Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding. J Vert Paleont 28:935–950
Joyce WG (2017) A review of the fossil record of basal Mesozoic turtles. Bull Peab Mus Nat Hist 58:65–113
Joyce WG, Lucas SG, Scheyer TM, Heckert AB, Hunt AP (2009) A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell. Proc R Soc B276:507–513
Kammerer CF, Flynn JJ, Ranovharimanana L, Wyss AR (2010) The first record of a probainognathian (Cynodontia: Chiniquodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. J Vert Paleont 30:1889–1894
Kammerer CF, Butler RJ, Bandyopadhyay S, Stocker MR (2016) Relationships of the Indian phytosaur Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker, 1885. Papers Palaeontol 2:1–23
Kaye FT, Padian K (1994) Microvertebrates from the Placerias quarry: a window on Late Triassic vertebrate diversity in the American Southwest. In: Fraser NC, Sues HD (eds) The shadow of the dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 171–196
Kear BP, Poropat SF, Bazzi M (2016) Late Triassic capitosaurian remains from Svalbard and the palaeobiogeographical context of Scandinavian Arctic temnospondyls. In: Kear PB, Lindgren J, Hurm JH, Milàn J, Vajda V (eds) Mesozoic biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic territories. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 434: 113–126
Kent DV, Malnis PS, Colombi CE, Alcober SA, Martinez RN (2014) Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 11:7958–7963
Kent DV, Olsen PE, Muttoni G (2017) Astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (ATS) for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic from continental sediments and correlation with standard marine stages. Earth-Sci Rev 166:153–180
Keyser AW (1973a) A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. South Afr J Sci 69:113–115
Keyser AW (1973b) A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeont Afr 16:1–15
Keyser AW (1978) A new bauriamorph from the Omongonde Formation (Middle Triassic) of South West Africa. Palaeont Afr 21:177
Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Cifelli RL, Luo Z (2004) Mammals from the age of dinosaurs. Columbia University Press, New York
Kimmig J, Arp G (2010) Phytosaur remains from the Norian Arnstadt Formation (Leine Valley, Germany), with reference to European phytosaur habitats. Palaeodiversity 3:215–224
Kimmig J, Spielmann JA (2011) Biologic factors influencing phytosaur (Archosauria: Phytosauridae) taxonomy. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 53:289–294
Kirby RE (1989) Late Triassic vertebrate localities of the Owl Rock Member (Chinle Formation) in the Ward Terrace area of northern Arizona. In: Lucas SG, Hunt AP (eds) Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mex Mus Nat Hist, Albuquerque, pp 12–28
Kirby RE (1991) A vertebrate fauna from the Upper Triassic Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation in northern Arizona. MS thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Kirby RE (1993) Relationships of Late Triassic basin evolution and faunal replacement events in the southwestern United States: Perspectives from the upper part of the Chinle Formation in northern Arizona. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 3:233–242
Kischlat E, Lucas SG (2003) A phytosaur from the Upper Triassic of Brazil. J Vert Paleont 23:464–467
Kitching JW, Raath MA (1984) Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo sequence) of the northern Cape, Orange Free State, and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeont Afr 25:111–125
Klein H, Lucas SG (2010a) Tetrapod footprints—their use in biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic. In: Lucas SG (ed) The Triassic timescale. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 334: 219–446
Klein H, Lucas SG (2010b) The Triassic footprint record of crocodylomorphs—a critical re-evaluation. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 51:55–60
Klein H, Lucas SG (2015) Evolution of the semi-aquatic lifestyle in archosaurs—evidence from the tetrapod footprint record. Geol Assoc Canada Misc Pub 9:105–111
Klein H, Niedzwiedźki G (2012) Revision of the Lower Triassic tetrapod ichnofauna from Wióry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 56:1–62
Kohút M, Hofmann M, Havrila M, Linnemann U, Havrila J (2017) Tracking an upper limit of the “Carnian crisis” and/or Carnian Stage in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). Int J Earth Sci. doi: 10.10007/s00531-017-1491-8
Kozur HW, Bachmann GH (2005) Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana 32:21–35
Kozur HW, Bachmann GH (2008) Updated correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the Tethyan scale and assigned numeric ages. Berichte GeolBundesanstalt 76:53–58
Kozur HW, Weems RE (2005) Conchostracan evidence for a late Rhaetian to early Hettangian age for the CAMP volcanic event in the Newark Supergroup, and a Sevatian (late Norian) age for the immediately underlying beds. Hall Jahrb Geowissen B27:21–51
Kozur HW, Weems RE (2007) Upper Triassic conchostracan biostratigraphy of the continental rift basins of eastern North America: its importance for correlating Newark Supergroup events with the Germanic basin and the international geologic timescale. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:137–188
Kozur HW, Weems RE (2010) The biostratigraphic importance of conchostracans in the continental Triassic of the northern hemisphere. In: Lucas SG (ed) The Triassic timescale. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 334: 315–417
Krystyn L, Boquerel H, Kuerschner W, Richoz S, Gallet Y (2007a) Proposal for a candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian stage. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:189–199
Krystyn L, Richoz S, Gallet Y, Boquerel H, Kurschner W, Spötl C (2007b) Updated bio- and magnetostratigraphy from Steinbergkogel (Austria), candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian stage. Albertiana 36:164–173
Kutty TS (1969) Some contributions to the stratigraphy of the upper Gondwana formations of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, central India. J Geol Soc India 10:33–48
Kutty TS, Roychowdhury T (1970) The Gondwana sequence of Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India, and its vertebrate faunas. In: Second Gond Symp Proc Pap, pp 303–308
Kutty TS, Sengupta DP (1989) The Late Triassic formations of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley and their vertebrate faunal succession—a reappraisal. Indian J Earth Sci 16:189–206
Kutty TS, Jain SL, Roychowdhury T (1988) Gondwana sequence of the northern Pranhita-Godavari Valley: its stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas. Palaeobotanist 36:263–282
Langer MC (2005a) Studies on continental late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. I. The type locality of Saturnalia tupiniquim and the faunal succession in South Brazil. J S Am Earth Sci 19:205–218
Langer MC (2005b) Studies on continental late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. II. The Ischigualastian and a Carnian global correlation. J S Am Earth Sci 19:219–239
Langer MC (2014) The origins of Dinosauria: much ado about nothing. Palaeontology 2014:1–10
Langer MC, Ferigolo J, Schultz CL (2000) Heterochrony and tooth evolution in hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs (Reptila, Diapsida). Lethaia 33:119–128
Langer MC, Ribeiro AM, Schultz CL, Ferigolo J (2007) The continental tetrapod-bearing Triassic of southern Brazil. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:201–218
Langer MC, Ezcurra M, Bittencourt JS, Novas F (2009) The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biol Rev 85:55–110
Lea I (1851) Remarks on the bones of a fossil reptilian quadruped. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phil 5:171–172
Leal LA, Azevedo SK, Kellner AW, Da Rosa AS (2003) A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 690:1–24
Li C, Wu X, Rieppel O, Wang L, Zhao L (2008) An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:491–501
Lichtig AJ, Lucas SG, Klein H, Lovelace DM (2017) Triassic turtle tracks and the origin of turtles. Hist Biol. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1339037
Liu J, Abdala FA (2014) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Traversodontidae. In: Kammerer CF, Angielczyk KD, Fröbisch J (eds) Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 255–279
Lockley MG, Lucas SG, Milan J, Harris JD, Avanzini M, Foster JR, Spielmann JA (2010) The fossil record of crocodilian tracks and traces: an overview. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 51:1–13
Long RA, Murry PA (1995) Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 4:1–254
Lovelace DM, Lovelace SD (2012) Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of a Lower Triassic invertebrate and vertebrate ichnoassemblage from the Red Peak Formation (Chugwater Group), central Wyoming. PALAIOS 27:636–657
Lucas SG (1992) Extinction and the definition of the Class Mammalia. Syst Biol 41:370–371
Lucas SG (1993) The Chinle Group: revised stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Triassic nonmarine strata in the western United States. Mus North Ariz Bull 59:27–50
Lucas SG (1994) Triassic tetrapod extinctions and the compiled correlation effect. Can Soc Petrol Geol Mem 17:869–875
Lucas SG (1997) Upper Triassic Chinle Group, western United States: a nonmarine standard for Late Triassic time. In: Dickins JM et al (eds) Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific events and their global correlation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 209–228
Lucas SG (1998) Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 143:347–384
Lucas SG (1999) Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Triassic. Zentralbl r Geol Paläont Teil I 7-8:497–521
Lucas SG (2002) A new dicynodont from the Triassic of Brazil and the tetrapod biochronology of the Brazilian Triassic. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 21:131–141
Lucas SG (2007) Tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy and biochronology. Ichnos 14:5–38
Lucas SG (2008) Global Jurassic tetrapod biochronology. Volum Jura 6:99–108
Lucas SG (2010) The Triassic timescale based on nonmarine tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. In: Lucas SG (ed) The Triassic timescale. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 334: 447–500
Lucas SG (2015) Age and correlation of Late Triassic tetrapods from southern Poland. Ann Soc Geol Polon 85:627–635
Lucas SG (2017a) Permian tetrapod extinction events. Earth-Sci Rev 170:31–60
Lucas SG (2017b) The Late Triassic timescale. In: Tanner LH (ed) The Late Triassic world: earth in a time of transition. Topics in geobiology. Springer, New York (this volume)
Lucas SG, Hancox J (2001) Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Upper Triassic of Southern Africa. Albertiana 25:5–9
Lucas SG, Harris SK (1996) Taxonomic and biochronological significance of specimens of the Triassic dicynodont Dinodontosaurus Romer, 1943 in the Tübingen collection. Paläont Zeitschr 70:603–622
Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2000) Biochronological significance of Triassic nonmarine tetrapod records from marine strata. Albertiana 24:27–32
Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2001) The aetosaur Stagonolepis from the Upper Triassic of Brazil and its biochronological significance. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monatsh 2001:719–732
Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2011) Late Triassic aetosaurs as the trackmaker of the tetrapod footprint ichnotaxon Brachychirotherium. Ichnos 18:197–208
Lucas SG, Huber P (2003) Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the nonmarine Triassic. In: LeTourneau PM, Olsen PE (eds) The great rift valleys of Pangea in eastern North America, vol 2. Sedimentology and paleontology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 143–191
Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1992) Triassic stratigraphy and paleontology, Chama basin and adjacent areas, north-central New Mexico. New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 43:151–172
Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1993a) Tetrapod biochronology of the Chinle Group (Upper Triassic), western United States. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 3:327–329
Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1993b) A review of Triassic labyrinthodont amphibians from China. Geobios 26:121–128
Lucas SG, Hunt AP (1994) The chronology and paleobiogeography of mammalian origins. In: Fraser NC, Sues HD (eds) The shadow of the dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 335–351
Lucas SG, Luo Z (1993) Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: the oldest mammal. J Vert Paleont 13:309–334
Lucas SG, Spielmann JA (2013) Magnetostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in New Mexico: an appraisal of 40 years of analysis. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 61:375–381
Lucas SG, Sullivan RM (1997) Fossils provide a Pennsylvania standard for part of Late Triassic time. Penn Geol 27(4):8–14
Lucas SG, Sullivan RM (2006) Tetrapod footprints from the Upper Triassic Passaic Formation near Graterford, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:251–256
Lucas SG, Tanner LH (2007a) Tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic-Jurassic transition on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 244:242–256
Lucas SG, Tanner LH (2007b) The nonmarine Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the Newark Supergroup of eastern North America. Earth-Sci Rev 84:1–20
Lucas SG, Tanner LH (2015) End-Triassic nonmarine biotic events. J Palaeogeogr 4:331–348
Lucas SG, Wild R (1995) A Middle Triassic dicynodont from Germany and the biochronology of Triassic dicynodonts. Stuttgart Beitr Naturk 220:1–16
Lucas SG, Hunt AP, Long RA (1992) The oldest dinosaurs. Naturwiss 79:171–172
Lucas SG, Hunt AP, Kahle RW (1993) Late Triassic vertebrates from the Dockum Formation near Otis Chalk, Howard County, Texas. New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 44:237–244
Lucas SG, Anderson OJ, Hunt AP (1994) Triassic stratigraphy and correlations, southern High Plains of New Mexico-Texas. New Mex Bur Mines Min Res Bull 150:105–126
Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Hunt AP (1997) Stratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Triassic Placerias quarry, eastern Arizona (U.S.A.) Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 203:23–46
Lucas SG, Wild R, Hunt AP (1998) Dyoplax O. FRAAS, a Triassic sphenosuchian from Germany. Stuttg Beitr Naturk B263:1–13
Lucas SG, Heckert B, Fraser NC, Huber P (1999) Aetosaurus from the Upper Triassic of Great Britain and its biochronological significance. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monats 1999:568–576
Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Hunt AP (2000) Probable turtle from the Upper Triassic of east-central New Mexico. Neues Jahrb Geol Palaeont Monats 5:287–300
Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Hunt AP (2001) Triassic stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and correlation in east-central New Mexico. New Mex Geol Soc Guideb 52:85–101
Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Hotton N III (2002) The rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon from the Upper Triassic of Wyoming and its global biochronological significance. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 21:149–156
Lucas SG, Zeigler KE, Heckert AB, Hunt AP (2003) Upper Triassic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, Chama basin, north-central New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 24:15–39
Lucas SG, Tanner LH, Heckert AB (2005) Tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in northeastern Arizona. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci 29:84–94
Lucas SG, Hunt AP, Heckert AB, Spielmann JA (2007a) Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: 2007 status. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:229–240
Lucas SG, Spielmann JA, Hunt AP (2007b) Biochronological significance of Late Triassic tetrapods from Krasiejów, Poland. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:248–258
Lucas SG, Rinehart LF, Krainer K, Spielmann JA, Heckert AB (2010) Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry: a Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, USA. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 298:388–398
Lucas SG, Tanner LH, Kozur HW, Weems RE, Heckert AB (2012) The Late Triassic timescale: age and correlation of the Carnian-Norian boundary. Earth-Sci Rev 114:1–18
Lucas SG, Spielmann JA, Hunt AP (2013) A new doswelliid archosauromorph from the Upper Triassic of West Texas. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 61:382–388
Lucas SG, Rinehart LF, Heckert AB, Hunt AP, Spielmann JA (2016) Rotten Hill: a Late Triassic bonebed in the Texas Panhandle, USA. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 72:1–97
Luo Z (2011) Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature 450:1011–1019
Lyson TR, Bever GS, Bhullar BS, Joyce WG, Gauthier JA (2010) Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles. Biol Lett. rsbl.20100371
Lyson TR, Sperling EA, Heimberg AM, Gauthier JA, King BL, Peterson KJ (2012) MicroRNAs support a turtle+lizard clade. Biol Lett 8:104–107
Lyson TR, Bever GS, Scheyer TM, Hsiang AY, Gauthier JA (2013) Evolutionary origin of the turtle shell. Curr Biol 23:1113–1119
Lyson TR, Rubidge BS, Scheyer TM, de Queiroz K, Schachner ER, Smith RM, Bever GS (2016) Fossorial origin of the turtle shell. Curr Biol 26:1887–1894
Maisch MW, Kapitzke M (2010) A presumably marine phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the pre-planorbis beds (Hettangian) of England. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 257:373–379
Mancuso AC, Gaetano LC, Leardi JM, Abdala F, Arcucci AB (2014) The Chañares Formation: a window to a Middle Triassic tetrapod community. Lethaia 47:242–265
Marsicano CA, Domnanovich NS, Mancuso AC (2007) Dinosaur origins: evidence from the footprint record. Hist Biol 19:83–91
Marsicano CA, Irmis RB, Mancuso AC, Mundil R, Chemale F (2016) The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:509–513
Martínez RN, Apaldetti C, Alcober OA, Colombi CE, Sereno PC, Fernandez E, Malnis PS, Correa GA, Abelin D (2013) Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation. J Vert Paleont Mem 12:10–20
McGhee GR Jr, Sheehan PM, Bottjer DJ, Droser ML (2004) Ecological ranking of Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: ecological and taxonomic severities are decoupled. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 211:289–297
Mehl MG (1928) The Phytosauria of the Wyoming Triassic. Denison Univ Bull J Sci Lab 23:141–172
Melo TP, Abadala F, Soares MB (2015) The Malagasy cynodont Menadon besairei (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) in the Middle-Upper Triassic of Brazil. J Vert Paleont. https://doi.org/10.1080/027724634.2014.1002562
Miao D (1991) On the origins of mammals. In: Schultze H-P, Trueb L (eds) Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus. Comstock Publishing Associates, London, pp 579–597
Mietto P, Manfrin S, Preto N, Rigo M, Roghi G, Furin S, Gianolla P, Posenato R, Muttoni G, Nicora A, Buratti N, Cirilli S, Spitl C, Ramezani J, Bowring SA (2012) The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Carnian stage (Late Triassic) at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (southern Alps, NE Italy). Episodes 35:414–430
Milner AR (1990) The radiations of temnospondyl amphibians. In: Taylor PD, Larwood GP (eds) Major evolutionary radiations. System Assoc Spec Vol 42: 321–349
Milner AR (1993) Amphibian-grade Tetrapoda. In: Benton MJ (ed) The fossil record. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 665–679
Montefeltro FC, Langer MC, Schultz CL (2010) Cranial anatomy of a new genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Earth Environ Sci Trans Royal Soc Edinb 101:27–52
Montefeltro FC, Bittencourt JS, Langer MC, Schultz CL (2013) Postcranial anatomy of the hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur Teyumbatia sulcognathus (Azevedo and Schultz, 1987) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. J Vert Paleont 33:67–84
Mukherjee D, Ray S, Chandra S, Pal S, Bandyopadhyay S (2012) Upper Gondwana succession of the Rewa basin, India: understanding the interrelationship of lithologic and stratigraphic variables. J Geol Soc India 79:563–575
Mundil R, Pálfy J, Renne PR, Brack P (2010) The Triassic timescale: a review of geochronological constraints. In: Lucas, SG (ed) The Triassic timescale. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 334: 41–60
Murry PA (1986) Vertebrate paleontology of the Dockum Group, western Texas and eastern New Mexico. In: Padian K (ed) The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 109–137
Murry PA (1989) Geology and paleontology of the Dockum Formation (Upper Triassic), West Texas and eastern New Mexico. In: Lucas SG, Hunt AP (eds) Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mex Mus Nat Hist, Albuquerque, pp 102–144
Murry PA, Long RA (1989) Geology and paleontology of the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park and vicinity, Arizona and a discussion of vertebrate fossils of the southwestern Upper Triassic. In: Lucas SG, Hunt AP (eds) Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American Southwest. New Mex Mus Nat Hist, Albuquerque, pp 29–64
Muttoni G, Kent DV, Olsen PE, DiStefano P, Lowrie W, Bernasconi SM, Hernández FM (2004) Tethyan magnetostratigraphy from Pizza Mondelo (Sicily) and correlation to the Late Triassic Newark astrochronological polarity time scale. Geol Soc Am Bull 116:1043–1058
Muttoni G, Kent DV, Jadoul F, Olsen PE, Rigo M, Galli MT, Nicora A (2010) Rhaetian magneto-biostratigraphy from the Southern Alps (Italy). Constraints on Triassic chronology. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 285:1–16
Nesbitt SJ (2007) The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 302:1–84
Nesbitt SJ, Ezcurra MD (2015) The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: a new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas. Acta Palaeont Polon 60:513–526
Nesbitt SJ, Stocker MR (2008) The vertebrate assemblage of the Late Triassic Canjilon quarry (northern New Mexico, USA), and the importance of apomorphy-based assemblage comparisons. J Vert Paleont 28:1063–1072
Niedźwiedzki G, Sulej T, Dzik J (2012) A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland. Acta Palaeont Polon 57:267–276
Niedźwiedzki G, Brusatte SL, Sulej T, Butler RJ (2014) Basal dinosauriform and theropod dinosaurs from the mid–late Norian (Late Triassic) of Poland: implications for Triassic dinosaur evolution and distribution. Palaeontology 57:1121–1142
Ogg JG (2012) Triassic. In: Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Schmitz MD, Ogg GM (eds) The geologic time scale 2012. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 681–730
Ogg JG, Huang C, Hinnov L (2014) Triassic timescale status: a brief overview. Albertiana 41:3–30
Olsen PE (1980) A comparison of vertebrate assemblages from the Newark and Hartford basins (early Mesozoic, Newark Supergroup) of eastern North America. In: Jacobs LL (ed) Aspects of vertebrate history: essays in honor of Edwin Harris Colbert. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff, pp 35–53
Olsen PE (1988) Paleontology and paleoecology of the Newark Supergroup (early Mesozoic, eastern North America). In: Manspeizer W (ed) Triassic-Jurassic rifting: continental breakup and the origin of the Atlantic Ocean and passive margins, Part A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 185–230
Olsen PE, Schlische RW, Gore PJW (1989) Tectonic, depositional and paleoecological history of early Mesozoic rift basins, eastern North America. In: American Geophysical Union Guidebook T351, International Geological Congress, Washington, DC
Orchard MJ (2010) Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definition. In: Lucas SG (ed) The Triassic timescale. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 334: 139–161
Orchard MJ (2014) Conodonts from the Carnian-Norian boundary (Upper Triassic) of Black Bear Ridge, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 64:1–139
Ottone EG, Monti M, Marsicano CA, de la Fuente M, Naipauer M, Armstrong R, Mancuso AC (2014) A new Late Triassic age for the Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter, Argentina): SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating and biostratigraphic correlation across southern Gondwana. J S Am Earth Sci 56:186–199
Padian K (1984) The origin of the pterosaurs. In: Reif WE, Westphal F (eds) Third symposium on mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, pp 163–168
Parker WG, Ash SR, Irmis RB (2006) A century of research at Petrified Forest National Park 1906-2006. Mus North Ariz Bull 62
Parrish MJ (1991) A new specimen of an early crocodylomorph (cf. Sphenosuchus sp.) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park. J Vert Paleont 11:198–212
Peyer K, Carter JG, Sues H-D, Novak SE, Olsen PE (2008) A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. J Vert Paleont 28:363–381
Philipp RP, Kloss HP, Schultz CL, Basei MAS, Horn BLD, Soares MB (2013) Provenência por U-Pb LA-ICP-MS em zircão detrítico e ipade de deposição da Formacão Santa Maria, Triassico da bacia do Paraná, RS: Evidências de estructuração do arco do Rio Grande. Anais do VIII Symp Internat Tectonics and XIV Simp Na Estud Tectón, Cuiabá, pp 154–157
Pickford M (1995) Karoo Supergroup palaeontology of Namibia and brief description of a thecodont from Omingonde. Palaeont Afr 32:51–66
Pinna G (1993) The Norian reptiles of northern Italy. Paleont Lombard Nuova Serie 2:115–124
Rage J-C, Roček Z (1989) Redescription of Triadobatrachus massinoti (Piveteau, 1936) an anuran amphibian from the Early Triassic. Palaeontograph Abt A 206:1–16
Rainforth EC (2003) Revision and re-evaluation of the Early Jurassic dinosaurian ichnogenus Otozoum. Palaeontology 46:803–838
Ramezani J, Hoke GD, Fastovsky DE, Bowring SA, Therrien F, Dworkin SI, Atchley SC, Nordt LC (2011) High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs. Geol Soc Amer Bull 123:2142–2159
Ramezani J, Fastovsky DE, Bowring SA (2014) Revised chronostratigraphy of the lower Chinle Formation strata in Arizona and New Mexico (USA): high-precision U-Pb geochronological constraints on the Late Triassic evolution of dinosaurs. Am J Sci 314:981–1008
Ranovharimanana L, Kammerer CF, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR (2011) New material of Dadadon isaloi (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. J Vert Paleont 31:1292–1302
Raugust T, Lacerda M, Schultz CL (2013) The first occurrence of Chanaresuchus bonapartei Romer 1971 (Archosauriformes, Proterochampsia) of the Middle Triassic of Brazil from the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone, Santa Maria Formation (Paraná basin). In: Nesbitt SJ, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (eds) Anatomy, phylogeny and paleobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 379: 303–318
Reichel M, Schultz CL, Soares MB (2009) A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 52:229–250
Reig OA (1959) Primeros datos descríptivos sobre nuevos reptiles arcosaurios del Triásico de Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina). Rev Assoc Geol Argent 13:257–270
Reig OA (1961) Acerca de la posición sistemática de la familia Rauisuchidae y del género Saurosuchus (Reptilia, Thecodontia). Public Mus Cienc Natur Mar del Plata 1:73–114
Reig OA (1963) La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los “Estratos de Ischigualasto” (Mesotriásico superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (República Argentina). Ameghin 3:3–20
Renesto S (2006) A reappraisal of the diversity and biogeographic significance of the Norian (Late Triassic) reptiles from the Calcare di Zorzino. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:445–456
Renesto S, Spielmann JA, Lucas SG (2009) The oldest record of drepanosaurids (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Late Triassic (Adamanian Placerias quarry, Arizona, USA) and the stratigraphic range of the Drepanosauridae. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 252:315–325
Renesto S, Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Spagnoli G (2010) The taxonomy and paleobiology of the late Triassic (Carnian-Norian: Adamanian-Apachean) drepanosaurs (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha: Drepanosauromorpha). New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 46:1–81
Rigo M, Bertinelli A, Concheri G, Gattolin G, Godfrey L, Katz ME, Maron M, Mietto P, Muttoni G, Sprovieri M, Stellin F, Zaffani M (2016) The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian stage. Lethaia 49:287–306
Rinehart LF, Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Spielmann JA, Celeskey MD (2009) The paleobiology of Coelophysis bauri (Cope) from the Upper Triassic (Apachean) Whitaker quarry, New Mexico, with detailed analysis of a single quarry block. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 45:1–260
Rogers RR, Swisher CC III, Sereno PC, Monett AM, Forster CA, Martinez RC (1993) The Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40Ar/39Ar dating of dinosaur origins. Science 260:794–797
Romer AS (1966) Vertebrate paleontology, 3rd edn. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago
Romer AS (1973) The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XX. Summary. Breviora 413:1–20
Rougier GW, de la Fuente MS, Arcucci AB (1995) Late Triassic turtles from South America. Science 268:855–858
Rowe T (1988) Definition, diagnosis and origin of Mammalia. J Vert Paleont 8:241–264
Rowe T, Gauthier J (1992) Ancestry, paleontology, and definition of the name Mammalia. Syst Biol 41:372–378
Roychowdhury T (1965) A new metoposaurid amphibian from the Triassic Maleri Formation, central India. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B250:1–52
Rubert RR, Schultz CL (2004) Um novo horizonte de correlação para o Triássico superior do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas 31:71–88
Ruffell A, Simms MJ, Wignall PB (2016) The Carnian humid episode of the Late Triassic: a review. Geol Mag 153(2):271–284
Rühle v. Lilienstern H (1939) Fährten und Spüren im Chirotheriem−Sandstein von Südthüringen. Fortschr Geol Paläont 12:293–387
Ruta M, Benton MJ (2008) Calibrated diversity, tree topology and the mother of mass extinctions: the lesson of temnospondyls. Palaeontology 51:1261–1288
Ruta M, Botha-Brink J, Mitchell SA, Benton MJ (2013) The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity. Proc R Soc B280:20131865
Schoch RR (1997) A new capitosaur amphibian from the Upper Lettenkeuper (Triassic: Ladinian) of Kupferzell (southern Germany). Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 203:239–272
Schoch RR (2000) Biogeography and dispersal of stereospondyl amphibians. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Abhand 215:201–231
Schoch RR (2007) Osteology of the small archosaur Aetosaurus from the Upper Triassic of Germany. Neues Jahrb Geologie Paläont Abhand 246:1–35
Schoch RR (2008) The Capitosauria (Amphibia): characters, phylogeny, and stratigraphy. Palaeodiversity 1:189–226
Schoch RR (2014) Amphibian evolution: the life of early land vertebrates. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester
Schoch RR, Milner AR (2000) Stereospondyli. Encycl Paleoherp 3B:1–203
Schoch RR, Sues H-D (2015) A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan. Nature 523(7562):584–587. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14472
Schoch RR, Werneburg R (1999) The Triassic labyrinthodonts from Germany. Zentralbl Geol Paläont Teil I 1998:629–650
Schoch R, Voigt S, Buchwitz M (2010) A chroniosuchid from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and analysis of chroniosuchian relationships. Zool J Linnean Soc 160:515–530
Schultz CL, Langer MC, Montefeltro FC (2016) A new rhynchosaur from south Brazil (Santa Maria Formation) and rhynchosaur diversity patterns across the Middle-Late Triassic boundary. Paläont Zeitschr 90(3):593–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-016-0307-7
Sengupta S (1970) Gondwana sedimentation around Bheemaram (Bhimaram), Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. J Sediment Petrol 40:140–170
Sengupta DP (1995) Chigutisaurid temnospondyls from the Late Triassic of India and a review of the Family Chigutisauridae. Palaeontology 38:313–339
Sereno PC (1991) Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. J Vert Paleont Mem 2:1–53
Sereno PC, Arcucci AB (1993) Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Lagerpeton chanarensis. J Vert Paleont 13:385–399
Sereno PC, Arcucci AB (1994) Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. nov. J Vert Paleont 14:53–73
Sereno PC, Wild R (1992) Procompsognathus: Theropod, “thecodont” or both ? J Vert Paleont 12:435–458
Sereno PC, Forster CA, Rogers RR, Monette AM (1993) Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature 361:64–66
Sharov AG (1970) A peculiar reptile from the Lower Triassic of Fergana. Paleont J 1970(1):127–130. [in Russian]
Sharov AG (1971) New flying reptiles from the Mesozoic of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 130:104–113. [in Russian]
Shishkin MA, Ochev VG, Tverdokhlebov VP (eds) (1995) Biostratigrafiya kontinentalnovo Triasa yuzhovo Priuralya [Biostratigraphy of the continental Triassic of the southern pre-Urals]. Nauka, Moscow. [in Russian]
Shishkin MA, Novikov IV, Gubin YM (2000a) Permian and Triassic temnospondyls from Russia. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN (eds) The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 35–59
Shishkin MA, Ochev VG, Lozovskii VR, Novikov IV (2000b) Tetrapod biostratigraphy of the Triassic of eastern Europe. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN (eds) The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 120–139
Shubin N, Sues H-D (1991) Biogeography of early Mesozoic continental tetrapods: patterns and implications. Paleobiology 17:214–230
Smith RMH, Swartt R (2002) Changing fluvial environments and vertebrate taphonomy in response to climatic drying in a mid-Triassic rift valley fill: the Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of central Namibia. PALAIOS 17:249–267
Smith RMH, Rubidge B, van der Walt M (2012) Therapsid biodiversity patterns and paleoenvironments of the Karoo basin, South Africa. In: Chinsamy-Turan A (ed) Forerunners of mammals. Radiation. Histology. Biology. Indiana Univ Press, Bloomington, pp 31–62
Soares MB, Schultz CL, Horn BLD (2011) New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2011 (Eucynodontia, Trithelodontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications. Anais Acada Brasil Ciênc 83:329–354
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG (2012) Tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Redonda Formation, east-central New Mexico: the characteristic assemblage of the Apachean land-vertebrate faunachron. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 55:1–119
Spielmann JA, Hunt AP, Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2006a) Revision of Redondasuchus (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic Redonda Formation, New Mexico, with description of a new species. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:583–587
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (2006b) The vertebrate macrofauna of the Upper Triassic (Apachean) Redonda Formation, east-central New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:502–509
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Hunt AP, Heckert AB (2006c) Reinterpretation of the holotype of Malerisaurus langstoni, a diapsid reptile from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group of West Texas. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 37:543–547
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Heckert AB (2007) Tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic (Revueltian) Owl Rock Formation, Chinle Group, Arizona. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 41:371–383
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Rinehart LF, Heckert AB (2008) The Late Triassic archosauromorph Trilophosaurus. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 43:1–177
Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Hunt AP (2013) The first Norian (Revueltian) rhynchosaur: Bull Canyon Formation, New Mexico, U.S.A. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 61:562–565
Sprinkle DA, Kowallis BJ, Jensen PH (2011) Correlation and age of the Nugget Sandstone and Glen Canyon Group, Utah. Utah Geol Assoc Publ 40:131–149
Stocker MR (2012) A new taxonomic arrangement for Paleorhinus scurriensis. Earth Environ Trans R Soc Edinb 103:251–263
Stocker MR, Butler RJ (2013) Phytosauria. In: Nesbitt SJ, Desojo JB, Irmis RB (eds) Anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology of early archosaurs and their kin. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 379: 91–117
Stocker MR, Zhao L, Nesbitt SJ, Wu X, Li C (2017) A short-snouted, Middle Triassic phytosaur and its implications for the morphological evolution and biogeography of Phytosauria. Nat Sci Rep 7:46028. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46028
Sues H-D (1992) A remarkable new armored archosaur from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. J Vert Paleont 12:142–149
Sues H-D, Baird D (1993) A skull of a sphenodontian lepidosaur from the New Haven Arkose (Upper Triassic: Norian) of Connecticut. J Vert Paleont 13:370–372
Sues H-D, Fraser NC (2010) Triassic life on land: the great transition. Columbia University Press, New York
Sues H-D, Schoch RR (2013) Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Calamops paludosus (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli) from the Triassic of the Newark basin, Pennsylvania. J Vert Paleont 35:1061–1070
Sues H-D, Olsen PE, Kroehler PA (1994) Small tetrapods from the Upper Triassic of the Richmond basin (Newark Supergroup), Virginia. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D (eds) In the shadow of the dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 161–170
Sues H-D, Baird D, Olsen PE (1997) Procolophonidae (Amniota: Parareptilia) from the Upper Triassic of Nova Scotia, Canada. J Vert Paleont 17(3):79A
Sues H-D, Olsen PE, Carter JG (1999) A Late Triassic traversodont cynodont from the Newark Supergroup of North Carolina. J Vert Paleont 19:351–354
Sues HD, Olsen PE, Carter JG, Scott DM (2003) A new crocodylomorph archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. J Vert Paleont 23:329–343
Sues HD, Nesbitt SJ, Berman DS, Henrici AC (2011) A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America. Proc Biol Sci 278(1723):3459–3464
Sulej T (2002) Species discrimination of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus diagnosticus. Acta Palaeont Polon 47:535–546
Sulej T (2005) A new rauisuchian reptile (Diapsida: Archosauria) from the Late Triassic of Poland. J Vert Paleont 225:78–86
Sulej T (2007) Osteology, variability and evolution of Metoposaurus, a temnospondyl from the Late Triassic of Poland. Palaeont Polon 64:29–139
Sulej T (2010) The skull of an Early Late Triassic aetosaur and the evolution of the stagonolepidid archosaurian reptiles. Zool J Linnean Soc 158:860–881
Sulej T, Majer D (2005) The temnospondyl amphibian Cyclotosaurus from the Upper Triassic of Poland. Palaeontology 48:157–170
Sulej T, Bronowicz R, Tałanda M, Niedźwiedzki G (2011) A new dicynodont-archosaur assemblage from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Poland. Earth Environ Sci Trans R Soc Edinb 101:261–269
Sulej T, Niedźwiedzki G, Bronowicz R (2012) A new Late Triassic vertebrate fauna from Poland with turtles, aetosaurs, and coelophysoid dinosaurs. J Vert Paleont 32:1033–1041
Sullivan RM, Lucas SG (1999) Eucoelophysis baldwini, a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, and the status of the original types of Coelophysis. J Vert Paleont 19:81–90
Sullivan RM, Lucas SG, Randall KA (1995) Late Triassic vertebrate fauna from the Zions View locality (Little Conewago Creek), York County, Pennsylvania. J Vert Paleont 15(3):55A
Świło M, Niedźwiedzki G, Sulej T (2014) Mammal-like tooth from the Upper Triassic of Poland. Acta Palaeont Polon 59:815–820
Szajna MJ, Silvestri SM (1996) A new occurrence of the ichnogenus Brachychirotherium: implications for the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event. In: Morales M (ed) The continental Jurassic. Mus N Arizona Bull 60: 275–283
Szulc J, Racki G, Jewuła K, Środoń J (2015) How many Upper Triassic bone-bearing levels in the Upper Silesia (southern Poland)? Ann Soc Geol Polon 85:587–626
Tatarinov LP (2005) A new cynodont (Reptilia, Theriodonta) from the Madygen Formation (Triassic) of Fergana, Kyrgyztan. Paleont J 39:192–198
Thomson TJ, Lovelace DM (2014) Swim track morphotypes and new track localities from the Moenkopi and Red Peak formations (Lower-Middle Triassic) with preliminary interpretations of aquatic behaviors. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 62:103–128
Thulborn T, Turner S (2003) The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:985–993
Tixeront M (1971) Lithostratigraphie et minéralisations cuprifères et uranifères stratiformes syngenetiques et familières des formations detritiques Permo-Triasiques du couloir d’Argana (Haut-Atlas occidental, Maroc) et possibilitiés de recherches. Maroc Dir Mines Géol Div Géol Rep Serv Études Gîtes Min 921:1–37
Unwin DM, Alifanov VR, Benton MJ (2000) Enigmatic small reptiles from the Midde-Late Triassic of Kyrgyzstan. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin DM, Kurochkin EN (eds) The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 177–186
Valencio DA, Mendía JE, Vilas JF (1975) Palaeomagnetism and K-Ar ages of Triassic igneous rocks from the Ischigualasto-Ischichuca basin and Puesto Viejo Formation, Argentina. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:319–330
Voigt S, Buchwitz M, Fischer J, Kogan I, Moisan P, Schneider JW, Spindler F, Brosig A, Preusse M, Scholze F, Linnemann U (2017) Triassic life in an inland lake basin of the warm-temperate biome—the Madygen Lagerstätte (southwest Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia). In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D (eds) Terrestrial conservation Lagerstätten: windows into the evolution of life on land. Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh. in press
von Huene F (1940) The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri beds. Palaeont Indica New Ser 32(1):1–42
Watson DMS (1914) Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley, and the ancestry of the Chelonia. Proc Zool Soc Lond 11:1011–1020
Weems RE, Lucas SG (2015) A revision of the Norian conchostracan zonation in North America and its implications for Late Triassic North American tectonic history. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 67:303–317
Weems RE, Tanner LH, Lucas SG (2016) Synthesis and revision of the lithostratigraphic groups and formations in the upper Permian?-Lower Jurassic Newark Supergroup of eastern North America. Stratigraphy 13:111–153
Westphal F (1970) Phytosaurier-Hautplatten aus der Trias von Madagaskar-ein Beitrag zur Gondwana-Paläogeographie. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläont Monats 1970:632–638
Whiteside DI, Marshall JEA (2008) The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK. Geol Mag 145:105–147
Whiteside JH, Grogan DS, Olsen PE, Kent DV (2011) Climatically driven biogeographic provinces of Late Triassic tropical Pangea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8972–8977
Wild R (1978) Die Saurier von Kupferzell-Bauersbach. Württemb Franken Jahrb 62:1–16
Wild R (1980) The fossil deposits of Kupferzell, southwest Germany. Mes Vert Life 1:15–18
Wild R (1989) Aetosaurus (Reptilia: Thecodontia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) of Cene near Bergamo, Italy, with a revision of the genus. Riv Mus Civ Sci Nat 14:1–24
Wu X, Chatterjee S (1993) Dibothrosuchus elaphros, a crocodylomorph from the Lower Jurassic of China and the phylogeny of the Sphenosuchia. J Vert Paleont 13:58–89
Yadagiri P, Rao BRJ (1987) Contribution to the stratigraphy and vertebrate fauna of the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Palaeobotanist 36:230–244
Yates AM (2003) A definite prosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Eliot Formation (Norian: Upper Triassic) of South Africa. Palaeont Afr 39:63–68
Yates AM, Kitching JW (2003) The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps toward sauropod locomotion. Proc R Soc Lond B270:1753–1758
Zeigler KE, Heckert AB, Lucas SG eds (2003) Paleontology and geology of the Upper Triassic (Revueltian) Snyder quarry, New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 24: 1–132
Acknowledgments
I thank many colleagues for access to specimens in museum collections and/or for assistance in the field. I am particularly grateful to Jaime Powell for access to the Neoatosauroides fossils in Tucuman, Argentina. Andy Heckert, Adrian Hunt and Larry Tanner have collaborated extensively with me in the field studying Late Triassic rocks and fossils, and they have taught me much. Adrian Hunt and Julien Kimmig provided helpful reviews of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lucas, S.G. (2018). Late Triassic Terrestrial Tetrapods: Biostratigraphy, Biochronology and Biotic Events. In: Tanner, L. (eds) The Late Triassic World. Topics in Geobiology, vol 46. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68008-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68009-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)