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Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism

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Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 996))

Abstract

UV-radiations are the invisible part of light spectra having a wavelength between visible rays and X-rays. Based on wavelength, UV rays are subdivided into UV-A (320–400 nm), UV-B (280–320 nm) and UV-C (200–280 nm). Ultraviolet rays can have both harmful and beneficial effects. UV-C has the property of ionization thus acting as a strong mutagen, which can cause immune-mediated disease and cancer in adverse cases. Numbers of genetic factors have been identified in human involved in inducing skin cancer from UV-radiations. Certain heredity diseases have been found susceptible to UV-induced skin cancer. UV radiations activate the cutaneous immune system, which led to an inflammatory response by different mechanisms. The first line of defense mechanism against UV radiation is melanin (an epidermal pigment), and UV absorbing pigment of skin, which dissipate UV radiation as heat. Cell surface death receptor (e.g. Fas) of keratinocytes responds to UV-induced injury and elicits apoptosis to avoid malignant transformation. In addition to the formation of photo-dimers in the genome, UV also can induce mutation by generating ROS and nucleotides are highly susceptible to these free radical injuries. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) has been known to be implicated in different UV-induced damages such as pigmentation, adaptive tanning, and skin cancer. UV-B induces the formation of pre-vitamin D3 in the epidermal layer of skin. UV-induced tans act as a photoprotection by providing a sun protection factor (SPF) of 3–4 and epidermal hyperplasia. There is a need to prevent the harmful effects and harness the useful effects of UV radiations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Parveen Kumar for excellent assistance in editing and reviewing this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medial Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India

    Dheeraj Mohania

  2. Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (SGRH), New Delhi, India

    Shikha Chandel, Kumar Digvijay, Deepika Tripathi & Khushboo Choudhury

  3. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, (North Campus), New Delhi, India

    Parveen Kumar & Vivek Verma

  4. Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India

    Sandeep Kumar Mitten

  5. Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Dilip Shah

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  1. Dheeraj Mohania
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Correspondence to Dheeraj Mohania .

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  1. Faculty of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom

    Shamim I. Ahmad

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Mohania, D. et al. (2017). Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism. In: Ahmad, S. (eds) Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 996. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_7

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