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Treatment and Management of Hazardous Solid Waste Stream by Incineration

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Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 27))

Abstract

Hazardous waste is generated from many sources, ranging from industrial, manufacturing processes, agricultural practices, etc., and may come in many forms, including liquids, solids, gases, and sludges. The waste incineration technique is one of the waste-to-energy technologies that can reduce waste effectively and generate energy. However, the technology will generate high amounts of toxic gases such as dioxin and nitrous oxide, requiring high energy and operational cost as well. The residues that are generated from the incineration are incineration bottom ash or fly ash, which can also be known as hazardous waste because it contains a high number of pollutants that will affect the environment and human health. Various studies have found a way to treat the incineration fly ash before discharging it to the landfill. Since the incineration fly ash contains a high concentration of heavy metals, stabilization and solidification of the heavy metals is needed to prevent the leaching of heavy metals. Most of the incineration fly ash can be used as a replacement material in construction materials to enhance mechanical properties and reduce the leaching of heavy metals. Although incineration fly ash can be applied to construction materials, an optimum mixing ratio is required because a high replacement ratio will reduce the mechanical properties of the materials. Co-incineration is advised to lessen the burden of incineration in order to combat the high disposal of municipal solid waste by incineration. However, co-incineration is not suitable for long service; alternative techniques are needed to overcome the high disposal of waste. The laws and regulations for incineration need to be enforced to protect the environment and humans.

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Abbreviations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

CaO:

Calcium oxide

CEWEP:

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

CHP:

Combined heat and power

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

Chromium

C-S-H:

Calcium silicate hydrate

CV:

Variation coefficient

DOT:

Dictionary of Occupational Titles

EEB:

European Environmental Bureau

EFW:

Energy from waste

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

FBF:

Fluidized bed incinerators

H2NCSNH2:

Thiourea

Max:

maximum

Min:

Minimum

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

MW:

Megawatt

N2:

Nitrogen gas

NaH2PO4:

Monosodium phosphate

NOX:

Nitrogen oxides

O2:

Oxygen gas

OSHA:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCDD/F:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

PM:

Particulate matter

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

RCRA:

Resource Conversation and Recovery Act

RDF:

Refuse-derived fuel

SAC:

Starved air combustion

SD:

Standard deviation

Si:

Silicon

SNCR:

Selective non-catalytic reduction

TCLP:

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

WtE:

Waste-to-energy

CO2 eq:

Carbon dioxide equivalent

cm:

Centimeter

oC:

Degree Celsius

oF:

Degree Fahrenheit

D:

Diameter

GJ:

Gigajoule

GWh:

Gigawatt hour

Kg:

Kilogram

kW:

Kilowatt

L:

Liter

MW:

Megawatt

MWh:

Megawatt hour

mm:

Millimeter

mol:

Mole

%:

Percent

S:

Second

Ton:

Tonnes

wt%:

Weight percent

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Faris Aiman Norashiddin & Mohamad Haziq Mohd Hanif

  2. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Wen Si Lee

  3. School of Civil Engineering/Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

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  1. Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

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Kamaruddin, M.A. et al. (2024). Treatment and Management of Hazardous Solid Waste Stream by Incineration. In: Wang, L.K., Sung Wang, MH., Hung, YT. (eds) Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44768-6_8

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