Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Global Resource Flows in the Food System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Environment and Climate-smart Food Production

Abstract

The capability to project resource flows in food supply chains of great importance if the UN Sustainable Development Goals are to be realised and embedded into the global food system. The research reported in this Chapter explores how current digital techniques build on established capabilities to provide important examples of resource flows in the global food system. The use of geographic information and Digital Twins are tested where the importance of using robust metrics and their data content are defined. This approach also describes how metrics of connectiveness between resources are being used to identify critical controlling points in resource flows where sustainable outcomes are possible.

The Chapter will define the global resource flows of agriculture and food production in the worldwide system that are now the focus of new circular economies and carbon-zero programs. The terms carbon neutral, carbon zero, and climate-neutral refer to the same outcome. The approach is to review long term data and study existing applications that assess how nutrients flow through food supply chains to their eventual consumption as the food and beverage products that make up our diets. The analysis presented in this Chapter will show how technologies and models can be used to identify systemic interventions by companies and operators in the global marketplace. They will demonstrate the delivery of environmentally climate-smart food production that increases carbon responsibility; regional food solutions that enable access and affordability; and, supply chains that provide consumers with product assurance and nutrition for healthy lifestyles. A specific focus is the ‘middle’ part of food supply chains, these are the food and beverage manufacturing functions where product development decisions will become a reality. The requirement to build-in sustainability and circularity into these operations is of extreme importance in meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals, providing a circular economy, and reaching more carbon-neutral outcomes. This Chapter develops geographic information, supply chain models and Digital Twins to demonstrate the potential of using them to define and measure resource flows in the global food system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 12 March 2022

    In the original version of this chapter 7, the affiliation/address of the Author Wayne Martindale was printed incorrectly.

Notes

  1. 1.

    New Zealand’s first carbon zero milk see, https://www.fonterra.com/nz/en/our-stories/articles/new-zealands-first-carbonzero-milk.html, accessed 18th December 2020

  2. 2.

    CN30 overview see, https://www.mla.com.au/research-and-development/Environment-sustainability/carbon-neutral-2030-rd/cn30/, accessed 18th December 2020.

References

  • Allen, M. R., Shine, K. P., Fuglestvedt, J. S., et al. (2018). A solution to the misrepresentations of CO 2-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aref, S., & Wander, M. M. (1997). Long-term trends of corn yield and soil organic matter in different crop sequences and soil fertility treatments on the morrow plots. In Advances in agronomy (pp. 153–197). San Diego: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, C. M. (1994). Confrontation analyses of United States-Soviet grain negotiations. Group Decision and Negotiation, 3, 393–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, E. M., Dernini, S., Burlingame, B., et al. (2015). Food security and sustainability: Can one exist without the other? Public Health Nutrition, 18, 2293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouis, H. E., Saltzman, A., & Birol, E. (2019). Improving nutrition through biofortification. In S. Fan, S. Yosef, & R. Pandya-Lorch (Eds.), Agriculutre for improved nutrition: Seizing the momentum (p. 47). Wallingford: CAB International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bown, C. P., Fan, Shenggen, Yosef, Sivan, Pandya-Lorch, Rajul. (2019). The 2018 trade war and the end of dispute settlement as we knew it. Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity, MA Crowley (ed.), London: CEPR Press. 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brada, J. C. (1983). The Soviet-American grain agreement and the national interest. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65, 651–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brentrup, F., Küsters, J., Kuhlmann, H., & Lammel, J. (2004). Environmental impact assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment methodology: I. Theoretical concept of a LCA method tailored to crop production. European Journal of Agronomy, 20, 247–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer, I. D., McDermott, J., & Ruben, R. (2020). Food systems everywhere: Improving relevance in practice. Global Food Security, 26, 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, I. D., van Bergen, P. F., Nott, C. J., et al. (2000). Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments—V. The fate of lipids in different long-term experiments. Organic Geochemistry, 31, 389–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burney, J. A., Davis, S. J., & Lobell, D. B. (2010). Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 12052 LP–12057 LP. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914216107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casini, M., Bastianoni, S., Gagliardi, F., et al. (2019). Sustainable development goals indicators: A methodological proposal for a multidimensional fuzzy index in the Mediterranean area. Sustainability, 11, 1198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary, A., Gustafson, D., & Mathys, A. (2018). Multi-indicator sustainability assessment of global food systems. Nature Communications, 9, 848.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P.-C., Yu, M.-M., Shih, J.-C., et al. (2019). A reassessment of the global food security index by using a hierarchical data envelopment analysis approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 272, 687–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clune, S., Crossin, E., & Verghese, K. (2017). Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 766–783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colinvaux, P. A. (1979). Why big fierce animals are rare: An ecologist’s perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, G. R., & Barbier, E. B. (2013). After the green revolution: Sustainable agriculture for development. Routledge: Earthscan Library Collection.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza, R. (2006). Nature: Ecosystems without commodifying them. Nature, 443, 749.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., et al. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costanza, R., De Groot, R., Braat, L., et al. (2017). Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services, 28, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domike, A. L. (1982). A poor harvest: A clash of policies and interests in the grain trade. Journal of Economic Issues, 16, 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donati, M., Menozzi, D., Zighetti, C., et al. (2016). Towards a sustainable diet combining economic, environmental and nutritional objectives. Appetite, 106, 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gain, A. K., Giupponi, C., & Wada, Y. (2016). Measuring global water security towards sustainable development goals. Environmental Research Letters, 11, 124015.

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Berná, J. A., Ouhbi, S., Benmouna, B., et al. (2020). Systematic mapping study on remote sensing in agriculture. Applied Sciences, 10, 3456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, S. (2002). Mauve: How one man invented a color that changed the world. New York: WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T., et al. (2015). Criticality of metals and metalloids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 4257–4262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S., & Wills, J. (2014). Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, 177–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, D., Gutman, A., Leet, W., et al. (2016). Seven food system metrics of sustainable nutrition security. Sustainability, 8, 196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habyarimana, E., Piccard, I., Catellani, M., et al. (2019). Towards predictive modeling of sorghum biomass yields using fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation derived from sentinel-2 satellite imagery and supervised machine learning techniques. Agronomy, 9, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddad, L. (2018). Reward food companies for improving nutrition. Nature, 556, 19–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillel, D. (1992). Out of the earth: Civilization and the life of the soil. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, R. A., & Woodwell, G. M. (1989). Global climatic change. Scientific American, 260, 36–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hülsbergen, K.-J., Feil, B., Biermann, S., et al. (2001). A method of energy balancing in crop production and its application in a long-term fertilizer trial. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 86, 303–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagtap, S., & Duong, L. N. K. (2019). Improving the new product development using big data: A case study of a food company. British Food Journal, 121, 2835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, A. M., Nijenhuis-de Vries, M. A., Boer, E. P. J., & Kremer, S. (2017). Fresh, frozen, or ambient food equivalents and their impact on food waste generation in Dutch households. Waste Management (New York, NY), 67, 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaroni, M. S., Friedrich, B., & Letmathe, P. (2019). Economical feasibility of rare earth mining outside China. Minerals, 9, 576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jegannathan, K. R., & Nielsen, P. H. (2013). Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production–a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 228–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, D., Kremer, R. J., Bergfield, W. A., et al. (1995). Evaluation of microbial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agricultural fields. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 19, 297–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keogh, J. G., Rejeb, A., Khan, N., et al. (2020). Chapter 17 - Optimizing global food supply chains: The case for blockchain and GSI standards. In D. Detwiler (Ed.), Building the future of food safety technology (pp. 171–204). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818956-6.00017-8, ISBN 9780128189566. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128189566000178

    Google Scholar 

  • King, T., Cole, M., Farber, J. M., et al. (2017). Food safety for food security: Relationship between global megatrends and developments in food safety. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 68, 160–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kløverpris, J., Wenzel, H., & Nielsen, P. H. (2008). Life cycle inventory modelling of land use induced by crop consumption. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kussul, N., Lavreniuk, M., Skakun, S., & Shelestov, A. (2017). Cropland productivity assessment for Ukraine based on time series of optical satellite images. In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) (pp. 5007–5010). Piscataway: IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Küstermann, B., Christen, O., & Hülsbergen, K.-J. (2010). Modelling nitrogen cycles of farming systems as basis of site-and farm-specific nitrogen management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 135, 70–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawlor, D. W. (1995). Photosynthesis, productivity and environment. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 1449–1461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, R. A., & Johnston, A. E. (1994). Long-term experiments in agricultural and ecological sciences: Proceedings of a conference to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Rothamsted Experimental Station, held at Rothamsted, 14–17 July 1993. Wallingford: Cab International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, S. E., Costello, C., Rassweiler, A., et al. (2013). Encourage sustainability by giving credit for marine protected areas in seafood certification. PLoS Biology, 11, e1001730.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, M., Rohn, H., Lettenmeier, M., et al. (2016). The nutritional footprint – Integrated methodology using environmental and health indicators to indicate potential for absolute reduction of natural resource use in the field of food and nutrition. Journal of Cleaner Production, 132, 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J., Cain, M., Pierrehumbert, R., & Allen, M. (2020). Demonstrating GWP*: A means of reporting warming-equivalent emissions that captures the contrasting impacts of short-and long-lived climate pollutants. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 44023.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Is a healthy diet an environmentally sustainable diet? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 72, 13–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macdiarmid, J. I., Kyle, J., Horgan, G. W., et al. (2012). Sustainable diets for the future: Can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96, 632–639.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machovina, B. L., Feeley, K. J., & Machovina, B. J. (2017). UAV remote sensing of spatial variation in banana production. Crop & Pasture Science, 67, 1281–1287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2009). Co-development of bioethanol, feed and food supply chains that meet European agricultural sustainability criteria. Aspects of Applied Biology, 95, 79–84. Association of Applied Biologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2010). Carbon, food and fuel security – Will biotechnology solve this irreconcilable trinity? Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Reviews, 27, 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2015). Global food security and supply. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2016). The potential of food preservation to reduce food waste. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76, 28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116000604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2017a). Cutting through the challenge of improving the consumer experience of foods by enabling the preparation of sustainable meals and the reduction of food waste. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2017b). Cutting through the challenge of improving the consumer experience of foods by enabling the preparation of sustainable meals and the reduction of food waste. In Food waste reduction and valorisation (pp. 7–23). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W. (2017c). The potential of food preservation to reduce food waste. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76, 28–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., & Leegood, R. C. (1997). Acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperature in Spinacia oleracea L. II. Effects of nitrogen supply. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 1873.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., & Trewavas, A. (2008). Fuelling the 9 billion. Nature Biotechnology, 26, 1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1008-1068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., & Schiebel, W. (2017). The impact of food preservation on food waste. British Food Journal, 119, 2510. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2017-0114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., McGloin, R., Jones, M., & Barlow, P. (2008). The carbon dioxide emission footprint of food products and their application in the food system. Aspects of Applied Biology, 86, 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Finnigan, T., & Needham, L. (2014). Current concepts and applied research in sustainable food processing. In Sustainable food processing (pp. 9–38). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Hollands, T., Swainson, M., & Keogh, J. G. (2018a). Blockchain or bust for the food industry? Food Science and Technology, 33, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Swainson, M., Hollands, T., & Marshall, R. (2018b). Bread winner. Food Science and Technology, 32(3), 32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Mark, S., & Hollands, T. (2019). New direction for NPD. IFST Journal, 33, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Duong, L., & Swainson, M. (2020a). Testing the data platforms required for the 21st century food system using an industry ecosystem approach. Science of the Total Environment, 724, 137871.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, W., Swainson, M., & Choudhary, S. (2020b). The impact of resource and nutritional resilience on the global food supply system. Sustainability, 12, 751.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, R. M. (2019). Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton: Princeton university press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murchie, E. H., & Lawson, T. (2013). Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: A guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64, 3983–3998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, P. H., Nielsen, A. M., Weidema, B. P., et al. (2003). LCA food data base. Represent invent resour use environ impact danish farms food prod. Available on-line at http://www.lcafood.dk

  • Nielsen, P. H., Oxenbøll, K. M., & Wenzel, H. (2007). Cradle-to-gate environmental assessment of enzyme products produced industrially in Denmark by Novozymes A/S. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12, 432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noakes, M., & Clifton, P. M. (2005). The CSIRO total wellbeing diet. Camberwell: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notarnicola, B., Tassielli, G., Renzulli, P. A., et al. (2017). Environmental impacts of food consumption in Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearcy, R. W., & Ehleringer, J. (1984). Comparative ecophysiology of C3 and C4 plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 7, 1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzol, M., Laurent, A., Sala, S., et al. (2017). Normalisation and weighting in life cycle assessment: quo vadis? International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22, 853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1199-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, P. E., Goulding, K. W. T., Brown, J. R., et al. (1998). Long-term agroecosystem experiments: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science (80- ), 282, 893–896.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rejeb, A., Keogh, J. G., Zailani, S., et al. (2020). Blockchain technology in the food industry: A review of potentials, challenges and future research directions. Logistics, 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4040027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, J., & Howard, T. (1989). Entropy into the greenhouse world. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda, X., Garrett, R. D., & Lambin, E. F. (2017). Corporate investments in supply chain sustainability: Selecting instruments in the agri-food industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2480–2492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, M. (2019). Mitigating supply risks through involvement in rare earth projects: Japan’s strategies and what the US can learn. Resources Policy, 63, 101457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiel, R. S. (1986). Variation in amounts of carbon and nitrogen associated with particle size fractions of soils from the Palace Leas meadow hay plots. Journal of Soil Science, 37, 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smil, V. (1999). Detonator of the population explosion. Nature, 400, 415.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smil, V. (2002). Nitrogen and food production: Proteins for human diets. Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment, 31, 126–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smil, V. (2018). Energy and civilization: A history. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A., Watkiss, P., Tweddle, G., et al. (2005). The validity of food miles as an indicator of sustainable development-final report. Rep ED50254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N., Fletcher, A., Finer, O., & McNabb, W. (2020). Sustainable nutrition initiative-feed our future. Food New Zealand, 20, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soman, C., Li, D., Wander, M. M., & Kent, A. D. (2017). Long-term fertilizer and crop-rotation treatments differentially affect soil bacterial community structure. Plant and Soil, 413, 145–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, A., Xue, G., Cui, P., et al. (2016). The role of silicon in enhancing resistance to bacterial blight of hydroponic-and soil-cultured rice. Scientific Reports, 6, 24640.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen, W., Grinevald, J., Crutzen, P., & McNeill, J. (2011). The Anthropocene: Conceptual and historical perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A - Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369, 842–867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stylianou, K. S., Heller, M. C., Fulgoni, V. L., et al. (2016). A life cycle assessment framework combining nutritional and environmental health impacts of diet: A case study on milk. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21, 734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0961-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swainson, M. (2018). Swainson’s handbook of technical and quality management for the food manufacturing sector. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Transeau, E. N. (1926). The accumulation of energy by plants. The Ohio Journal of Science, XXVI(1), 10. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/2294/V26N01_001.pdf. Accessed 4th April 2021.

  • Wallén, A., Brandt, N., & Wennersten, R. (2004). Does the Swedish consumer’s choice of food influence greenhouse gas emissions? Environmental Science and Policy, 7, 525–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. F. (2015). Green giants: How smart companies turn sustainability into billion-dollar businesses. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., & Jackson, P. (2016). Fairtrade bananas in the Caribbean: Towards a moral economy of recognition. Geoforum, 70, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.01.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, T., Malik, T. H., & Nielsen, K. (2020). The impact of population pressure on global fertiliser use intensity, 1970–2011: An analysis of policy-induced mediation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 152, 119895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, F., Li, Z., Zhang, S., et al. (2020). Mapping winter wheat with combinations of temporally aggregated Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data in Shandong Province, China. Remote Sensing, 12, 2065.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, H., Huang, W., Huang, S., et al. (2020). Recognition of banana Fusarium wilt based on UAV remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 12, 938.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the UEZ Business Incubation Development Support Food Enterprise Zones Project, Research England; and the Greater Lincolnshire Agri-Food Innovation Platform ERDF based at the National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, UK.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Insights and Sustainability, National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach, UK

    Wayne Martindale

  2. Kent Community Health NHS Trust Eureka Park, Upper Pemberton, Kennington, Ashford, Kent, UK

    Kate Lucas

Authors
  1. Wayne Martindale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kate Lucas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wayne Martindale .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece

    Charis M. Galanakis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Martindale, W., Lucas, K. (2022). Global Resource Flows in the Food System. In: Galanakis, C.M. (eds) Environment and Climate-smart Food Production . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71571-7_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation