Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

Abstract

This comprehensive chapter covers manifold aspects of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. This condition of extreme “night owl” circadian preference captures predominantly adolescents and young adults in misalignment with the timing of the light-dark cycle and is associated with considerable disability. Clinical features and comorbidities, differential diagnosis, and epidemiology are covered, as well as pathophysiology and new findings in genetics. Treatment studies of light therapy, melatonin, and other modalities are presented and referenced in detail. Avenues for future research are thoroughly discussed, with the need for collaboration between the scientific and clinical communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schrader H, Bovim G, Sand T. The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes. J Sleep Res. 1993;2:51–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Regestein QR, Monk TH. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a review of its clinical aspects. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(4):602–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, et al. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 2004;14(24):R1038–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. In: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, editor. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014. p. 189–224.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Rajaratnam SMW, Licamele L, Birznieks MS. Delayed sleep phase disorder risk is associated with absenteeism and impaired functioning. Sleep Health. 2015;1(2):121–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ando K, Hayakawa T, Ohta T, Kayukawa Y, Ito A, Iwata T, et al. Long-term follow-up study of 10 adolescent patients with sleep-wake schedule disorders. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;48(1):37–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alvarez B, Dahlitz MJ, Vignau J, Parker JD. The delayed sleep phase syndrome. Clinical and investigative findings in 14 subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(8):665–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Lovato N, Gradisar M, Short M, Dohnt H, Micic G. Delayed sleep phase disorder in an Australian school-based sample of adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;15(9):939–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Richardson CE, Gradisar M, Barbero SC. Are cognitive “insomnia” processes involved in the development and maintenance of delayed sleep wake phase disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;26:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Adan A, Almirall H. Horne and Ostberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: a reduced scale. Personal Individ Differ. 1991;12:241–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Deacon S, Arendt J. Posture influences melatonin concentrations in plasma and saliva in humans. Neurosci Lett. 1994;167(2):191–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Murray JM, Sletten TL, Magee M, Gordon C, Lovato N, Bartlett DJ, et al. Prevalence of circadian misalignment and its association with depressive symptoms in delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2017;40(1):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Solheim B, Langsrud K, Kallestad H, Olsen A, Bjorvatn B, Sand T. Difficult morning awakening from rapid eye movement sleep and impaired cognitive function in delayed sleep phase disorder patients. Sleep Med. 2014;15(10):1264–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Conners K, MHS Staff. Conners’ continuous performance test (CPT II): version 5 for windows. Technical guide and software manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc.; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  15. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, revised. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Siversen B, Pallesen S, Stormark KM, Boe T, Lundervold AJ, Hysing M. Delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescents: prevalence and correlates in a large population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1163–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Walters AS, Campbell SS, Rahman K, Chkroverty S. Circadian rhythm of periodic limb movements and sensory symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 1999;14(1):102–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bogan RK. Effects of restless legs syndrome (RLS) on sleep. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(4):513–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Sheehan DV. The anxiety disease. New York: Scribner; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Shirayama M, Shirayama Y, Iida H, Kato M, Kajimura N, Watanabe T, et al. The psychological aspects of patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). Sleep Med. 2003;4:427–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Saxvig IW, Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Vedaa O, Sorensen E, et al. The personality profile of young adults with delayed sleep phase disorder. Behav Sleep Med. 2014;12(6):481–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dagan Y, Sela H, Omer H, Hallis D, Dar R. High prevalence of personality disorders among circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) patients. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:357–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Micic G, Lovato N, Gradisar M, Lack LC. Personality differences in patients with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and non-24-h sleep wake rhythm disorder relative to healthy sleepers. Sleep Med. 2016;30:128–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tsujioka B, Sonohura T, Yatabe T. A factorial study of the temperament of Japanese college male students by the Yatabe-Guilford personality inventory. Psychologia. 1957;1:110–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hathaway SR, McKinley JC. A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): I. Construction of the schedule. J Psychol. 1940;10:249–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ainsworth MD, Klopfer WG, Klopfer B. Part two: interpretation. In: Klopfer B, Ainsworth MD, Klopfer WG, Holt RR, editors. Development of the Rorschach technique. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1954. p. 249–402.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Abe T, Inoue Y, Komada Y, Nakamura M, Asaoka S, Kanno M, et al. Relation between morningness-eveningness core and depressive symptoms among patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med. 2011;12(7):680–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Barrett J, Hurst MW, DiScala C, Rose RM. Prevalence of depression over a 12-month period in a nonpatient population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:741–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Childa F, Okayama A, Nishi N, Sakai A. Factor analysis of Zung scale scores in a Japanese general population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58:420–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yamazaki S, Fukuhara S, Green J. Usefulness of five-item and three-item mental health inventories to screen for depressive symptoms in the general population of Japan. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:48–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Costa PT, McCrae RR. NEO-PI-R. Professional manual. Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI). Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  33. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ohayon MM, Roberts RE, Zulley J, Smirne S, Priest RG. Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(12):1549–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Crowley SJ, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Med. 2007;8:602–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hazama GI, Inoue Y, Kojima K, Ueta T, Nakagome K. The prevalence of probable delayed-sleep-phase syndrome in students from junior high school to university in Tottori, Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008;216(1):95–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Danielsson K, Markstrom A, Broman JE, von Knorring L, Jansson-Froejmark M. Delayed sleep phase disorder in a Swedish cohort of adolescents and young adults: prevalence and associated factors. Chronobiol Int. 2016;33(10):1331–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and coding manual of mental disorder. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  39. Carskadon MA, Harvey K, Duke P, Anders TF, Litt IF, Dement WC. Pubertal changes in daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 1980;2:453–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev. 1998;69(4):875–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Carskadon MA, Vieira C, Acebo C. Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep. 1993;16(3):258–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev Neurosci. 2009;31:276–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Richardson GS, Tate BA, Seifer R. An approach to studying circadian rhythms in adolescents. J Biol Rhythm. 1997;12:278–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Jenni OG. Regulation of adolescent sleep: implications for behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:276–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Taylor DJ, Jenni OG, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. Sleep tendency during extended wakefulness: insights into adolescent sleep regulation and behavior. J Sleep Res. 2005;14:239–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jenni OG, Achermann P, Carskadon MA. Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents. Sleep. 2005;28:1446–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Arnedt JT. Failure to identify pubertally-mediated melatonin sensitivity to light in adolescents. Sleep. 2002;25:A191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Aoki H, Ozeki Y, Yamada N. Hypersensitivity of melatonin suppression in response to light in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Chronobiol Int. 2001;18(2):263–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Weinert D, Eimert H, Erkert HG, Schneyer U. Resynchronization of the circadian corticosterone rhythm after a light/dark shift in juvenile and adult mice. Chronobiol Int. 1994;11:222–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Weinert D, Kompauerova V. Light induced phase and period responses of circadian activity rhythms in laboratory mice of different age. Zoology. 1998;101:45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Micic G, De Bruyn A, Lovato N, Wright H, Gradisar M, Ferguson S, et al. The endogenous circadian temperature period length (tau) in delayed sleep phase disorder compared to good sleepers. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(6):617–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Micic G, Lovato N, Gradisar M, Burgess HJ, Ferguson SA, Lack L. Circadian melatonin and temperature taus in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and non-24-hour sleep wake rhythm disorder patients: an ultradian constant routine study. J Biol Rhythm. 2016;31(4):387–405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Brown EN, Czeisler CA. The statistical analysis of circadian phase and amplitude in constant-routine core-temperature data. J Biol Rhythm. 1992;7:177–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Takahashi Y, Hohjoh H, Matsuura K. Predisposing factors in delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54:356–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jabeen S. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a forerunner of psychiatric distress. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2013;23(12):874–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Carskadon MA. Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescences. Pediatrician. 1990;17(1):5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Van den Bulck J. Television viewing, computer game playing, and internet use and self-reported time in bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children. Sleep. 2004;27(1):101–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Carskadon MA, Mancuso J, Rosekind MR. Impact of part-time employment on adolescent sleep patterns. Sleep Res. 1989;18:114.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Taylor A, Wright HR, Lack LC. Sleeping-in on the weekend delays circadian phase and increases sleepiness the following week. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2008;6:172–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Patke A, Murphy PJ, Onat OE, Krieger AC, Ozcelik T, Campbell SS, et al. Mutation of the human circadian clock gene cry1 in familial delayed sleep phase disorder. Cell. 2017;169(2):203–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Katzenberg D, Young T, Finn L, et al. A CLOCK polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep. 1998;21:569–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Katzenberg D, Young T, Lin L, Finn L, Mignot E. A human period gene (hper1) polymorphism is associated with diurnal preference in normal adults. Psychiatr Genet. 1999;9:107–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ebisawa T, Ushiyama M, Kajimura N, Mishima K, Kamei Y, Katoh M, et al. Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. EMBO Rep. 2001;21:342–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, Williams A, Arendt J, et al. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep. 2003;26:413–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pereira DS, Tufik S, Louzada FM, Benedito-Silva AA, Lopez AR, Lemos NA, et al. Association of the length polymorphism in the human per3 gene with the delayed sleep-phase syndrome: does latitude have an influence upon it? Sleep. 2005;28(1):29–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vitaterna MH, Turek FW, Jiang P. Genetics and genomics of circadian clocks. In: Kryger M, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017. p. 272–80.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  67. Buhr ED, Takahashi JS. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. In: Kramer A, Merrow M, editors. Circadian clocks. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 217.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1999;284:2177–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Soria V, Martinez-Amoros E, Escaramis G, Valero J, Perez-Egea R, Garcia C, et al. Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:1279–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Hua P, Liu W, Chen D, Zhao Y, Chen L, Zhang N, et al. Cry1 and Tef gene polymorphisms are associated with major depressive disorder in the Chinese population. J Affect Disord. 2014;157:100–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Auger RR, Burgess JH, Emens SJ, Deriy VL, Thomas MS, Sharkey MK. Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: advanced sleep-wake phase disorder (ASWPD), delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD), non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (N24SWD), and irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD). An update for 2015. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(10):1199–236.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Gradisar M, Dohnt H, Gardner G, Paine S, Starkey K, Menne A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy for adolescent delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2011;34(12):1671–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Danielsson K, Jansson-Frojmark M, Broman J, Markstrom A. Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment to light therapy for delayed sleep phase disorder in young adults: a randomized controlled feasibility study. Behav Sleep Med. 2016;14(2):212–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tuunainen A, Kripke DF, Endo T. Light therapy for non-seasonal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD004050.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dauphinais DR, Rosenthal JZ, Terman M, DiFebo HM, Tuggle C, Rosenthal NE. Controlled trial of safety and efficacy of bright light therapy vs. negative air ions in patients with bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 2012;196:57–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Terman M, Terman JS. Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects. CNS Spectr. 2005;10:647–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ulrich V, Olesen J, Gervil M, Russell MB. Possible risk factors and precipitants for migraine with aura in discordant twin-pairs: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:821–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gallin PF, Terman M, Reme CE, Rafferly B, Terman JS, Burde RM. Ophthalmologic exam in patients with seasonal affective disorder, before and after bright light therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:202–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Reme CE, Rol P, Grothmann K, Kasse H, Terman M. Bright light therapy in focus: lamp emission spectra and ocular safety. Technol Health Care. 1996;4:403–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kayumov L, Brown G, Jindal R, Butto K, Shapiro CM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effect of exogenous melatonin on delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:40–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rahman SA, Kayumov L, Shapiro CM. Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med. 2010;11:131–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. van Geijiswijk IM, van der Heijden KB, Egberts AC, Korzilius HP, Smits MG. Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT. Psychopharmacology. 2010;212:379–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Van der Heijden KB, Smits MG, Van Someren EJ, Ridderinkhof KR, Gunning WB. Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:233–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Smits MG, Nagtegaal EE, van der Heijden J, Coenen AM, Kerkhof GA. Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:86–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sletten LT, Magee M, Murray MJ, Gordon JC, Lovato N, Kennaway JD, et al. Efficacy of melatonin with behavioral sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. PLoS Med. 2018;15(6):e1002587.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Burgess HJ, Revell VL, Molina TA, Eastman CI. Human phase response curves to three days of daily melatonin: 0.5 mg versus 3.0 mg. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3325–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Nesbitt AD. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. J Thoracic Dis. 2018;10(Supplement 1):S103–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Emens JS, Eastman CL. Diagnosis and treatment of non-24-h sleep-wake disorder in the blind. Drugs. 2017;77(6):637–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Revell VL, Burgess HJ, Gazda CJ, Smith MR, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoon melatonin and morning intermittent bright light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:54–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Burke TM, Markwald RR, Chinoy ED, Snider JA, Bessman SC, Jung CM, et al. Combination of light and melatonin time cues for phase advancing the human circadian clock. Sleep. 2013;36:1617–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Paul MA, Gray GW, Lieberman HR, Love RJ, Miller JC, Trouborst M, et al. Phase advance with separate and combined melatonin and light treatment. Psychopharmacology. 2011;214:515–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Saxvig WI, Pallesen S, Nordhus HI, Vedaa O, Lundervold JA, Bjorvatn B. A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for the treatment of delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleepiness and cognitive function. J Biol Rhythm. 2013;28(5):306–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Saxvig WI, Wilheimsen-Langeland A, Pallesen S, Vedaa O, Nordhus HI, Bjorvatn B. A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(1):72–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001520.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Spadoni G, Bedini A, Rivara S, Mor M. Melatonin receptor agonists: new options for insomnia and depression treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011;17:733–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. Dietary supplements: a framework for evaluating safety. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20:1151–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Werneke U, Turner T, Priebe S. Complementary medicines in psychiatry: review of effectiveness and safety. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:109–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rubio-Sastre P, Scheer FA, Gomez-Abellan P, Madrid JA, Garaulet M. Acute melatonin administration in humans impairs glucose tolerance in both the morning and evening. Sleep. 2014;37:1715–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Seabra ML, Bignotto M, Pinto LR Jr, Tufik S. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo, of the toxicology of chronic melatonin treatment. J Pineal Res. 2000;29:193–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hoebert M, van der Heijden KB, van Geijlswijk IM, Smits MG. Long-term follow-up of melatonin treatment in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia. J Pineal Res. 2009;47:1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Wasdell MB, Jan JE, Bomben MM, Freeman RD, Rietveld WJ, Tai J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. J Pineal Res. 2008;44:57–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Carr R, Wasdell MB, Hamilton D, Weiss MD, Freeman RD, Tai J, et al. Long-term effectiveness outcome of melatonin therapy in children with treatment-resistant circadian rhythm sleep disorders. J Pineal Res. 2007;43:351–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Valcavi R, Zini M, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Portioli I. Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol. 1993;39:193–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Luboshitzky R, Shen-Orr Z, Nave R, Lavi S, Lavie P. Melatonin administration alters semen quality in healthy men. J Androl. 2002;23:572–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969;44:291–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Marshal WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45:13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. van Geijlswijk IM, Mol RH, Egberts TC, Smits MG. Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia. Psychopharmacology. 2011;216:111–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Esaki Y, Kitajima T, Ito Y, Koike S, Nakao Y, Tsuchiya A, et al. Wearing blue light-blocking glasses in the evening advances circadian rhythms in patients with delayed sleep phase disorder. Chronobiol Int. 2016;33(8):1037–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ito A, Ando K, Hayakawa T, Iwata T, Kayukawa Y, Ohta T, et al. Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;47:563–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ohta T, Iwata T, Kayukawa Y, Okada T. Daily activity and persistent sleep-wake schedule disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1992;16:529–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Mizuma H, Miyahara Y, Sakamoto T, Kotorii T, Nakazawa Y. Two cases of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;45:163–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Yamadera H, Takahashi K, Okawa M. A multicenter study of sleep-wake rhythm disorders: therapeutic effects of vitamin B12, bright light therapy, chronotherapy and hypnotics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;50:203–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Walsh JK, Deacon S, Dijk DJ, Lundahl J. The selective extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia. Sleep. 2007;30:593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Omori Y, Kanbayashi T, Sagawa Y, Imanishi A, Tsutsui K, Takahashi Y, et al. Low dose of aripiprazole advanced sleep rhythm and reduced nocturnal sleep time in the patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome: an open-labeled clinical observation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1281–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Czeisler AC, Walsh KJ, Roth T, Hughes JR, Wright PK, Kingsbury L, et al. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. NEJM. 2005;353(5):476–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Kondo M, Tokura H, Wakamura T, Hyun KJ, Tamotsu S, Morita T, et al. Influences of twilight on diurnal variation of core temperature, its nadir, and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate during nocturnal sleep and morning drowsiness. Coll Antropol. 2009;33(1):193–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Chang AM, Santhi N, St Hilaire M, Gronfier C, Bradstreet DS, Duffy JF, et al. Human responses to bright light of different durations. J Physiol. 2012;590:3103–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  120. Higuchi S, Motohashi Y, Ishibashi K, Maeda T. Less exposure to daily ambient light in winter increases sensitivity of melatonin to light suppression. Chronobiol Int. 2007;24:31–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Chang AM, Scheer FA, Czeisler CA. The human circadian system adapts to prior photic history. J Physiol. 2011;589:1095–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Smith MR, Eastman CI. Phase delaying the human circadian clock with blue-enriched polychromatic light. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26:709–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Smith MR, Revell VL, Eastman CI. Phase advancing the human circadian clock with blue-enriched polychromatic light. Sleep Med. 2009;10:287–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Vitiello MV, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep. 2007;30:1460–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S. A practical approach to circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:47–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Cole RJ, Smith JS, Alcala YC, Elliott JA, Kripke DF. Bright-light mask treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythm. 2002;17:89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Figueiro MG, Rea MS. Preliminary evidence that light through the eyelids can suppress melatonin and phase shift dim light melatonin onset. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:221.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Fromm E, Horlebein C, Meergans A, Niesner M, Randler C. Evaluation of a dawn simulator in children and adolescents. Biol Rhythm Res. 2011;42:417–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Terman M, Jiuan ST. Circadian rhythm phase advance with dawn simulation treatment for winter depression. J Biol Rhythm. 2010;25:297–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Braam W, van Geijlswijk I, Keijzer H, Smits MG, Didden R, Curfs LM. Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54:547–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kennaway DJ. Potential safety issues in the use of the hormone melatonin in paediatrics. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51:584–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Richardson GS, Zee PC, Wang-Weigand S, Rodriguez L, Peng X. Circadian phase-shifting effects of repeated ramelteon administration in healthy adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4:456–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Rajaratnam SM, Polymeropoulos MH, Fisher DM, et al. Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (VEC-162) for transient insomnia after sleep-time shift: two randomized controlled multi-centre trials. Lancet. 2009;373:482–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. St Hilaire MA, Gooley JJ, Khalsa SB, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light. J Physiol. 2012;590:3035–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Shibui K, Uchiyama M, Okawa M. Melatonin rhythms in delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythm. 1999;14:72–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ozaki S, Uchiyama M, Shirakawa S, Okawa M. Prolonged interval from body temperature nadir to sleep offset in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep. 1996;19:36–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Watanabe T, Kajimura N, Kato M, Sekimoto M, Nakajima T, Hori T, et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep. 2003;26:657–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Shibui K, Kim K, Tagaya H, Kudo Y, et al. Altered phase relation between sleep timing and core body temperature rhythm in delayed sleep phase syndrome and non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2000;294:101–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Mundey K, Benloucif S, Dubocovich ML, Ze PC. Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin. Sleep. 2005;28:1271–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Wyatt JK, Stepanski EJ, Kirkby J. Circadian phase in delayed sleep phase syndrome: predictors and temporal stability across multiple assessments. Sleep. 2006;29:1075–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Chang AM, Reid KJ, Gourineni R, Zee PC. Sleep timing and circadian phase in delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythm. 2009;24:313–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Shibui K, Liu X, Hayakawa T, Kamei Y, et al. Poor compensatory function for sleep loss as a pathogenic factor in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep. 2000;23:553–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Carskadon MA. Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician. 1990;17:5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Wyatt JK. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment options. Sleep. 2004;27:1195–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Peixoto CA, da Silva AG, Carskadon MA, Louzada FM. Adolescents living in homes without electric lighting have earlier sleep times. Behav Sleep Med. 2009;7:73–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Vollmer C, Michel U, Randler C. Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29:502–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Cajochen C, Frey S, Anders D, Späti J, Bues M, Pross A, et al. Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:1432–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Figueiro MG, Rea MS. Evening daylight may cause adolescents to sleep less in spring than in winter. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27:1242–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Burgess HJ, Eastman CI. A late wake time phase delays the human dim light melatonin rhythm. Neurosci Lett. 2006;395:191–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Crowley SJ, Carskadon MA. Modifications to weekend recovery sleep delay circadian phase in older adolescents. Chronobiol Int. 2010;27:1469–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Dierkhising RA, Sharma RG, Slocumb NL. Light exposure among adolescents with delayed sleep phase disorder: a prospective cohort study. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28:911–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Figueiro MG, Rea MS. Lack of short-wavelength light during the school day delays dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in middle school students. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010;31:92–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Kamei Y, Hayakawa T, Urata J, Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Kim K, et al. Melatonin treatment for circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54:381–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Dagan Y, Abadi J. Sleep-wake schedule disorder disability: a lifelong untreatable pathology of the circadian time structure. Chronobiol Int. 2001;18:1019–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Miller NL, Tvaryanas AP, Shattuck LG. Accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns: the effects of shifting the timing of sleep on training effectiveness. Sleep. 2012;35:1123–36.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Danner F, Phillips B. Adolescent sleep, school start times, and teen motor vehicle crashes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(6):533–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Thacher VP, Onyper VS. Longitudinal outcomes of start time delay on sleep, behavior, and achievement in high school. Sleep. 2016;39(2):271–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. National Sleep Foundation. Sleep in America poll summary findings. Washington, D.C.: National Sleep Foundation; 2006. p. 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Wahlstrom K. Changing times: findings from the first longitudinal study of later school start times. NAASP Bull. 2002;86:3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Owens JA, Belon K, Moss P. Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:608–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Wahlstrom K. The prickly politics of school starting times. Phi Delta Kappa. 1999;80:344–7.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

    Gregory S. Carter

  2. Mayo Center for Sleep Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA

    R. Robert Auger

Authors
  1. Gregory S. Carter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Robert Auger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory S. Carter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mayo Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA

    R. Robert Auger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carter, G.S., Auger, R.R. (2020). Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder. In: Auger, R. (eds) Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43802-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43803-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation