Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of Cardiac Surgical Patients

  • Chapter
Cardiovascular Anesthesia

  • 121 Accesses

Abstract

With cardiovascular disease so prevalent, the likelihood of anesthesia and surgery in patients with cardiovascular problems is high. Since morbidity and mortality from surgery are higher in the cardiac patient, it is essential to evaluate all patients for cardiovascular diseases (118). Usually the diagnosis has been established previously and preoperative evaluation is required only to document the severity of the disease for perioperative management and prevention of complications. The extent of the evaluation will depend not only on the type of disease and its symptomatology, but also the proposed operative procedure. A cardiac patient undergoing a noncardiac procedure will usually not receive cardiac catheterization or coronary angiography, whereas the patient for cardiac surgery will have an extensive invasive evaluation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abel RM, Fisch D, Horowitz J, Van Gelder HM, Grossman ML: Should nutritional status be assessed routinely prior to cardiac operation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 85: 752–757, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alcan KE, Stertzer SH, Wallsh E, DePasquale NP, Bruno MS: The role of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J 105: 527–530, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alderman EL, Coltart DJ, Wettach GE, Harrison DC: Coronary artery syndromes after sudden propranolol withdrawal. Ann Intern Med 81: 625–627, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Amplatz K, Formanek G, Stanger P, Wilson W: Mechanics of selective coronary artery catheterization via femoral approach. Radiology 89: 1040–1047, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baker AB, Resch JA, Loewenson RB: Hypertension and cerebral atherosclerosis. Circulation 39: 701–710, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Berger BC, Watson DD, Taylor GJ, Craddock GB, Martin RP, Teates CD, Beller GA: Quantitative thallium-201 exercise scintigraphy for detection of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 22: 585–593, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bradley RF, Schonfeld A: Diminished pain in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Geriatrics 17: 322–326, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Braunwald E, Swan HJC (eds): Cooperative study on cardiac catheterization. Circulation 37 (Suppl 3): 1–113, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brodsky JB, Bravo JJ: Acute postoperative Clonidine withdrawal syndrome. Anesthesiology 44: 519–520, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cahalan MK, Kremer PF, Beaupre PN, Lurz FW, Roizen MF, Robinson S, Cohen NH, Hamilton WK, Schiller NB: Intraoperative myocardial ischemia detected by transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography. Anesthesiology 59: A164, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chaudry KR, Dreifus LS, Ogawa S: Uses and limitations of His bundle electrocardiography. Cardiouasc Med 3 (10): 1039–1051, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chilton RJ, Oliveros RA, Stutts BS, Beckmann CH, Boucher CA: Echocardiographic systolic time intervals. Arch Intern Med 140: 240–243, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen MV, Gorlin R: Modified orifice equation for the calculation of mitral valve area. Am Heart J 84: 839–840, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Conti CR: Coronary arteriography. Circulation 55: 227–237, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cortese DA: Pulmonary function in mitral stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 53: 321–326, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Coté P, Gueret P, Bourassa MG: Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of diazepam in patients with normal and disease coronary arteries. Circulation 50: 1210–1216, 1974.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Crawford MH, Amon KW, Vance WS: Exercise 2-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 51: 1–6, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Crawford ES, Morris GC, Howell JF, Moorhead DT: Operative risk in patients with previous coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 26: 215–221, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cressman MD, Gifford RW: Hypertension and stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 1: 521–527, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Criley JM, Blaufuss AH, Kissel GL: Cough-induced cardiac compression: Self-administered form of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 236: 1246–1250, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels, 8th edition. Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cruchley, P, Kaplan JA, Hug CC, Nagle D, Sumpter R, Finucane D: Noncardiac surgery in patients with prior myocardial revascularization. Can Anaesth Soc J 50: 629–634, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Currie PJ, Kelly MJ, Harper RW, Federman J, Kalff V, Anderson ST, Pitt A: Incremental value of clinical assessment, supine exercise electrocardiography, biplane exercise radionuclide ventriculography in the prediction of coronary artery disease in men with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 52: 927–935, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dash H, Massie BM, Botvinick EH, Brundage BH: The noninvasive identification of left main and three-vessel coronary artery disease by myocardial stress perfusion scintigraphy and treadmill exercise electrocardiography. Circulation 60: 276–284, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Davis K, Kennedy JW, Kemp HG, Judkins MP, Gosselin AJ, Killip T: Complications of coronary arteriography from the collaborative study of coronary artery surgery (CASS). Circulation 59: 1105–1111, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. DeBakker JMT, Janse MJ, Van Capeele FJL, Durrer D: Endocardial mapping by simultaneous recording of endocardial electrograms during cardiac surgery for ventricular aneurysm. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 947–953, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. DeBusk R: The value of exercise stress testing. JAMA 232: 956–958, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. DeLeval MR, Taswell HF, Bowie EJ, Danielson GK: Open heart surgery in patients with inherited hemoglobinopathies, red cell dyscrasias, and coagulopathies. Arch Surg 109: 618–622, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. DeMaria AN, Bommer W, Joye JA, Mason DT: Cross sectional echocardiography: Physical principles, anatomic planes, limitations, and pitfalls. Am J Cardiol 46: 1097–1108, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Deutsch S, Dalen JE: Indications for prophylactic digitalization. Anesthesiology 30: 648–656, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dhingra RC: His Bundle recording in acquired conduction disease. Arch Intern Med 135: 397–403, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Diaz RG, Freeman E, Levitt B: Myocardial infarction after propranolol withdrawal. Am Heart J 88: 257–258, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dodge HT, Baxley WA: Left ventricular volume and mass and their significance in heart disease. Am J Cardiol 23: 528–537, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dorros G, Cowley MJ, Simpson J, Bentivoglio LG, Block PC, Bourassa M, Detre K, Gosselin AJ, Gruntzig AR, Kelsey SF, Kent KM, Mock MB, Mullin SM, Myler RK, Passamani ER, Stertzer Sh, Williams DO: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Report of complications from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PTCA registry. Circulation 67: 723–730, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Douglas JS, Gruentzig AR, King SB, Holman J, Ischinger T, Meier B, Craver JM, Jones EL, Waller JE, Bone DK, Guyton R: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with prior coronary bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 745–754, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Durrer D, vanDam RT, Freud GE, Janse MJ, Meigler FL, Arzbaecher RC: Total excitation of the isolated human heart. Circulation 41: 899–912, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Edmonds CJ, Jasani B: Total body potassium in hypertensive patients during prolonged diuretic therapy. Lancet 2: 8–12, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Eerola E, Eerola R, Kaukinen S, Kaukinen L: Risk factors in surgical patients with verified preoperative myocardial infarction. Acta Aanaesth Scand 24: 219–223, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ettinger PO, Oldewurtel HA, Dzindzio B, Sethi V, Regan TJ: Glucose intolerance in nonischemic cardiac disease: Role of cardiac output and adrenergic function. Circulation 43: 809–823, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Faithfull NS, Haider R: Ketamine for cardiac catheterization. An evaluation of its use in children. Anaesthesia 26: 318–323, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Feigenbaum H: Echocardiography: An overview. J Am Coll Cardiol 1: 216–224, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Finlayson DC, Kaplan JA: Myxoedema and open heart surgery: Anaesthesia and intensive care unit experience. Can Anaesth Soc J 29: 543–549, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fixier DE, Carrel T, Browne R, Willis K, Miller WW: Oxygen consumption in infants and children during cardiac catheterization under different sedation regimens. Circulation 50: 788–794, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Foex P: Preoperative assessment of the patient with cardiovascular disease. Br J Anaesth 53: 731–744, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Forrest WH, Brown CR, Brown BW: Subjective responses to six common preoperative medications. Anesthesiology 47: 241–247, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fortuin NJ, Craige E: On the mechanism of the Austin-Flint murmur. Circulation 45: 558–570, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fox SM, Naughton JP, Haskell WL: Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Ann Clin Res 3: 404–432, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Friedberg CK: Disease of the Heart, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Friesinger GC, Adams DF, Bourassa MG, Carlsson E, Elliott LP, Gessner IH, Greenspan RH, Gressman W, Judkins MP, Kennedy JW, Sheldon WC: Optimal resources for examination of the hearts and lungs: Cardiac catheterization and radiographic facilities. Circulation 68: 893A–930A, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gal TJ, Suratt PM: Atropine and glycopyrrolate effects on lung mechanics in normal man. Anesth Analg 60: 85–90, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gallagher JJ, Kasell JH, Cox JL, Smith WM, Ideker RE, Smith WM: Techniques of intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping. Am J Cardiol 49: 221–240, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gassner S, Cohen M, Aygen M, Levy E, Ventura E, Shashdi J: The effects of ketamine on pulmonary artery pressure. Anaesthesia 29: 141–146 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Gay JH: Cardiac catheterization in small infants. Am J Cardiol 36: 493–495, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Gedgaudas E, Knight L: Plain film diagnosis of heart disease. JAMA 232: 63–67, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gerson MC: Nuclear cardiology in the investigation of chronic coronary artery disease. JAMA 250: 2037–2041, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Goldman L: Cardiac risks and complications of noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 98: 504–513, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Goldman L: Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in hospitalized adults after surgery: Clinical correlates in patients over 40 years of age after major noncardiac surgery. Chest 73: 450–454, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Goldman L, Caldera DL: Risks of general anesthesia and elective operation in the hypertensive patient. Anesthesiology 50: 285–292, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, Southwick FS, Krogstad D, Murray B, Burke DS, O’Malley TA, Goroll AH, Caplan CH, Nolan J, Carabello B, Slater EE: Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 297: 845–850, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Southwick FS, Nussbaum SR, Murray B, O’Malley TA, Goroll AH, Caplan CH, Nolan J, Burke DS, Krogstad D, Carabello B, Slater EE: Cardiac risk factors and complications in non-cardiac surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 57: 357–370, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gorlin R, Gorlin G: Hydraulic formula for calculation of area of stenotic mitral valve, other cardiac valves and central circulatory shunts. Am Heart J 41: 1–19, 1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Greene HL: Clinical applications of His bundle electrocardiography. JAMA 240: 258–260, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Grossman W: Cardiac catheterization: Indications in patients with valvular heart disease. JAMA 231: 858–861, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gruntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE: Nonoperative dilatation of coronary artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 301: 61–68, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hagl S, Heimisch W, Meisner H, Erben R, Baum M, Mendler N: The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis. Basic Res Cardiol 72: 344–364, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hammermeister KE, Kennedy JW: Predictors of surgical mortality in patients undergoing direct myocardial revascularization. Circulation 50 (suppl 2): 112–115, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Harris WS, Schoenfeld CD, Weissler AM: Effects of adrenergic receptor activation and blockade on the systolic pre-ejection period, heart rate and arterial pressure in man. J Clin Invest 46: 1704–1714, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Healy TEJ: Intravenous diazepam for cardiac catheterization. Anaesthesia 24: 537–540, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Heitzman ER, Ziter FM, Markarian B, McClennan BL, Sherry HS: Kerley’s interlobular septal lines: Roentgen pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgen 100: 578–582, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hernandez-Lattuf PR, Quinones MA, Gaasch WH: Usefulness and limitations of circumferential fibre shortening velocity in evaluating segmental disorders of left ventricular contraction. Br Heart J 36: 11667–11674, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hertzer NR, Young JR, Kramer JR, Phillips DF, DeWolfe VG, Ruschhaupt WF: Routine coronary angiography prior to elective aortic reconstruction: Results of selective myocardial revascularization in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Arch Surg 114: 1336–1344, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hirshfeld JW, Laskey W, Martin JL, Groh WC, Untereker W, Wolf GL: Hemodynamic changes induced by cardiac angiography with ioxaglate: Comparison with diatrizoate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 954–957, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hirshfield JW, Epstein SE, Roberts AJ, Glancy DL, Morrow AG: Indices predicting long-term survival after valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation and patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation 50: 1190–1199, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Holmes DR, Vlietstra RE, Mock MB, Reeder GS, Smith HC, Bove AA, Bresnahan JF, Piehler JM, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA: Angiographic changes produced by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 51: 676–683, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Iskandrian AS, Rose L, Hakki A-H, Segal BL, Kane SA: Cardiac performance in thyrotoxicosis: Analysis of 10 untreated patients. Am J Cardiol 51: 349–352, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Iskandrian AS, Wasserman L, Segal BL: Thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy. Arch Intern Med 1040: 320–327, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Jeffrey CC, Kunsman J, Cullen DJ, Brewster DC: A prospective evaluation of the cardiac risk index. Anesthesiology 58: 462–464, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Johnson LL, Ellis K, Schmidt D, Weiss MB, Cannon PJ: Volume ejected in early systole: A sensitive index of left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease. Circulation 52: 378–389, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Johnson LW, Dickstein RA, Fruehan CT, Kane P, Potts JL, Smulyan H, Webb WR, Eich RH: Prophylactic digitalization for coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 53: 819–822, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure: The 1984 Report. Arch Intern Med 144: 1045–1057, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Judkins MP: Selective coronary angiography: I. A percutaneous transfemoral technique. Radiology 89: 815–824, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kannel WB, Schwartz MJ, McNamara PM: Blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease: The Framingham study. Dis Chest 56: 43–52, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kaplan EL, Anthony BF, Bisno A, Durack D, Houser H, Millard HD, Sanford J, Shulman ST, Stillerman M, Taranta A, Wenger N: Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Circulation 56: 139A–143A, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kennedy JW: Registry Committee of the Society for Cardiac Angiography: Complications associated with cardiac catheterization and angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 8: 5–11, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kerley P: Lung changes in acquired heart disease. Am J Roentgenol 80: 256–263, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kienzle MG, Doherty JU, Roy D, Waxman HL, Harken AH, Josephson ME: Subendocardial resection for refractory ventricular tachycardia: Effects of ambulatory electrocardiogram, programmed stimulation and ejection fraction and relation to outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 853–858, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kreulen TH, Bove AA, McDonough MT, Sands MJ, Spann JF: The evaluation of left ventricular function in man. Circulation 51: 677–688, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lake CL, Duckworth EN, DiFazio CA, Magruder MR: Cardiorespiratory effects of nalbuphine and morphine premedication in adult cardiac surgical patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 28: 305–309, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lambert CR, Nichols WW, Pepine CJ: Indices of ventricular contractile state: Comparative sensitivity and specificity. Am Heart J 106: 136–144, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lardani H, Rinaldi G, Cingolani H: Effects of angiographic contrast medium on isolated canine coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 50: 869–873, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Leaman DM, Nellis SH, Zelis R, Field JM: Effects of morphine sulfate on human coronary blood flow. Am J Cardiol 41: 324–326, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Leitl GP, Buchanan JW, Wagner HN: Monitoring cardiac function with nuclear techniques. Am J Cardiol 46: 1125–1132, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lester RG: Radiological concepts in the evaluation of heart disease. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 38: 7–12, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Levin AR: Cardiac catheterization: Indications, techniques, interpretation, and complications. Int Anesth Clin 18: 33–58, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Levin AR, Grossman H, Schubert ET, Winchester P, Gilladoga A: The effect of angiocardiography on fluid and electrolyte balance. Am J Roentgenol 105: 777–783, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Liedtke AJ, Pasternac A, Sonnenblick EH, Gorlin R: Changes in canine ventricular dimension with acute changes in preload and afterload. Am J Physiol 223: 820–827, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lewis RP, Rittgers SE, Forester WF, Boudoulas H: A critical review of systolic time intervals. Circulation 56: 146–158, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lyons SM, Clarke RSJ, Vulgaraki K: The premedication of cardiac surgical patients. Anaesthesia 30: 459–470, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Madias JE, Hood WB: Value and limitations of precordial ST-segment mapping. Arch Intern Med 138: 529–530, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Madias JE, Venkataraman K, Hood WB: Precordial ST-segment mapping. Circulation 52: 799–809, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Mahar LJ, Steen PA, Tinker JH, Vlietstra RE, Smith HC, Pluth JR: Perioperative myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease with and without aorta-coronary bypass grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76: 533–537, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Mahler R, Ross J, O’Rourke RA: Effects of changes in preload, afterload, and inotropic state on ejection and isovolumic phase measures of contractility in the conscious dog. Am J Cardiol 35: 626–634, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Majdan JF, Walinsky P, Cowchock SF, Wapner RJ, Plzak L: Coronary artery bypass surgery during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol 52: 1145–1146, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mark AL: The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: Clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1: 90–102, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Maroko PR, Libby P, Covell JW, Sobel BE, Ross J, Braunwald E:: Precordial S-T segment elevation mapping: An atraumatic method for assessing alterations in the extent of myocardial ischemic injury. Am J Cardiol 29: 223–230, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Martinez LR, von Euler C, Norlander OP: Ventilatory exchange and acid-base balance before and after properative medication. Acta Anaesth Scand 11: 139–151, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Massie BM, Hollenberg M, Wisniski JA, Go M, Gertz EW, Henderson S: Scintigraphic quantification of myocardial ischemia: A new approach. Circulation 68: 747–755, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Mason DT, Braunwald E, Covell JW, Sonnenblick EH, Ross J: Assessment of cardiac contractility: The relation between the rate of pressure rise and ventricular pressure during isovolumic systole. Circulation 44: 47–58, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Matsura T, Goodyer AVN: Effects of a pressure load on left ventricular systolic time intervals. Am J Physiol 224: 80–85, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Mautner RK, Phillips JH: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. JAMA 242: 1625–1626, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. McGuire LB: The uses and limits of standard exercise tests. Arch Intern Med 141: 229–232, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Medalie JH, Goldbourt U: Unrecognized myocardial infarction: 5-year incidence, mortality, and risk factors. Ann Intern Med 84: 526–531, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Metzger CC, Cough CB, Kroetz FW, Leonard J J: True isovolumic contraction time: Its correlation with two external indices of ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 25: 434–442, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT: Propranolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon: Exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl J Med 293: 416–418, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Molokhia FA, Beller GA, Smith TW, Asimacopoulos PJ, Hood WB, Norman JC: Constancy of myocardial digoxin concentration during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 11: 222–228, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Morrison J, Killip T: Serum digitalis and arrhythmia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 47: 341–352, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Muraguchi T: Transesophageal M-mode echocardiography: Its clinical application for evaluation of left ventricular function soon after cardiac surgery. Arch Jpn Chir 51: 831–861, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Nachlas MM, Abrams SJ, Goldberg MM: The influence of arteriosclerotic heart disease on surgical risk. Am J Surg 101: 447–455, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Nakamura Y, Wiegner AW, Gaasch WH, Bing OHL: Systolic time intervals: Assessment by isolated cardiac muscle studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 973–978, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Namay DL, Hammermeister KE, Zia MS, De Rouen TA, Dodge HT, Namay K: Effect of perioperative myocardial infarction on late survival in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 65: 1066–1071, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Nanda NC, Gramiak R, Shah PM, DeWeese, JA: Mitral commissurotomy vs replacement: Preoperative evaluation by echocardiography. Circulation 51: 263–267, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nazarian M, McCullough GH, Fielder DL: Bacterial endocarditis in pregnancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 71: 880–883, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Oka Y, Moriwaki K, Hong Y, Frater RWM: Left ventricular stroke volume and systolic time interval determined by transesophageal aortic valve echogram. Anesthesiology 59: A162, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Okada RD, Boucher CA, Strauss HW, Pohost GM: Exercise radionuclide imaging approaches to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 46: 1188–1204, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Paiement B, Pelletier C, Dyrda I, Maille’ JG, Boulanger M, Taiellefer J, Sahab P, Delorme M, Dupont E: A simple classification of the risk in cardiac surgery. Can Anaesth Soc J 30: 61–68, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Parisi AF, Tow DE, Felix WR, Sasahara AA: Noninvasive cardiac diagnosis. N Engl J Med 296: 316–320, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Pepine CJ, Margolis JR, Conti CR: Transluminal coronary angioplasty. JAMA 244: 1966–1969, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Pohost GM, Zir LM, Moore RH, McKusick KA, Guiney TE, Beller GA: Differentiation of transiently ischemic from infarcted myocardium by serial imaging after a single dose of thallium 201. Circulation 55: 294–302, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Prys-Roberts C, Meloche R, Foex P: Studies of anaesthesia in relation to hypertension: I. Cardiovascular responses of treated and untreated patients. Br J Anaesth 43: 122–137, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Quinones MA, Gaasch WH, Alexander JK: Influence of acute changes in preload, afterload, contractile state and heart rate on ejection and isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility in man. Circulation 53: 293–302, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Rao TLK, Jacobs KH, El-Etr AA: Reinfarction following anesthesia in patients with myocardial infarction. Anesthesiology 59: 499–505, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Regan TJ, Lyons MM, Ahmed SS, Levinson GE, Oldewurtel HA, Ahmad MR, Haider B: Evidence for cardiomyopathy in familial diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 60: 885–899, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Ronan JA: Cardiac sound and ultrasound: Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic correlations: I. Curr Probs Cardiol 6(5): 8–45, 6 (6): 3–45, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Rose MR, Glassman E, Spencer FC: Arrhythmias following cardiac surgery: Relation to serum digoxin levels. Am Heart J 89: 288–294, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ross J: Cardiac function and myocardial contractility: A perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 1: 52–62, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. St John Sutton MG, St John Sutton M, Oldershaw P, Sachetti R, Paneth M, Lennox SC, Gibson RV, Gibson DG: Valve replacement without preoperative cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med 305: 1233–1238, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Salomon NW, Page US, Okies JE, Stephens J, Krause AH, Bigelow JC: Diabetes mellitus and coronary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 85: 264–271, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Scherlag BJ, Lau SH, Helfant RH, Berkowitz WD, Stein E, Damato AN: Catheter techniques for recording His bundle activity in man. Circulation 39: 13–18, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Schnittger I, Gordon EP, Fitzgerald PJ, Popp RL: Standardized intracardiac measurements of 2-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 934–938, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Schoeppel SL, Wilkinson C, Waters J, Meyers SN: Effects of myocardial infarction on perioperative cardiac complications. Anesth Analg 62: 493–498, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Shiner PT, Harris WS, Weissler AM: Effect of acute changes in serum calcium levels on systolic time intervals in man. Am J Cardiol 24: 42–48, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sipes JN, Thompson RL, Hook EW: Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: A re-evaluation. Ann Rev Med 28: 371–391, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Slogoff S, Keats AS, Ott E: Preoperative propranolol therapy and aortocoronary bypass operation. JAMA 240: 1487–1490, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Slutsky R, Higgins C, Costelo D, Hooper W, Le Winter MM: Mechanism of increase of left ventricular end diastolic pressure after contrast ventriculography in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 106: 107–113, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Sones FM, Shirey EK: Cine coronary angiography. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 31: 735–738, 1962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Sowton E: Cardiac infarction and the glucose tolerance test. Br Med J 1: 84–86, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Spielman F J, Popio KA: Pregnancy and heart disease. Circulation 65: 831–833, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Stach R, Kisslo J: Evaluation of the left ventricle with two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 46: 1117–1124, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Stanley V, Hunt J, Willis KW, Stephen CR: Cardiovascular and respiratory response with CI 581. Anesth Analg 47: 760–768, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Stanger P, Heymann MA, Tarnoff H, Hoffman JIE, Rudolph AM: Complications of cardiac catheterization of neonates, infants, and children: A three year study. Circulation 50: 595–608, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Stanson AW, Miller WE: Radiology, in Tarhan S (ed): Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Postoperative Care. Chicago, Year Book, Medical Pub, 1982, pp 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Steen PA, Tinker JH, Tarhan S: Myocardial reinfarction after anesthesia and surgery. JAMA 239: 2566–2570, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Stratton JR, Hallstrom AP, Halter JB, Caldwell JH, Ritchie JL: Comparative plasma catecholamine and hemodynamic responses to handgrip, cold pressor and supine bicycle exercise testing in normal subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2: 93–104, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Strauss HW, McKusick KA, Bingham JB: Cardiac nuclear imaging: Principles, instrumentation and pitfalls. Am J Cardiol 46: 1109–1116, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Takahashi M, Schieber RA, Wishner SH, Ritchie GW, Francis PS: Selective coronary arteriography in infants and children. Circulation 68: 1021–1028, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Tarhan S, Moffitt EA, Taylor WF, Guiliani ER: Myocardial infarction after general anesthesia. JAMA 220: 1451–1454, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Taylor SH: Heart failure—I, in Hamer J (ed): Recent Advances in Cardiology. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1977, vol 7, pp 369–423.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Todres ID, Crone RK: Preoperative management. Int Anesth Clin 18: 27–32, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Toma Y, Matsuda Y, Matsuzaki M, Anno Y, Uchida T, Hiroyama N, Tamitani M, Murata T, Yonezawa F, Moritani K, Katayama K, Ogawa H, Kusukawa R: Determination of atrial size by esophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 52: 878–880, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Topkins MJ: Anesthetic management of cardiac catheterization. Int Anaesth Clin 18: 59–69, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Topol EJ, Humphrey LS, Blanck TJJ, Stevenson RL, Rosenfeld GI, Reitz BA, Baumgartner WA, Weiss JL: Characterization of post-cardiopulmonary bypass hypotension with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 59: A2, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Tragard LB, Lynch PR: Cardiac function during left coronary arteriography in canines with ioxaglate, nonionic compounds, and diatrizoate. Invest Radiol 15: 449–451, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Turner JD, Rogers WJ, Mantle JA, Rackley CE, Russell RO: Coronary angiography soon after myocardial infarction. Chest 77: 58–64, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Tyras DH, Stothert JC, Kaiser GC, Barner HB, Codd JE, Willman VL: Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularization: A randomized trial of prophylactic digitalization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 77: 310–314, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Urzua J, Dominguez P, Quiroga M, Moran S, Irarrazaval M, Maturana G, Dubernet J: Preoperative estimation of risk in cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 60: 625–628, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Viljoen JF, Estafanous FG, Kellner GA: Propranolol and cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64: 826–830, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Vitale DF, Green MV, Bacharach SL, Bonow RO, Watson RM, Findley SL, Jones AE: Assessment of regional left ventricular function by sector analysis: A method for objective evaluation of radionuclide blood pool studies. Am J Cardiol 52: 1112–1119, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Vlietstra RE, Holmes DR, Smith HC, Hartzler GO, Morszulak TA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Mayo Clin Proc 56: 287–293, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Warner MA, Divertie MB, Tinker JH: Preoperative cessation of smoking and pulmonary complications in coronary artery bypass patients. Anesthesiology 60: 380–383, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Waters DD, Szlachcic J, Theroux P, Dauwe F, Mizgala HF: Ergonovine test to detect spontaneous remission of variant angina during long-term treatment with calcium antagonist drugs. Am J Cardiol 47: 179–184, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Weiner DA: Evaluating the conditions of patients with congestive heart failure by exercise testing. Arch Intern Med 143: 1978–1980, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Weiner I, Mindich B, Pitchon R: Determinants of ventricular tachycardia in patients with ventricular aneurysm: Results of intraoperative epicardial and endocardial mapping. Circulation 65: 856–861, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Weissler AM: Systolic time intervals. N Engl J Med 296: 321–324, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Weissler AM, Harris WS, Schoenfeld CD: Systolic time intervals in heart failure in man. Circulation 37: 149–159, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Wells PH, Kaplan JA: Optimal management of patients with ischemic heart disease for noncardiac surgery by complementary anesthesiologist and cardiologist interaction. Am Heart J 102: 1029–1037, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Williams DO, Gruntzig A, Kent KM, Myler RK, Stertzer SH, Bentivoglio L, Bourassa M, Block P, Cowley M, Detre K, Dorros G, Gosselin A, Simpson J, Passamani E, Mullin S: Guidelines for the performance of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 66: 693–694, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Wisheart JD, Ross DN, Ross JK: A review of the effect of previous operations on the results of open heart surgery. Thorax 27: 137–142, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Zitnik RS, Brandenburg RO, Sheldon R, Wallace RB: Pregnancy and open-heart surgery. Circulation (suppl I) 39–40: 257–262, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Virginia Medical Center, 22908, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Carol L. Lake M.D. (Associate Professor of Anesthesiology)

Authors
  1. Carol L. Lake M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lake, C.L. (1985). Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation of Cardiac Surgical Patients. In: Cardiovascular Anesthesia. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5048-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5048-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9540-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5048-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation