Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Air Pollution and Immune Function

  • Chapter
Air Pollution and Health Effects

Part of the book series: Molecular and Integrative Toxicology ((MOLECUL))

  • 3446 Accesses

Abstract

Air pollution has clear impacts on human health and is associated with both cardiopulmonary complications as well as exacerbating chronic disease. As a principal site of exposure to air pollution, the lung is central to the health effects of air pollution. One of the potential mechanisms that air pollution could adversely impact health is dysregulation of host immune response. Evolving scientific evidence support that air pollution has myriad effects on pulmonary immune responses. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the impact of air pollution on immune function. We focus on the three major environmental pollutants: particulate matter; vehicle/diesel exhaust; and ambient ozone and the impact of exposure on both innate and adaptive immunological responses. Improved understanding of the impact of air pollution on immunological function could provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of common human disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexis NE, Lay JC, Zeman K, Bennett WE, Peden DB, Soukup JM, Devlin RB, Becker S (2006) Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1396–1403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexis NE, Lay JC, Hazucha M, Harris B, Hernandez ML, Bromberg PA, Kehrl H, Diaz-Sanchez D, Kim C, Devlin RB et al (2010) Low-level ozone exposure induces airways inflammation and modifies cell surface phenotypes in healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol 22:593–600

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hegelan M, Tighe RM, Castillo C, Hollingsworth JW (2011) Ambient ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. Immunol Res 49:173–191

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aranyi C, Vana SC, Thomas PT, Bradof JN, Fenters JD, Graham JA, Miller FJ (1983) Effects of subchronic exposure to a mixture of O3, SO2, and (NH4)2SO4 on host defenses of mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 12:55–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arredouani MS, Yang Z, Imrich A, Ning Y, Qin G, Kobzik L (2006) The macrophage scavenger receptor SR-AI/II and lung defense against pneumococci and particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 35:474–478

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arsalane K, Gosset P, Vanhee D, Voisin C, Hamid Q, Tonnel AB, Wallaert B (1995) Ozone stimulates synthesis of inflammatory cytokines by alveolar macrophages in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13:60–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Sunyer J, Ayres J, Baccini M, Vonk JM, Boumghar A, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, Touloumi G et al (2001) Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions: results from APHEA 2 project. Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1860–1866

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aust AE, Ball JC, Hu AA, Lighty JS, Smith KR, Straccia AM, Veranth JM, Young WC (2002) Particle characteristics responsible for effects on human lung epithelial cells. Res Rep 1–65; discussion 110:67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balmes JR, Aris RM, Chen LL, Scannell C, Tager IB, Finkbeiner W, Christian D, Kelly T, Hearne PQ, Ferrando R et al (1997) Effects of ozone on normal and potentially sensitive human subjects. Part I: airway inflammation and responsiveness to ozone in normal and asthmatic subjects. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 1–37; discussion 78:81–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Barreno RX, Richards JB, Schneider DJ, Cromar KR, Nadas AJ, Hernandez CB, Hallberg LM, Price RE, Hashmi SS, Blackburn MR et al (2013) Endogenous osteopontin promotes ozone-induced neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305:L118–L129

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoli ML, Vagaggini B, Malagrino L, Bacci E, Cianchetti S, Dente FL, Novelli F, Costa F, Paggiaro P (2013) Baseline airway inflammation may be a determinant of the response to ozone exposure in asthmatic patients. Inhal Toxicol 25:127–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basha MA, Gross KB, Gwizdala CJ, Haidar AH, Popovich J Jr (1994) Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in asthmatic and healthy volunteers after controlled exposure to ozone and filtered purified air. Chest 106:1757–1765

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baulig A, Garlatti M, Bonvallot V, Marchand A, Barouki R, Marano F, Baeza-Squiban A (2003) Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the metabolic pathways triggered by diesel exhaust particles in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L671–L679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beamer CA, Holian A (2005) Scavenger receptor class A type I/II (CD204) null mice fail to develop fibrosis following silica exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289:L186–L195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Soukup JM (1998) Decreased CD11b expression, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in urban particulate pollution-exposed human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Toxicol Environ Health A 55:455–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Soukup J (2003) Coarse(PM(2.5-10)), fine(PM(2.5)), and ultrafine air pollution particles induce/increase immune costimulatory receptors on human blood-derived monocytes but not on alveolar macrophages. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66:847–859

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Madden MC, Newman SL, Devlin RB, Koren HS (1991) Modulation of human alveolar macrophage properties by ozone exposure in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 110:403–415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Fenton MJ, Soukup JM (2002) Involvement of microbial components and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cytokine responses to air pollution particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27:611–618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Soukup JM, Sioutas C, Cassee FR (2003) Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine, and coarse urban air pollution particles. Exp Lung Res 29:29–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Mundandhara S, Devlin RB, Madden M (2005a) Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambient air pollution particles: further mechanistic studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:269–275

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker S, Dailey L, Soukup JM, Silbajoris R, Devlin RB (2005b) TLR-2 is involved in airway epithelial cell response to air pollution particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 203:45–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F (2004) Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987–2000. JAMA 292:2372–2378

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellmann B, Muhle H, Creutzenberg O, Mermelstein R (1992) Irreversible pulmonary changes induced in rat lung by dust overload. Environ Health Perspect 97:189–191

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein JA, Alexis N, Barnes C, Bernstein IL, Bernstein JA, Nel A, Peden D, Diaz-Sanchez D, Tarlo SM, Williams PB (2004) Health effects of air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:1116–1123

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezemer GF, Bauer SM, Oberdorster G, Breysse PN, Pieters RH, Georas SN, Williams MA (2011) Activation of pulmonary dendritic cells and Th2-type inflammatory responses on instillation of engineered, environmental diesel emission source or ambient air pollutant particles in vivo. J Innate Immun 3:150–166

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biagini RE, Moorman WJ, Lewis TR, Bernstein IL (1986) Ozone enhancement of platinum asthma in a primate model. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:719–725

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleck B, Tse DB, Jaspers I, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Reibman J (2006) Diesel exhaust particle-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells induce dendritic cell maturation. J Immunol 176:7431–7437

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleck B, Grunig G, Chiu A, Liu M, Gordon T, Kazeros A, Reibman J (2013) MicroRNA-375 regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by diesel exhaust particles and ambient particulate matter in human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 190:3757–3763

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boland S, Bonvallot V, Fournier T, Baeza-Squiban A, Aubier M, Marano F (2000) Mechanisms of GM-CSF increase by diesel exhaust particles in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278:L25–L32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braun A, Bewersdorff M, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Jakob T, Gottlicher M, Schober W, Buters JT, Behrendt H, Mempel M (2010) Differential impact of diesel particle composition on pro-allergic dendritic cell function. Toxicol Sci 113:85–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brauner EV, Mortensen J, Moller P, Bernard A, Vinzents P, Wahlin P, Glasius M, Loft S (2009) Effects of ambient air particulate exposure on blood-gas barrier permeability and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 21:38–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges JP, Davis HW, Damodarasamy M, Kuroki Y, Howles G, Hui DY, McCormack FX (2000) Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D are potent endogenous inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and oxidative cellular injury. J Biol Chem 275:38848–38855

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA et al (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121:2331–2378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunekreef B, Forsberg B (2005) Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. Eur Respir J 26:309–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caraballo JC, Yshii C, Westphal W, Moninger T, Comellas AP (2011) Ambient particulate matter affects occludin distribution and increases alveolar transepithelial electrical conductance. Respirology 16:340–349

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle AJ, Sharp NC (2001) Exercise and outdoor ambient air pollution. Br J Sports Med 35:214–222

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castranova V, Ma JY, Yang HM, Antonini JM, Butterworth L, Barger MW, Roberts J, Ma JK (2001) Effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles on the susceptibility of the lung to infection. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 4):609–612

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri N, Jary H, Lea S, Khan N, Piddock KC, Dockrell DH, Donaldson K, Duffin R, Singh D, Parker LC et al (2012) Diesel exhaust particle exposure in vitro alters monocyte differentiation and function. PLoS One 7:e51107

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Gavett SH, Wills-Karp M (1995) CD4+ T lymphocyte modulation of ozone-induced murine pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 12:396–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Wermeling F, Sundqvist J, Jonsson AB, Tryggvason K, Pikkarainen T, Karlsson MC (2010) A regulatory role for macrophage class A scavenger receptors in TLR4-mediated LPS responses. Eur J Immunol 40:1451–1460

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho HY, Zhang LY, Kleeberger SR (2001) Ozone-induced lung inflammation and hyperreactivity are mediated via tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L537–L546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho HY, Morgan DL, Bauer AK, Kleeberger SR (2007) Signal transduction pathways of tumor necrosis factor–mediated lung injury induced by ozone in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:829–839

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung KF, Adcock IM (2000) Induction of nuclear factor-kappa B by exposure to ozone and inhibition by glucocorticoids. Methods Enzymol 319:551–562

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Churg A, Xie C, Wang X, Vincent R, Wang RD (2005) Air pollution particles activate NF-kappaB on contact with airway epithelial cell surfaces. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 208:37–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark NA, Demers PA, Karr CJ, Koehoorn M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Brauer M (2010) Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 118:284–290

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL (2012) Ozone-induced lung injury and sterile inflammation. Role of toll-like receptor 4. Exp Mol Pathol 92:229–235

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M, Holgate S (2005) Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 35:1113–1124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dagher Z, Garcon G, Billet S, Verdin A, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Aboukais A, Shirali P (2007) Role of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in the adverse effects induced by air pollution particulate matter (PM2.5) in human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture. J Appl Toxicol 27:284–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl M, Bauer AK, Arredouani M, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Kleeberger SR, Kobzik L (2007) Protection against inhaled oxidants through scavenging of oxidized lipids by macrophage receptors MARCO and SR-AI/II. J Clin Invest 117:757–764

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depuydt PO, Lambrecht BN, Joos GF, Pauwels RA (2002) Effect of ozone exposure on allergic sensitization and airway inflammation induced by dendritic cells. Clin Exp Allergy 32:391–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin RB, McDonnell WF, Mann R, Becker S, House DE, Schreinemachers D, Koren HS (1991) Exposure of humans to ambient levels of ozone for 6.6 hours causes cellular and biochemical changes in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4:72–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin RB, McKinnon KP, Noah T, Becker S, Koren HS (1994) Ozone-induced release of cytokines and fibronectin by alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 266:L612–L619

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin RB, McDonnell WF, Becker S, Madden MC, McGee MP, Perez R, Hatch G, House DE, Koren HS (1996) Time-dependent changes of inflammatory mediators in the lungs of humans exposed to 0.4 ppm ozone for 2 hr: a comparison of mediators found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1 and 18 hr after exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 138:176–185

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond G, Legarda D, Ryan LK (2000) The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium. Immunol Rev 173:27–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Sanchez D, Garcia MP, Wang M, Jyrala M, Saxon A (1999) Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104:1183–1188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dziedzic D, White HJ (1986a) Thymus and pulmonary lymph node response to acute and subchronic ozone inhalation in the mouse. Environ Res 41:598–609

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dziedzic D, White HJ (1986b) T-cell activation in pulmonary lymph nodes of mice exposed to ozone. Environ Res 41:610–622

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eftim SE, Samet JM, Janes H, McDermott A, Dominici F (2008) Fine particulate matter and mortality: a comparison of the six cities and American Cancer Society cohorts with a medicare cohort. Epidemiology 19:209–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth SC, Piggott DA, Huleatt JW, Visintin I, Herrick CA, Bottomly K (2002) Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen. J Exp Med 196:1645–1651

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fakhrzadeh L, Laskin JD, Laskin DL (2004) Ozone-induced production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha and tissue injury are dependent on NF-kappaB p50. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287:L279–L285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster WM, Stetkiewicz PT (1996) Regional clearance of solute from the respiratory epithelia: 18–20 h postexposure to ozone. J Appl Physiol 81:1143–1149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster WM, Costa DL, Langenback EG (1987) Ozone exposure alters tracheobronchial mucociliary function in humans. J Appl Physiol 63:996–1002

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman GJ, Borriello F, Hodes RJ, Reiser H, Gribben JG, Ng JW, Kim J, Goldberg JM, Hathcock K, Laszlo G et al (1993) Murine B7-2, an alternative CTLA4 counter-receptor that costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin 2 production. J Exp Med 178:2185–2192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujii T, Hayashi S, Hogg JC, Vincent R, Van Eeden SF (2001) Particulate matter induces cytokine expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25:265–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimaki H, Ozawa M, Imai T, Shimizu F (1984) Effect of short-term exposure to O3 on antibody response in mice. Environ Res 35:490–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimaki H, Shiraishi F, Ashikawa T, Murakami M (1987) Changes in delayed hypersensitivity reaction in mice exposed to O3. Environ Res 43:186–190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershwin LJ, Osebold JW, Zee YC (1981) Immunoglobulin E-containing cells in mouse lung following allergen inhalation and ozone exposure. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 65:266–277

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour MI, Hmieleski RR, Stafford EA, Jakab GJ (1991) Suppression and recovery of the alveolar macrophage phagocytic system during continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone. Exp Lung Res 17:547–558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour MI, Park P, Selgrade MK (1993) Ozone-enhanced pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mice. The role of alveolar macrophage function and capsular virulence factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:753–760

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glad JA, Brink LL, Talbott EO, Lee PC, Xu X, Saul M, Rager J (2012) The relationship of ambient ozone and PM(2.5) levels and asthma emergency department visits: possible influence of gender and ethnicity. Arch Environ Occup Health 67:103–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein E, Tyler WS, Hoeprich PD, Eagle C (1971) Ozone and the antibacterial defense mechanisms of the murine lung. Arch Intern Med 127:1099–1102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gowdy KM, Krantz QT, King C, Boykin E, Jaspers I, Linak WP, Gilmour MI (2010) Role of oxidative stress on diesel-enhanced influenza infection in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:34

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunwald U, Fan X, Jack RS, Workalemahu G, Kallies A, Stelter F, Schutt C (1996) Monocytes can phagocytose Gram-negative bacteria by a CD14-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 157:4119–4125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haque R, Umstead TM, Ponnuru P, Guo X, Hawgood S, Phelps DS, Floros J (2007) Role of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in lung injury in response to acute ozone exposure of SP-A deficient mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 220:72–82

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrod KS, Jaramillo RJ, Rosenberger CL, Wang SZ, Berger JA, McDonald JD, Reed MD (2003) Increased susceptibility to RSV infection by exposure to inhaled diesel engine emissions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28:451–463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Takeshita I, Matsumoto K, Jibiki I, Takizawa H, Kudoh S, Horie T (2000) Diesel exhaust particles activate p38 MAP kinase to produce interleukin 8 and RANTES by human bronchial epithelial cells and N-acetylcysteine attenuates p38 MAP kinase activation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:280–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez M, Brickey WJ, Alexis NE, Fry RC, Rager JE, Zhou B, Ting JP, Zhou H, Peden DB (2012) Airway cells from atopic asthmatic patients exposed to ozone display an enhanced innate immune gene profile. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129(259–261):e251–e252

    Google Scholar 

  • Hippenstiel S, Opitz B, Schmeck B, Suttorp N (2006) Lung epithelium as a sentinel and effector system in pneumonia–molecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and signal transduction. Respir Res 7:97

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraiwa K, van Eeden SF (2013) Contribution of lung macrophages to the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants. Mediators Inflamm 2013:10

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiramatsu K, Saito Y, Sakakibara K, Azuma A, Takizawa H, Sugawara I (2005) The effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust on murine mycobacterial infection. Exp Lung Res 31:405–415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura TS, Kaszubowski MP, Li N, Nel AE (1999) Chemicals in diesel exhaust particles generate reactive oxygen radicals and induce apoptosis in macrophages. J Immunol 163:5582–5591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura TS, Li N, Kaplan R, Horwitz M, Seagrave JC, Nel AE (2000) The role of a mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis by chemicals extracted from diesel exhaust particles. J Immunol 165:2703–2711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth JW 2nd, Cook DN, Brass DM, Walker JK, Morgan DL, Foster WM, Schwartz DA (2004) The role of Toll-like receptor 4 in environmental airway injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:126–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth J, Kleeberger SR, Foster WM (2007) Ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4:240–246

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth JW, Free ME, Li Z, Andrews LN, Nakano H, Cook DN (2010) Ozone activates pulmonary dendritic cells and promotes allergic sensitization through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent mechanism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1167–1170

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue K, Koike E, Yanagisawa R, Takano H (2008) Impact of diesel exhaust particles on th2 response in the lung in asthmatic mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 43:199–200

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii Y, Yang H, Sakamoto T, Nomura A, Hasegawa S, Hirata F, Bassett DJ (1997) Rat alveolar macrophage cytokine production and regulation of neutrophil recruitment following acute ozone exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 147:214–223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway CA Jr (1989) Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 54(Pt 1):1–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway C, National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.), and National Institutes of Health (U.S.). PubMed (2001) Immunobiology 5 the immune system in health and disease. Garland Pub., NCBI, New York, Bethsada

    Google Scholar 

  • Janic B, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Floros J (2003) An in vitro cell model system for the study of the effects of ozone and other gaseous agents on phagocytic cells. J Immunol Methods 272:125–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janic B, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Floros J (2005) Modulatory effects of ozone on THP-1 cells in response to SP-A stimulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288:L317–L325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jardim MJ, Fry RC, Jaspers I, Dailey L, Diaz-Sanchez D (2009) Disruption of microRNA expression in human airway cells by diesel exhaust particles is linked to tumorigenesis-associated pathways. Environ Health Perspect 117:1745–1751

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers I, Chen LC, Flescher E (1998) Induction of interleukin-8 by ozone is mediated by tyrosine kinase and protein kinase A, but not by protein kinase C. J Cell Physiol 177:313–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers I, Ciencewicki JM, Zhang W, Brighton LE, Carson JL, Beck MA, Madden MC (2005) Diesel exhaust enhances influenza virus infections in respiratory epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 85:990–1002

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Pope CA 3rd, Ito K, Thurston G, Krewski D, Shi Y, Calle E, Thun M (2009) Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. N Engl J Med 360:1085–1095

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji M, Cohan DS, Bell ML (2011) Meta-analysis of the association between short-term exposure to ambient ozone and respiratory hospital admissions. Environ Res Lett 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston RA, Mizgerd JP, Shore SA (2005) CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment and methacholine responsiveness after ozone exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288:L61–L67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston RA, Mizgerd JP, Flynt L, Quinton LJ, Williams ES, Shore SA (2007) Type I interleukin-1 receptor is required for pulmonary responses to subacute ozone exposure in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 37:477–484

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karp CL, Grupe A, Schadt E, Ewart SL, Keane-Moore M, Cuomo PJ, Kohl J, Wahl L, Kuperman D, Germer S et al (2000) Identification of complement factor 5 as a susceptibility locus for experimental allergic asthma. Nat Immunol 1:221–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasahara DI, Kim HY, Williams AS, Verbout NG, Tran J, Si H, Wurmbrand AP, Jastrab J, Hug C, Umetsu DT et al (2012) Pulmonary inflammation induced by subacute ozone is augmented in adiponectin-deficient mice: role of IL-17A. J Immunol 188:4558–4567

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasahara DI, Kim HY, Mathews JA, Verbout NG, Williams AS, Wurmbrand AP, Ninin FM, Neto FL, Benedito LA, Hug C et al (2014) Pivotal role of IL-6 in the hyperinflammatory responses to subacute ozone in adiponectin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 306:L508–L520

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11:373–384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehrl HR, Vincent LM, Kowalsky RJ, Horstman DH, O’Neil JJ, McCartney WH, Bromberg PA (1987) Ozone exposure increases respiratory epithelial permeability in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:1124–1128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy T, Ghio AJ, Reed W, Samet J, Zagorski J, Quay J, Carter J, Dailey L, Hoidal JR, Devlin RB (1998) Copper-dependent inflammation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation by particulate air pollution. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19:366–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kierstein S, Poulain FR, Cao Y, Grous M, Mathias R, Kierstein G, Beers MF, Salmon M, Panettieri RA Jr, Haczku A (2006) Susceptibility to ozone-induced airway inflammation is associated with decreased levels of surfactant protein D. Respir Res 7:85

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Natarajan S, Vaickus LJ, Bouchard JC, Beal D, Cruikshank WW, Remick DG (2011) Diesel exhaust particulates exacerbate asthma-like inflammation by increasing CXC chemokines. Am J Pathol 179:2730–2739

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King DP, Hyde DM, Jackson KA, Novosad DM, Ellis TN, Putney L, Stovall MY, Van Winkle LS, Beaman BL, Ferrick DA (1999) Cutting edge: protective response to pulmonary injury requires gamma delta T lymphocytes. J Immunol 162:5033–5036

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsten A, Watz H, Pedersen F, Holz O, Smith R, Bruin G, Koehne-Voss S, Magnussen H, Waltz DA (2013) The anti-IL-17A antibody secukinumab does not attenuate ozone-induced airway neutrophilia in healthy volunteers. Eur Respir J 41:239–241

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleeberger SR, Levitt RC, Zhang LY, Longphre M, Harkema J, Jedlicka A, Eleff SM, DiSilvestre D, Holroyd KJ (1997) Linkage analysis of susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation in inbred mice. Nat Genet 17:475–478

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleeberger SR, Reddy SP, Zhang LY, Cho HY, Jedlicka AE (2001) Toll-like receptor 4 mediates ozone-induced murine lung hyperpermeability via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L326–L333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman MT, Sioutas C, Froines JR, Fanning E, Hamade A, Mendez L, Meacher D, Oldham M (2007) Inhalation of concentrated ambient particulate matter near a heavily trafficked road stimulates antigen-induced airway responses in mice. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl 1):117–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobzik L (1995) Lung macrophage uptake of unopsonized environmental particulates. Role of scavenger-type receptors. J Immunol 155:367–376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koike E, Kobayashi T (2004) Ozone exposure enhances antigen-presenting activity of interstitial lung cells in rats. Toxicology 196:217–227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koike E, Watanabe H, Kobayashi T (2004) Exposure to ozone enhances antigen-presenting activity concentration dependently in rats. Toxicology 197:37–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koren HS, Bromberg PA (1995) Respiratory responses of asthmatics to ozone. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 107:236–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg M (2005) Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology: progress and paradoxes. Annu Rev Immunol 23:877–900

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kucuksezer UC, Zekiroglu E, Kasapoglu P, Adin-Cinar S, Aktas-Cetin E, Deniz G (2014) A stimulatory role of ozone exposure on human natural killer cells. Immunol Invest 43:1–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larini A, Bocci V (2005) Effects of ozone on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol In Vitro 19:55–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Last JA, Ward R, Temple L, Pinkerton KE, Kenyon NJ (2004) Ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and fibrosis in mice also exposed to ultrafine particles. Inhal Toxicol 16:93–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM (2012) Respiratory health effects of air pollution: update on biomass smoke and traffic pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129:3–11, quiz 12–13

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lay JC, Alexis NE, Kleeberger SR, Roubey RA, Harris BD, Bromberg PA, Hazucha MJ, Devlin RB, Peden DB (2007) Ozone enhances markers of innate immunity and antigen presentation on airway monocytes in healthy individuals. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:719–722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leikauf GD, Zhao Q, Zhou S, Santrock J (1995) Activation of eicosanoid metabolism in human airway epithelial cells by ozonolysis products of membrane fatty acids. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 1–15; discussion 71:19–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenschow DJ, Su GH, Zuckerman LA, Nabavi N, Jellis CL, Gray GS, Miller J, Bluestone JA (1993) Expression and functional significance of an additional ligand for CTLA-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:11054–11058

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Kam Wa TC, Mansur AH, Britton J, Williams G, Pavord I, Richards K, Campbell DA, Morton N, Holgate ST, Morrison JF (1999) Association between – 308 tumour necrosis factor promoter polymorphism and bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 29:1204–1208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Wang M, Bramble LA, Schmitz DA, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C, Harkema JR, Nel AE (2009) The adjuvant effect of ambient particulate matter is closely reflected by the particulate oxidant potential. Environ Health Perspect 117:1116–1123

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Tighe RM, Feng F, Ledford JG, Hollingsworth JW (2013) Genes of innate immunity and the biological response to inhaled ozone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 27:3–16

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M et al (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2224–2260

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lippmann M (2007) Health effects of airborne particulate matter. N Engl J Med 357:2395–2397

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manzer R, Wang J, Nishina K, McConville G, Mason RJ (2006) Alveolar epithelial cells secrete chemokines in response to IL-1beta and lipopolysaccharide but not to ozone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 34:158–166

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manzer R, Dinarello CA, McConville G, Mason RJ (2008) Ozone exposure of macrophages induces an alveolar epithelial chemokine response through IL-1alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:318–323

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara S, Takeda K, Jin N, Okamoto M, Matsuda H, Shiraishi Y, Park JW, McConville G, Joetham A, O’Brien RL et al (2009) Vgamma1+ T cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 40:454–463

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto A, Hiramatsu K, Li Y, Azuma A, Kudoh S, Takizawa H, Sugawara I (2006) Repeated exposure to low-dose diesel exhaust after allergen challenge exaggerates asthmatic responses in mice. Clin Immunol 121:227–235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough SD, Duncan KE, Swanton SM, Dailey LA, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB (2014) Ozone induces a proinflammatory response in primary human bronchial epithelial cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase activation without nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 51:426–435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald JD, Campen MJ, Harrod KS, Seagrave J, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL (2011) Engine-operating load influences diesel exhaust composition and cardiopulmonary and immune responses. Environ Health Perspect 119:1136–1141

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier L, Bohjanen K, Voorhees JJ, Cooper KD (1994) Retinoic acid upregulates human Langerhans cell antigen presentation and surface expression of HLA-DR and CD11c, a beta 2 integrin critically involved in T-cell activation. J Invest Dermatol 103:775–779

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Umstead TM, Huang W, Liu W, Phelps DS, Floros J (2005) SP-A1 and SP-A2 variants differentially enhance association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288:L150–L158

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Wang G, Umstead TM, Zacharatos M, Thomas NJ, Phelps DS, Floros J (2007) Surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) variants expressed in CHO cells stimulate phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa more than do SP-A1 variants. Infect Immun 75:1403–1412

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Haque R, Gan X, Guo X, Phelps DS, Floros J (2008a) Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences. Respir Res 9:77

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Umstead TM, Gan X, Huang W, Guo X, Wang G, Phelps DS, Floros J (2008b) Impact of ozone exposure on the phagocytic activity of human surfactant protein A (SP-A) and SP-A variants. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294:L121–L130

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Gan X, Umstead TM, Miller L, Chinchilli VM, Phelps DS, Floros J (2008c) Sex differences in the impact of ozone on survival and alveolar macrophage function of mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Respir Res 9:24

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikerov AN, Hu S, Durrani F, Gan X, Wang G, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Floros J (2012) Impact of sex and ozone exposure on the course of pneumonia in wild type and SP-A (−/−) mice. Microb Pathog 52:239–249

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller S, Ehrlich R (1958) Susceptibility to respiratory infections of animals exposed to ozone. I. Susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 103:145–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata R, van Eeden SF (2011) The innate and adaptive immune response induced by alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 257:209–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay S, Varin A, Chen Y, Liu B, Tryggvason K, Gordon S (2011) SR-A/MARCO-mediated ligand delivery enhances intracellular TLR and NLR function, but ligand scavenging from cell surface limits TLR4 response to pathogens. Blood 117:1319–1328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller L, Chehrazi CV, Henderson MW, Noah TL, Jaspers I (2013a) Diesel exhaust particles modify natural killer cell function and cytokine release. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:16

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller L, Brighton LE, Jaspers I (2013b) Ozone exposed epithelial cells modify cocultured natural killer cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304:L332–L341

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus-Steinmetz U, Uffhausen F, Herz U, Renz H (2000) Priming of allergic immune responses by repeated ozone exposure in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23:228–233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols BG, Woods JS, Luchtel DL, Corral J, Koenig JQ (2001) Effects of ozone exposure on nuclear factor-kappaB activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in human nasal epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 60:356–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noah TL, Zhou H, Zhang H, Horvath K, Robinette C, Kesic M, Meyer M, Diaz-Sanchez D, Jaspers I (2012) Diesel exhaust exposure and nasal response to attenuated influenza in normal and allergic volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:179–185

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorster G (1996) Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose–response relationships of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 8(Suppl):73–89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Gelein R, Soderholm SC, Finkelstein J (1992) Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: studies with ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 97:193–199

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–839

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohmori Y, Wyner L, Narumi S, Armstrong D, Stoler M, Hamilton TA (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces cell type and tissue-specific expression of chemoattractant cytokines in vivo. Am J Pathol 142:861–870

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtoshi T, Takizawa H, Okazaki H, Kawasaki S, Takeuchi N, Ohta K, Ito K (1998) Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:778–785

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osebold JW, Gershwin LJ, Zee YC (1980) Studies on the enhancement of allergic lung sensitization by inhalation of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3:221–234

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osebold JW, Zee YC, Gershwin LJ (1988) Enhancement of allergic lung sensitization in mice by ozone inhalation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 188:259–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa M, Fujimaki H, Imai T, Honda Y, Watanabe N (1985) Suppression of IgE antibody production after exposure to ozone in mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 76:16–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecanda A, Paulauskis J, Al-Mutairi E, Imrich A, Qin G, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Tryggvason K, Koziel H, Kobzik L (1999) Role of the scavenger receptor MARCO in alveolar macrophage binding of unopsonized environmental particles. J Exp Med 189:1497–1506

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park JW, Taube C, Swasey C, Kodama T, Joetham A, Balhorn A, Takeda K, Miyahara N, Allen CB, Dakhama A et al (2004a) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness following exposure to ozone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30:830–836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park JW, Taube C, Joetham A, Takeda K, Kodama T, Dakhama A, McConville G, Allen CB, Sfyroera G, Shultz LD et al (2004b) Complement activation is critical to airway hyperresponsiveness after acute ozone exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:726–732, Epub 2003 Dec 30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peden DB, Boehlecke B, Horstman D, Devlin R (1997) Prolonged acute exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic subjects with allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100:802–808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pichavant M, Goya S, Meyer EH, Johnston RA, Kim HY, Matangkasombut P, Zhu M, Iwakura Y, Savage PB, DeKruyff RH et al (2008) Ozone exposure in a mouse model induces airway hyperreactivity that requires the presence of natural killer T cells and IL-17. J Exp Med 205:385–393

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinart M, Zhang M, Li F, Hussain F, Zhu J, Wiegman C, Ryffel B, Chung KF (2013) IL-17A modulates oxidant stress-induced airway hyperresponsiveness but not emphysema. PLoS One 8:e58452

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope CA 3rd, Ezzati M, Dockery DW (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. N Engl J Med 360:376–386

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter M, Karp M, Killedar S, Bauer SM, Guo J, Williams D, Breysse P, Georas SN, Williams MA (2007) Diesel-enriched particulate matter functionally activates human dendritic cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 37:706–719

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pourazar J, Mudway IS, Samet JM, Helleday R, Blomberg A, Wilson SJ, Frew AJ, Kelly FJ, Sandstrom T (2005) Diesel exhaust activates redox-sensitive transcription factors and kinases in human airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289:L724–L730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provoost S, Maes T, Willart MA, Joos GF, Lambrecht BN, Tournoy KG (2010) Diesel exhaust particles stimulate adaptive immunity by acting on pulmonary dendritic cells. J Immunol 184:426–432

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provoost S, Maes T, Joos GF, Tournoy KG (2012) Monocyte-derived dendritic cell recruitment and allergic T(H)2 responses after exposure to diesel particles are CCR2 dependent. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129:483–491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA (1992) How far does ozone penetrate into the pulmonary air/tissue boundary before it reacts? Free Radic Biol Med 12:83–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA, Squadrito GL, Friedman M (1995) The cascade mechanism to explain ozone toxicity: the role of lipid ozonation products. Free Radic Biol Med 19:935–941

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pulfer MK, Murphy RC (2004) Formation of biologically active oxysterols during ozonolysis of cholesterol present in lung surfactant. J Biol Chem 279:26331–26338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Punjabi CJ, Laskin JD, Pendino KJ, Goller NL, Durham SK, Laskin DL (1994) Production of nitric oxide by rat type II pneumocytes: increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase following inhalation of a pulmonary irritant. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11:165–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quay JL, Reed W, Samet J, Devlin RB (1998) Air pollution particles induce IL-6 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells via NF-kappaB activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19:98–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Que LG, Stiles JV, Sundy JS, Foster WM (2011) Pulmonary function, bronchial reactivity, and epithelial permeability are response phenotypes to ozone and develop differentially in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol 111:679–687

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch N, Strand M, Gelfand EW (2006) Particulate levels are associated with early asthma worsening in children with persistent disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1098–1105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick LC, Brown D, Clouter A, Donaldson K (2004) Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occup Environ Med 61:442–447

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl MA (2008) The effect of air pollution on asthma and allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 8:139–146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl M, Diaz-Sanchez D (2005) Biology of diesel exhaust effects on respiratory function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:221–228, quiz 229

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ring J, Kramer U, Schafer T, Behrendt H (2001) Why are allergies increasing? Curr Opin Immunol 13:701–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusznak C, Devalia JL, Sapsford RJ, Davies RJ (1996) Ozone-induced mediator release from human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and the influence of nedocromil sodium. Eur Respir J 9:2298–2305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samet JM, Hatch GE, Horstman D, Steck-Scott S, Arab L, Bromberg PA, Levine M, McDonnell WF, Devlin RB (2001) Effect of antioxidant supplementation on ozone-induced lung injury in human subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:819–825

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Lovik M (2008) Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic. Toxicology 246:124–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar S, Song Y, Sarkar S, Kipen HM, Laumbach RJ, Zhang J, Strickland PA, Gardner CR, Schwander S (2012) Suppression of the NF-kappaB pathway by diesel exhaust particles impairs human antimycobacterial immunity. J Immunol 188:2778–2793

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxon A, Diaz-Sanchez D (2005) Air pollution and allergy: you are what you breathe. Nat Immunol 6:223–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scannell C, Chen L, Aris RM, Tager I, Christian D, Ferrando R, Welch B, Kelly T, Balmes JR (1996) Greater ozone-induced inflammatory responses in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:24–29

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelegle ES, Miller LA, Gershwin LJ, Fanucchi MV, Van Winkle LS, Gerriets JE, Walby WF, Mitchell V, Tarkington BK, Wong VJ et al (2003) Repeated episodes of ozone inhalation amplifies the effects of allergen sensitization and inhalation on airway immune and structural development in Rhesus monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 191:74–85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmudde I, Laumonnier Y, Kohl J (2013) Anaphylatoxins coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses in allergic asthma. Semin Immunol 25:2–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz J (1995) Short term fluctuations in air pollution and hospital admissions of the elderly for respiratory disease. Thorax 50:531–538

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield PE, Knowlton K, Carr JL, Kinney PL (2011) Modeling of regional climate change effects on ground-level ozone and childhood asthma. Am J Prev Med 41:251–257; quiz A253

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoenfelt J, Mitkus RJ, Zeisler R, Spatz RO, Powell J, Fenton MJ, Squibb KA, Medvedev AE (2009) Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in inflammatory immune responses induced by fine and coarse ambient air particulate matter. J Leukoc Biol 86:303–312

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shore SA, Schwartzman IN, Le Blanc B, Murthy GG, Doerschuk CM (2001) Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 contributes to ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:602–607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shore SA, Johnston RA, Schwartzman IN, Chism D, Krishna Murthy GG (2002) Ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is reduced in immature mice. J Appl Physiol 92:1019–1028

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soberanes S, Panduri V, Mutlu GM, Ghio A, Bundinger GR, Kamp DW (2006) p53 mediates particulate matter-induced alveolar epithelial cell mitochondria-regulated apoptosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:1229–1238

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soukup JM, Becker S (2001) Human alveolar macrophage responses to air pollution particulates are associated with insoluble components of coarse material, including particulate endotoxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 171:20–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spira-Cohen A, Chen LC, Kendall M, Lall R, Thurston GD (2011) Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution and acute respiratory health among Bronx schoolchildren with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 119:559–565

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stagos D, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Skaltsounis L, Haroutounian S, Floros J, Kouretas D (2007) Inhibition of ozone-induced SP-A oxidation by plant polyphenols. Free Radic Res 41:357–366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steerenberg PA, Garssen J, van Bree L, van Loveren H (1996) Ozone alters T-helper cell mediated bronchial hyperreactivity and resistance to bacterial infection. Exp Toxicol Pathol 48:497–499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steerenberg PA, van Dalen WJ, Withagen CE, Dormans JA, van Loveren H (2003a) Optimization of route of administration for coexposure to ovalbumin and particle matter to induce adjuvant activity in respiratory allergy in the mouse. Inhal Toxicol 15:1309–1325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steerenberg PA, Withagen CE, Dormans JA, van Dalen WJ, van Loveren H, Casee FR (2003b) Adjuvant activity of various diesel exhaust and ambient particles in two allergic models. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66:1421–1439

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stenfors N, Bosson J, Helleday R, Behndig AF, Pourazar J, Tornqvist H, Kelly FJ, Frew AJ, Sandstrom T, Mudway IS et al (2010) Ozone exposure enhances mast-cell inflammation in asthmatic airways despite inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Inhal Toxicol 22:133–139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens RJ, Evans MJ, Sloan MF, Freeman G (1974) A comprehensive ultrastructural study of pulmonary injury and repair in the rat resulting from exposures to less than one PPM ozone. Chest 65(Suppl):11S–13S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens T, Cho SH, Linak WP, Gilmour MI (2009) Differential potentiation of allergic lung disease in mice exposed to chemically distinct diesel samples. Toxicol Sci 107:522–534

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strickland MJ, Darrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Sarnat JA, Waller LA, Sarnat SE, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE (2010) Short-term associations between ambient air pollutants and pediatric asthma emergency department visits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:307–316

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi G, Tanaka H, Wakahara K, Nasu R, Hashimoto M, Miyoshi K, Takano H, Yamashita H, Inagaki N, Nagai H (2010) Effect of diesel exhaust particles on house dust mite-induced airway eosinophilic inflammation and remodeling in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 112:192–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takizawa H, Ohtoshi T, Kawasaki S, Kohyama T, Desaki M, Kasama T, Kobayashi K, Nakahara K, Yamamoto K, Matsushima K et al (1999) Diesel exhaust particles induce NF-kappa B activation in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: importance in cytokine transcription. J Immunol 162:4705–4711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur SA, Beamer CA, Migliaccio CT, Holian A (2009) Critical role of MARCO in crystalline silica-induced pulmonary inflammation. Toxicol Sci 108:462–471

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas GB, Fenters JD, Ehrlich R, Gardner DE (1981) Effects of exposure to ozone on susceptibility to experimental tuberculosis. Toxicol Lett 9:11–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totlandsdal AI, Cassee FR, Schwarze P, Refsnes M, Lag M (2010) Diesel exhaust particles induce CYP1A1 and pro-inflammatory responses via differential pathways in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 7:41

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totlandsdal AI, Herseth JI, Bølling AK, Kubátová A, Braun A, Cochran RE, Refsnes M, Øvrevik J, LÃ¥g M (2012) Differential effects of the particle core and organic extract of diesel exhaust particles. Toxicol Lett 208:262–268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urich D, Soberanes S, Burgess Z, Chiarella SE, Ghio AJ, Ridge KM, Kamp DW, Chandel NS, Mutlu GM, Budinger GR (2009) Proapoptotic Noxa is required for particulate matter-induced cell death and lung inflammation. FASEB J 23:2055–2064

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loveren H, Rombout PJ, Wagenaar SS, Walvoort HC, Vos JG (1988) Effects of ozone on the defense to a respiratory Listeria monocytogenes infection in the rat. Suppression of macrophage function and cellular immunity and aggravation of histopathology in lung and liver during infection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 94:374–393

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loveren H, Steerenberg PA, Garssen J, Van Bree L (1996) Interaction of environmental chemicals with respiratory sensitization. Toxicol Lett 86:163–167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhein KC, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD (2008) IL-1 receptors mediate persistent, but not acute, airway hyperreactivity to ozone in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39:730–738

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent R, Vu D, Hatch G, Poon R, Dreher K, Guenette J, Bjarnason S, Potvin M, Norwood J, McMullen E (1996) Sensitivity of lungs of aging Fischer 344 rats to ozone: assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Physiol 271:L555–L565

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Klot S, Wolke G, Tuch T, Heinrich J, Dockery DW, Schwartz J, Kreyling WG, Wichmann HE, Peters A (2002) Increased asthma medication use in association with ambient fine and ultrafine particles. Eur Respir J 20:691–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Voynow JA, Fischer BM, Zheng S, Potts EN, Grover AR, Jaiswal AK, Ghio AJ, Foster WM (2009) NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 is essential for ozone-induced oxidative stress in mice and humans. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 41:107–113

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner JG, Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR (2002) Enhancement of nasal inflammatory and epithelial responses after ozone and allergen coexposure in Brown Norway rats. Toxicol Sci 67:284–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang G, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Al-Mondhiry H, Floros J (2002) The effect of ozone exposure on the ability of human surfactant protein a variants to stimulate cytokine production. Environ Health Perspect 110:79–84

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Wang S, Manzer R, McConville G, Mason RJ (2006) Ozone induces oxidative stress in rat alveolar type II and type I-like cells. Free Radic Biol Med 40:1914–1928

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Moreno-Vinasco L, Huang Y, Lang GD, Linares JD, Goonewardena SN, Grabavoy A, Samet JM, Geyh AS, Breysse PN et al (2008) Murine lung responses to ambient particulate matter: genomic analysis and influence on airway hyperresponsiveness. Environ Health Perspect 116:1500–1508

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MA, Porter M, Horton M, Guo J, Roman J, Williams D, Breysse P, Georas SN (2007a) Ambient particulate matter directs nonclassic dendritic cell activation and a mixed TH1/TH2-like cytokine response by naive CD4+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119:488–497

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams AS, Leung SY, Nath P, Khorasani NM, Bhavsar P, Issa R, Mitchell JA, Adcock IM, Chung KF (2007b) Role of TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 in murine ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilia. J Appl Physiol 103:1189–1195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RH, Whitehead GS, Nakano H, Free ME, Kolls JK, Cook DN (2009) Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:720–730

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu ZX, Barker JS, Batchelor TP, Dey RD (2008) Interleukin (IL)-1 regulates ozone-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness by increasing substance P (SP) production in intrinsic airway neurons of ferret. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 164:300–311

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Peden DB, McConnell R, Fruin S, Diaz-Sanchez D (2012) Glutathione-S-transferase M1 regulation of diesel exhaust particle-induced pro-inflammatory mediator expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:31

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang Q, Wen L, Liu MH, Zhang Y, Qu JF, Tian J (2009) Endotoxin tolerance of RAW264.7 correlates with p38-dependent up-regulation of scavenger receptor-A. J Int Med Res 37:491–502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao GG, Wang M, Li N, Loo JA, Nel AE (2003) Use of proteomics to demonstrate a hierarchical oxidative stress response to diesel exhaust particle chemicals in a macrophage cell line. J Biol Chem 278:50781–50790

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie QW, Kashiwabara Y, Nathan C (1994) Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 269:4705–4708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HM, Antonini JM, Barger MW, Butterworth L, Roberts BR, Ma JK, Castranova V, Ma JY (2001) Diesel exhaust particles suppress macrophage function and slow the pulmonary clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in rats. Environ Health Perspect 109:515–521

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang IA, Holz O, Jorres RA, Magnussen H, Barton SJ, Rodriguez S, Cakebread JA, Holloway JW, Holgate ST (2005) Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha polymorphisms and ozone-induced change in lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:171–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin XJ, Dong CC, Ma JY, Antonini JM, Roberts JR, Barger MW, Ma JK (2005) Sustained effect of inhaled diesel exhaust particles on T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses against Listeria monocytogenes. Toxicol Sci 88:73–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin XJ, Dong CC, Ma JY, Roberts JR, Antonini JM, Ma JK (2007) Suppression of phagocytic and bactericidal functions of rat alveolar macrophages by the organic component of diesel exhaust particles. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70:820–828

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu M, Zheng X, Witschi H, Pinkerton KE (2002) The role of interleukin-6 in pulmonary inflammation and injury induced by exposure to environmental air pollutants. Toxicol Sci 68:488–497

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2011) Ozone and survival in four cohorts with potentially predisposing diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:836–841

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Kobzik L (2007) Effect of concentrated ambient particles on macrophage phagocytosis and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36:460–465

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Investigators are supported by National Institutes of Health Grants ES016126, & ES020350 (to J.W.H.) and HL105537 (to R.M.T.). Portions of this chapter were adapted from published review articles on the topic (Li et al. 2013; Al-Hegelan et al. 2011) with kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Robert M. Tighe M.D. & Jennifer Wheeler Ph.D.

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    John W. Hollingsworth M.D.

Authors
  1. Robert M. Tighe M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer Wheeler Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John W. Hollingsworth M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John W. Hollingsworth M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Srikanth S. Nadadur

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    John W. Hollingsworth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tighe, R.M., Wheeler, J., Hollingsworth, J.W. (2015). Air Pollution and Immune Function. In: Nadadur, S., Hollingsworth, J. (eds) Air Pollution and Health Effects. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6669-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation