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Evaluation Criteria of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Noninvasive Multimodal Imaging and Molecular Imaging

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Atherosclerosis Disease Management

Abstract

Carotid artery stenosis is a disease developed due to cardiovascular ­incapacity and cerebral infarction. Carotid artery stenosis is related with deep, subcortical, or cortical infarctions. In presurgery evaluation, asymptomatic dyslipidemia or symptomatic carotid artery stenosis are evaluated by imaging. Cardiovascular ischemia is occasionally interpreted as active and silent infarcts. In advanced atherosclerosis, better information is extracted out from presurgery clinical symptoms combined with dyslipidemia evaluation and associated information from cerebral angiography, carotid duplex ultrasound, computer-assisted topographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). In present chapter, the central idea is that carotid artery disease is manifestation of structural and or molecular changes visible in the carotid artery wall and physical characteristics of flowing blood. To evaluate the carotid artery disease burden and plaque type, a new criterion of ­presurgery evaluation was proposed in this chapter by imaging atherosclerosis followed by postsurgery plaque characterization using biomarkers in endarterectomy samples (changes in tissue expression of mRNA-encoded inflammation modulatory proteins, oxidation, lipid transport, calcification, proteolysis, or hemorrhage, oligonucleotide microarray analysis, and high in situ hybridization – GenePaint and immunohistochemistry – ProteinPaint) with or without statin treatment of carotid artery disease. Present time, new multimodal molecular imaging techniques are emerging to give better new insights of plaque staging by molecular events in carotid artery disease progress and its evaluation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The first author participated in atherosclerosis program at SCORE labs in department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York under supervison of Dr. JK Katz and his cardiology labs.

  2. 2.

    http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/169/9/921/DC1/

  3. 3.

    First author participated in his internship at heart and Vascular Surgery, Tallhassee memorial Hospital, Tallahassee, FL 32304 under mentors Drs. J Hurt, Murrah, Khairrallah, and Saint; DrKatz’s Cardiology, NY.

  4. 4.

    The experiments were conducted with data analysis by first author as postdoc. scientist trainee at Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Training Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX under supervision of Dr. Joel D Morrisett.

  5. 5.

    The statin evaluation experiment data was analyzed by first author as postdoc. scientist trainee at Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Training Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX under supervision of Dr. Joel D Morrisett.

  6. 6.

    The NMR experiment data was analyzed by first author as postdoc. scientist trainee at Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Training Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX under supervision of Dr. Joel D Morrisett.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, 10033, NY, USA

    Rakesh Sharma

  2. Center of Nanobiotechnology, Florida State University and Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, Tallahassee, 32304, FL, USA

    Rakesh Sharma

  3. Innovations and Solutions Inc, USA, 3945 West Pensacola Street, Tallahassee, 32304, FL, USA

    Rakesh Sharma

  4. Dr katz’s Cardiology Centers, Medison Ave., New York, NY, USA

    Jose Katz

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  1. Biomedical Technologies, Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA

    Jasjit S. Suri

  2. Planet Space, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Chirinjeev Kathuria

  3. , Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

    Filippo Molinari

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Sharma, R., Katz, J. (2011). Evaluation Criteria of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Noninvasive Multimodal Imaging and Molecular Imaging. In: Suri, J., Kathuria, C., Molinari, F. (eds) Atherosclerosis Disease Management. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7222-4_27

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