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Incineration Technologies

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

Definition of the Subject

Waste incineration is the art of completely combusting waste, while maintaining or reducing emission levels below current emission standards and, when possible, recovering energy, as well as eventual combustion residues. Essential features are as follows: achieving a deep reduction in waste volume; obtaining a compact and sterile residue, yet treating a voluminous flow of flue gas while deeply eliminating a wide array of pollutants.

Destruction by fire is almost as old as humanity. Incineration was systematically applied at some locations, both in England and the USA, from the second half of the nineteenth century [1–4]. Furnaces widely differed in conception, yet were still poked and de-ashed manually. A successful furnace design was the cell furnace, composed of a series of juxtaposed combustion cells with a fixed grate, or also with two superposed retractable grates [4–6]. In 1895, the first large continental incinerator was mounted in Hamburg [7] after...

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Abbreviations

Air equivalence ratio:

Also, air ratio or air factor, (λ or k), is ratio of actual air supply to the theoretical (stoichiometric) requirements for complete combustion.

Combustion residues:

Ash remaining after combustion and consisting of bottom-ash or clinker, and of fly ash, entrained by flue gas and eventually separated. Chemical neutralization of flue gas also yields salts, by reaction of acid gas components with basic additives.

Emissions:

Output of pollutants through the stack (= guided emissions), to a minor extent also as diffuse emission, e.g., from waste pit, evaporation of spills, spreading of fly ash, and outgoing leaks.

Gasification:

Partial combustion generating flammable gas and conducted with deficiency of air in various reactor types.

Higher heating value (HHV):

Amount of heat produced by complete combustion of a specific unit amount of fuel in oxygen.

Immission:

Added atmospheric concentrations attributed to specific sources, e.g., an incinerator plant, and markedly varying with atmospheric conditions. Immissions are modeled on a basis of (a) emissions, (b) their dispersion, and (c) according to variable atmospheric conditions (wind direction and speed, atmospheric stability).

Municipal solid waste (MSW):

Waste produced in a city and collected by the municipality.

Pyrolysis:

Thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen, yielding gaseous (pyrolysis gas), condensable (tar), and solid products (char).

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF):

Fuel from waste, produced by mechanical processing, (possibly biological), drying, and possibly densification.

Waste-to-energy (WtE):

Incineration process in which solid waste is converted into thermal energy to generate steam that drives turbines for electricity generators (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/waste-to-energy.html).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium

    Dr. Alfons Buekens (Professor Emeritus of the Vrije, Invited Professor at Zhejiang University)

  2. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Dr. Alfons Buekens (Professor Emeritus of the Vrije, Invited Professor at Zhejiang University)

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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Buekens, A. (2012). Incineration Technologies . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_92

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