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Blood–Retina Barriers

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Neurons of the retina are segregated from the blood stream via two different gateways: the inner and the outer blood–retina barriers (BRBs). The inner BRB consists of endothelial cells forming retinal capillaries. The inner barrier is similar to the microvascular blood–brain barrier (BBB) within other regions of the central nervous system (CNS). The outer blood–retina barrier (oBRB) is formed by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is positioned as interface between the neural retina and the nonneural choroid. In humans, only the inner two-thirds of the 250-μm thick retina is vascularized, and thus served by the inner blood barrier. The outer one-third of the retina is devoid of any vasculature and depends on nutrient/gas exchange via the RPE. Blood components reach the RPE from fenestrated, highly permeable blood vessels of the neighboring nonneuronal choroid. Despite the fact that both the endothelial and epithelial barriers have ontogenetically different origins and very diverging cellular structures, on the molecular and functional levels many similarities are evident. These include barrier characteristics based on tight junctions, carrier features with regard to transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/multidrug resistance protein, expression patterns of biotransformation enzymes, and immunological responses.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

BBB:

blood–brain barrier

BRB:

Blood–retina barrier

oBRB:

outer blood–retina barrier

CAM:

chorioallantoic membrane

CMV:

cytomegalovirus

EAE:

experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

EAU:

experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GFAP:

glial fibrillary astrocytic protein

γGT:

γ-glutamyl transpeptidase

LIF:

leukemia inhibitory factor

MCP-1:

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MMPs:

matrix metalloproteinases

MRP:

mdr-associated proteins

NF-κB:

nuclear factor-κB

PDGF:

platelet-derived growth factor

P-gp:

P-glycoprotein

P-gp/mdr:

P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance-1

RANTES:

regulated on activation of normal T cell expressed and released

RPE:

retinal pigment epithelium

SDF-1:

stromal cell-derived factor-1

VEGF:

vascular endothelial cell growth factor

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Drs. Konrad Kohler (Tübingen, Germany) and Marteen Reith (New York, USA) for critical reading of the manuscript.

Authors
  1. B. Schlosshauer
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, New York, 10962, Orangeburg, USA

    Abel Lajtha

  2. Department of Psychiatry Millhauser Labs, Room MHL‐HN–604A, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, N.Y. 10016, New York, USA

    Maarten E. A. Reith Ph.D.

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Schlosshauer, B. (2007). Blood–Retina Barriers. In: Lajtha, A., Reith, M.E.A. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30380-2_24

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