Abstract
Income losses resulting from marital disruption have traditionally contributed to high rates of poverty for single women. This paper explores trends in the economic consequences of divorce using data from the 1980–2001 Current Population Survey March Demographic Supplement. Divorce still adversely affects women’s incomes, but divorcées have achieved noticeable economic gains over the last twenty years. Newly developed econometric techniques reveal progress at all points of the income distribution; middle- and upper-class economic gains cannot be attributed to polarization within divorced women’s incomes. Multivariate analyses show that progress can largely be attributed to divorcées’ progress in the workforce and changing demographic attributes, rather than economic dependence on men, relatives, or income transfers. Finally, we explore the implications of these results for understanding stratification in contemporary America.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bernhardt, A., Morris, M., and Handcock, M. S., 1995, Women’s gains or men’s losses? A closer look at the shrinking gender gap in earnings, American Journal of Sociology 101:302–328.
Bianchi, S. M., 1997, What the census tells us about women in the workforce, in: Using the Census, Consortium of Social Science Associations, eds., Consortium of Social Science Associations, Washington, D.C., pp. 18–31.
Bianchi, S. M., Subaiya, L., and Kahn, J., 1999, Economic well-being of husbands and wives after marital disruption, Demography 36:195–203.
Bramlett, M. D., and Mosher, W. D., 2001, First Marriage Dissolution, Divorce, and Remarriage: United States. Advance data from vital and health statistics, no. 323, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
Braver, S. L., 1999, The gender gap in standard of living after divorce: Vanishingly small?, Family Law Quarterly 33:111–134.
Budig, M. J., and England, P., 2001, The wage penalty for motherhood, American Sociological Review 66:204–225.
Bumpass, L. L., and Lu, H., 2000, Trends in cohabitation and implications for children’s family contexts in the United States, Population Studies 54:29–41.
Bumpass, L. L., and Sweet, J. A., 1989, National estimates of cohabitation, Demography 26:615–625.
Bumpass, L. L., Sweet, J. A., and Cherlin, A. J., 1991, The role of cohabitation in declining rates of marriage.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 53:913–927.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002, Consumer Price Indexes (November 15, 2002); http://www.bls.gov/cpi/home.htm.
Cancian, M., and Meyer, D. R., 1996, Changing policy, changing practice: Mothers’ incomes and child support orders, Journal of Marriage and the Family 58:618–627.
Cancian, M., and Meyer, D. R., 1998, Who gets custody?, Demography 35:147–157.
Casper, L. M., and Cohen, P. N., 2000, How does POSSLQ measure up? Historical estimates of cohabitation, Demography 37:237–245.
Dalaker, J., 2001, Poverty in the United States: 2000, Current Population Reports, P60-214, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yeung, W. J., and Smith, J. R., 1998, How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children?, American Sociological Review 63:406–423.
Duncan, G. J., and Hoffman, S. D., 1985, Economic consequences of marital instability, in: Horizontal Equality, Uncertainty, and Well Being, M. David and T. Smeeding, eds., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 427–470.
Eggebeen, D. J., Lichter, D. T., 1991, Race, family structure, and changing poverty among American children, American Sociological Review 56:801–817.
Farley, R., 1996, The New American Reality, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Fields, J., and Casper, L. M., 2001, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2000. Current Population Reports P20-537, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Fortin, N. M., and Lemieux, T., 1998, Rank regressions, wage distributions, and the gender gap, The Journal of Human Resources 33:610–643.
Gallagher, M., 1996, The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love, Regnery, Washington, D.C.
Galston, W. A., 1996, Divorce American style, The Public Interest 124:12–26.
Gardner, K., Fishman, M., Nikolov, P., and Laud, S., 2002, State policies to promote marriage, Preliminary report submitted to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
Garfinkel, I., and McLanahan, S. S., 1986, Single Mothers and Their Children: A New American Dilemma, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, D.C.
Goldstein, J. R., 1999, The leveling of divorce in the United States, Demography 36:409–414.
Grall, T., 2000, Child Support for Custodial Mothers and Fathers: 1997, Current Population Reports P60-212, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Handcock, M. S., and Morris, M., 1999, Relative Distribution Methods in the Social Sciences, Springer, New York.
Hanson, T. L., McLanahan, S., and Thomson, E., 1997, Economic resources, parental practices, and children’s well-being, in: Consequences of Growing Up Poor, G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 190–238.
Hauser, R. M., and Warren, J. R., 1997, Socioeconomic indexes for occupations: A review, update, and critique, in: Sociological Methodology, A. Raftery, ed., Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, pp. 177–298.
Holden, K. C., and Smock, P. J., 1991, The economic costs of marital disruption: Why do women bear a disproportionate cost?, Annual Review of Sociology 17:51–78.
Kanji, G. K. 1999. 100 Statistical Tests, new edition, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Korenman, S., and Miller, J. E., 1997, Effects of long-term poverty on physical health of children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, in: Consequences of Growing Up Poor, G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 70–99.
Kreider, R. M., and Fields, J. M., 2001, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: Fall 1996, Current Population Reports P70-80, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.
Kymlicka, B. B., and Matthews, J. V, eds. 1988. The Reagan Revolution?, Dorsey Press, Chicago.
Lekachman, R., 1982, Greed is Not Enough, Pantheon Books, New York.
Levy, F., 1995, Incomes and income inequality, in: State of the Union: American in the 1990’s. Volume 1: Economic Trends, R. Farley, ed., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 1–57.
Lugaila, T. A., 1998, Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1998, Update, Current Population Reports P20-514, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Martinson, Brian C., 1994, Postmarital union formation: Trends and determinants of the competing roles of remarriage and nonmarital cohabitation among women in the United States, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
McKeever, M., and Wolfinger, N. H., 2001, Reexamining the economic consequences of marital disruption for women, Social Science Quarterly 82:202–217.
McLoyd, V. C., 1998, Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development, American Psychologist 53:185–204.
Morris, M., Bernhardt, A., and Handcock, M., 1994, Economic inequality: New methods for new trends, American Sociological Review 59:205–219.
Morrison, D. R, and Ritualo, A., 2000, Routes to children’s economic recovery after divorce: Are cohabitation and remarriage equivalent?, American Sociological Review 65:560–580.
Mott, F. L., and Moore, S. F., 1978, The causes and consequences of marital breakdown, in: Women, Work, and Family, F. L. Mott, ed., Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp. 113–135.
Nestel, G., Mercier, J. and Shaw, L. B., 1983, Economic consequences of midlife change in marital status, in: Unplanned Careers: The Working Lives of Middle-Aged Women, L. Shaw, ed., Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, pp. 109–125.
New York Times, 2000, The republicans; Excerpts from platform approved by Republican National Convention, August 1, 2000.
New York Times, 2001, Bible belt couples ‘put asunder’ more, despite new efforts, May 21, 2001.
Nock, S. L., Wright, J. D., and Sanchez, L., 1999, America’s divorce problem, Society 36:43–52.
O’Neill, J., and Polachek, S., 1993, Why the gender gap in wages narrowed in the 1980s, Journal of Labor Economics 11:205–228.
Ono, H., 1995, Expanding on explanations of recent patterns in U.S. divorce rates, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, UCLA.
Pagani, L., Boulerice, B., and Tremblay, R. E., 1997, The influence of poverty on children’s classroom placement and behavior problems, in: Consequences of Growing Up Poor, G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 311–339.
Peterson, R. R., 1996, A re-evaluation of the economic consequences of divorce, American Sociological Review 61:528–536.
Phillips, R., 1991, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Raley, R. K., and Bumpass, L., 2003, The topography of the divorce plateau: Levels and trends in union stability in the United States after 1980, Demographic Research 8:245–260.
Rawlings, S., and Saluter, A., 1994, Household and Family Characteristics: March 1994, Current Population Reports P20-483, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Smock, P. J., 1993, The economic costs of marital disruption for young women over the past two decades, Demography 30:353–371.
Smock, P. J., 1994, Gender and the short-run consequences of marital disruption, Social Forces 73:243–262.
Smock, P. J., Manning, W. D., and Gupta, S., 1999, The effect of marriage and divorce on women’s economic well-being, American Sociological Review 64:794–812.
Smith, J. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Klebanov, P. K., 1997, Consequences of living in poverty for young children’s cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement, in: Consequences of Growing Up Poor, G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds., Russell Sage Foundation, New York, pp. 132–189.
Sørensen, A., 1992, Estimating the economic consequences of separation and divorce: A cautionary tale from the United States, in: Economic Consequences of Divorce: The International Perspective, L. J. Weitzman and M. Maclean, eds., Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 262–282.
Spaht, K. S., 1998, Why covenant marriage? A change in culture for the sake of the children, Louisiana Bar Journal 46:116–119.
Stirling, K. J., 1989, Women who remain divorced: The long-term consequences, Social Science Quarterly 70:549–561.
Sweezy, K., and Tiefenthaler, J., 1996, Do state-level variables affect divorce rates?, Review of Social Economy 54:47–65.
Thompson, Ross A. and Jennifer M. Wyatt, 1999, Values, policy, and research on divorce: Seeking fairness for children, in: The Postdivorce Family: Children, Parenting, and Society, R. A. Thompson and P. R. Amato, eds., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 191–232.
United States Bureau of the Census, 1997, Children with Single Parents—How They Fare, Census Brief CENBR/97-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
United States Bureau of the Census, 1999, Money Income in the United States: 1999, Current Population Reports P60-209, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
United States Bureau of the Census, 2001a, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, 121st ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
United States Bureau of the Census, 2001b, Current Population Survey: Annual Demographic File, 2001, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.
United States Bureau of the Census, 2002, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002, 122nd ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Waite, L. J., and Lillard, L. A., 1991, Children and marital disruption, American Journal of Sociology 96:930–953.
Waldfogel, J., 1997, The effect of children on women’s wages, American Sociological Review 62:209–217.
Weiss, R. S., 1984, The impact of marital dissolution on income and consumption in single-parent households, Journal of Marriage and the Family 46:115–127.
Weitzman, L. J., 1985, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America, The Free Press, New York.
Winship, C., and Radbill, L., 1994. Sampling weights and regression analysis, Sociological Methodology and Research 23:230–257.
Wu, L. L., 1996, Effect of family instability, income, and income instability on the risk of a premarital birth, American Sociological Review 61:386–406.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McKeever, M., Wolfinger, N.H. (2006). Shifting Fortunes in a Changing Economy. In: Kowaleski-Jones, L., Wolfinger, N.H. (eds) Fragile Families and the Marriage Agenda. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26025-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26025-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25884-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-26025-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)