Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatitis C inflection in dialysis patients: a link to poor clinical outcome?

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
International Urology and Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Among the 350,000 maintenance dialysis patients in the USA, the mortality rate is high (20–23% per year) as is the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (5–15%). An additional same number of dialysis patients in the USA may be infected with HCV but have undetectable HCV antibodies. Almost half of all deaths in dialysis patients, including HCV-infected patients, are due to cardiovascular disease. Since over two-thirds of dialysis patients die within 5 years of initiating dialysis and because markers of malnutrition–inflammation complex syndrome (MICS), rather than traditional cardiovascular risk factors, are among the strongest predictors of early death in these patients, the impact of HCV infection on nutritional status and inflammation may be a main cause of poor survival in this population. Based on data from our cross-sectional and limited longitudinal studies, we hypothesize that HCV infection confounds the association between MICS and clinical outcomes in dialysis patients and, by doing so, leads to higher short-term cardiovascular events and death. Understanding the natural history of HCV and its association with inflammation, nutrition and outcomes in dialysis patients may lead to testing more effective anti-HCV management strategies in this and other similar patient populations, providing benefits not only for HCV infection but the detrimental consequences associated with this infection. In this article, we review the link between the HCV infection and mortality in dialysis patients and compare HCV antibody to molecular methods to detect HCV infection in these individuals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Recommendations and reports (1998) Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 47

  2. Meyers CM, Seeff LB, Stehman-Breen CO, Hoofnagle JH (2003) Hepatitis C and renal disease: an update. Am J Kidney Dis 42:631–657

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Batty DS Jr, Swanson SJ, Kirk AD, Ko CW, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC (2001) Hepatitis C virus seropositivity at the time of renal transplantation in the United States: associated factors and patient survival. Am J Transplant 1:179–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Schneeberger PM, Keur I, van Loon AM, Mortier D, de Coul KO, van Haperen AV, Sanna R, van Der Heijden TG, van Den Hoven H, van Hamersvelt HW, Quint W, van Doorn LJ (2000) The prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infections among dialysis patients in the Netherlands: a nationwide prospective study. J Infect Dis 182:1291–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dussol B, Berthezene P, Brunet P, Roubicek C, Berland Y (1995) Hepatitis C virus infection among chronic dialysis patients in the south of France: a collaborative study. Am J Kidney Dis 25:399–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. United States renal data system (2005) Excerpts from the USRDS 2004 Annual Data Report. Am J Kid Dis 45(Suppl 1):S1–S280

    Google Scholar 

  7. United States renal data system (2002) US Department of public health and human services, public health service, National institutes of health, Bethesda

  8. Collins AJ, Couser WG, Dirks JH, Kopple JD, Reiser T, Riella MC, Robinson S, Shah SV, Wilson A (2006) World kidney day: an idea whose time has come. J␣Am Soc Nephrol

  9. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Unruh M (2005) Health related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 37:367–378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Morbidity and mortality of dialysis (1993) NIH consens statement 11:1–33

  11. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kilpatrick RD, Kuwae N, Wu DY (2005) Reverse epidemiology: a spurious hypothesis or a hardcore reality? Blood Purif 23:57–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. United States renal data system (2003) USRD 2003 Annual data report; atlas of end stage renal diseases in the United States. National institute of health, National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases. Bethesda, Maryland

  13. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, Ritz E (2005) Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 353:238–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wrone EM, Hornberger JM, Zehnder JL, McCann LM, Coplon NS, Fortmann SP (2004) Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:420–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, McAllister CJ, Kopple JD (2004) A low, rather than a high, total plasma homocysteine is an indicator of poor outcome in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:442–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Suliman ME, Barany P, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P (2004) Homocysteine in uraemia—a puzzling and conflicting story. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:16–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R (2002) Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347:2010–2019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S (2002) Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1307–1320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ikizler TA, Block G, Avram MM, Kopple JD (2003) Malnutrition–inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: causes and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis 42:864–881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD (2001) Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:1343–1350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bergstrom J (2000) Inflammation, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn 104:641–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Divino-Filho JC, Gutierrez A, Heimburger O, Lindholm B, Bergstrom J (2002) Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13(Suppl 1):S28–S36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Stenvinkel P (2001) Malnutrition and chronic inflammation as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Blood Purif 19:143–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stenvinkel P, Chung SH, Heimburger O, Lindholm B (2001) Malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 21(Suppl 3):S157–S162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ifudu O, Uribarri J, Rajwani I, Vlacich V, Reydel K, Delosreyes G, Friedman E (2002) Low hematocrit may connote a malnutrition–inflammation syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Dialysis Transplant 31:845–878

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kopple JD (1997) McCollum Award Lecture, 1996: protein-energy malnutrition in maintenance dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1544–1557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kopple JD (1999) Pathophysiology of protein-energy wasting in chronic renal failure. J Nutr 129:247S–251S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mehrotra R, Kopple J (2003) Causes of protein- energy malnutrition in chronic renal failure. In: Kopple J, Massry S (eds) Nutritional management of renal disease, 2nd edn. Williams & Wilkins, Lippincott, Philadelphia

  29. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A, Divino-Filho JC, Gutierrez A, Lindholm B, Bergstrom J (1998) Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 53:773–782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bergstrom J (1995) Why are dialysis patients malnourished? Am J Kidney Dis 26:229–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J Inflammation in renal failure, in UpToDate (since Oct 2002), edited by Rose B, Wellesley, MA, UpToDate, Inc, 2003

  32. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, McAllister CJ, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD (2004) Appetite and inflammation, nutrition, anemia and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 80:299–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR (2002) Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 347:1557–1565

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E (2005) C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 352:20–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J (2005) Inflammation in renal failure, in UpToDate (since Oct 2002), edited by Rose B, Wellesley, MA, UpToDate, Inc

  36. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Stenvinkel P, Bross R, Khawar OS, Rammohan M, Colman S, Benner D (2005) Kidney insufficiency and nutrient-based modulation of inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8:388–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kalantar-Zadeh K (2005) Recent advances in understanding the malnutrition–inflammation–Cachexia syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients: what is next? Semin Dial 18:365–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Stenvinkel P, Pillon L, Kopple JD (2003) Inflammation and nutrition in renal insufficiency. Adv Ren Replace Ther 10:155–169

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Stenvinkel P, Barany P, Heimburger O, Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B (2002) Mortality, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis in ESRD: what is the role of interleukin-6? Kidney Int Suppl:103–108

  40. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C (1999) Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 55:648–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS, Cheigh JS, Serur D, Stenzel KH, Rubin AL (1998) Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 32:107–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kilpatrick RD, Kuwae N, McAllister CJ, Alcorn H Jr, Kopple JD, Greenland S (2005) Revisiting mortality predictability of serum albumin in the dialysis population: time dependency, longitudinal changes and population-attributable fraction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1880–1889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Beddhu S, Kaysen GA, Yan G, Sarnak M, Agodoa L, Ornt D, Cheung AK (2002) Association of serum albumin and atherosclerosis in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40:721–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Becker AE, de Boer OJ, van Der Wal AC (2001) The role of inflammation and infection in coronary artery disease. Annu Rev Med 52:289–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kaplan N (2001) Risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. In: Braunwald EZD, Libby P (eds) Braunwald: heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1010–1039

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mezzano D, Pais EO, Aranda E, Panes O, Downey P, Ortiz M, Tagle R, Gonzalez F, Quiroga T, Caceres MS, Leighton F, Pereira J (2001) Inflammation, not hyperhomocysteinemia, is related to oxidative stress and hemostatic and endothelial dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 60:1844–1850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Abbott KC, Kronenberg F, Anker SD, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC (2006) Epidemiology of dialysis patients and heart failure patients; special review article for the 25th anniversary of the Seminars in Nephrology. Semin Nephrol, Jan 2006 (in press)

  48. Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Santantonio T, Mayer J, Zankel M, Pastore G, Dietrich M, Trautwein C, Manns MP (2001) Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med 345:1452–1457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V, Bunnapradist S, Dulai G (2004) Meta-analysis: effect of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality in dialysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20:1271–1277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Natov SN, Pereira BJ (2000) Routine serologic testing for hepatitis C virus infection should be instituted among dialysis patients. Semin Dial 13:393–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister CJ, Miller LG (2005) Clinical characteristics and mortality in hepatitis C-positive haemo dialysis patients: a population based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1662–1669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fissell RB, Bragg-Gresham JL, Woods JD, Jadoul M, Gillespie B, Hedderwick SA, Rayner HC, Greenwood RN, Akiba T, Young EW (2004) Patterns of hepatitis C prevalence and seroconversion in hemodialysis units from three continents: the DOPPS. Kidney Int 65:2335–2342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister CJ, Kilpatrick RD, Miller LG, Daar ES, Gjertson DW, Kopple JD, Greenland S (2006) Dialysis vintage and risk of hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Kid Dis 47:B1–B18 (abstract #72, NKF Spring Clinical Meetings April 19–23, 2006, Chicago, IL), 2006 [abstract]

    Google Scholar 

  54. Younossi ZM, McCullough AJ, Ong JP, Barnes DS, Post A, Tavill A, Bringman D, Martin LM, Assmann J, Gramlich T, Mullen KD, O’Shea R, Carey WD, Ferguson R (2004) Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Gastroenterol 38:705–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Friedenberg F, Pungpapong S, Zaeri N, Braitman LE (2003) The impact of diabetes and obesity on liver histology in patients with hepatitis C. Diabetes Obes Metab 5:150–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ortiz V, Berenguer M, Rayon JM, Carrasco D, Berenguer J (2002) Contribution of obesity to hepatitis C-related fibrosis progression. Am J Gastroenterol 97:2408–2414

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Kilpatrick RD, McAllister CJ, Shinaberger CS, Gjertson DW, Greenland S (2005) Association of morbid obesity and weight change over time with cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis 46:489–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Abbott KC, Salahudeen AK, Kilpatrick RD, Horwich TB (2005) Survival advantages of obesity in dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 81:543–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kalantar-Zadeh K (2005) Causes and consequences of the reverse epidemiology of body mass index in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 15:142–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Anker SD, Coats AJ, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC (2005) Obesity paradox as a component of reverse epidemiology in heart failure. Arch Intern Med 165:1797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD (2003) Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int 63:793–808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Miller LG, Daar ES (2005) Diagnostic discordance for hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 46: 290–300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Miller LG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Daar ES (2005) Diagnostic discordance for hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis: correlations with clinical and laboratory features [Reply to Letter]. Am J Kid Dis DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.07.045. Cited 4 October 2005

  64. Pawlak K, Pawlak D, Mysliwiec M (2004) Hepatitis intensified oxidative stress, MIP-1beta and RANTES plasma levels in uraemic patients. Cytokine 28:197–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Woitas RP, Petersen U, Moshage D, Brackmann HH, Matz B, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U (2002) HCV-specific cytokine induction in monocytes of patients with different outcomes of hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 8:562–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Thio CL, Goedert JJ, Mosbruger T, Vlahov D, Strathdee SA, O’Brien SJ, Astemborski J, Thomas DL (2004) An analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with natural clearance of hepatitis C virus infection. Genes Immun 5:294–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Radovic M, Jelkmann W, Djukanovic L, Ostric V (1999) Serum erythropoietin and interleukin-6 levels in hemodialysis patients with hepatitis virus infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19:369–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Malaguarnera M, Di Fazio I, Romeo MA, Restuccia S, Laurino A, Trovato BA (1997) Elevation of interleukin 6 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. J Gastroenterol 32:211–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kido M, Kumagai N, Toda K, Tsuchimoto K, Komiyama T (2003) Differential induction of serum interleukin-6 and -12 by interferon-alpha and -beta administration in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatol Res 27:101–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Borawski J, Naumnik B, Mysliwiec M (2005) Liver disease vs systemic inflammation in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1277–1278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pereira BJ, Natov SN, Bouthot BA, Murthy BV, Ruthazer R, Schmid CH, Levey AS (1998) Effects of hepatitis C infection and renal transplantation on survival in end-stage renal disease. The new England organ bank hepatitis C study group. Kidney Int 53:1374–1381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Espinosa M, Martn-Malo A, Ojeda R, Santamara R, Soriano S, Aguera M, Aljama P (2004) Marked reduction in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: causes and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis 43:685–689

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Stehman-Breen CO, Emerson S, Gretch D, Johnson RJ (1998) Risk of death among chronic dialysis patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 32:629–634

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nakayama E, Akiba T, Marumo F, Sato C (2000) Prognosis of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody-positive patients on regular hemodialysis therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1896–1902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Espinosa M, Martin-Malo A, Alvarez de Lara MA, Aljama P (2001) Risk of death and liver cirrhosis in anti-HCV-positive long-term haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1669–1674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister CJ, Miller LG, Daar ES, Gjertson DW, Kopple JD, Greenland S, Kilpatrick RD (2006) Hepatitis C virus and death risk in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kid Dis 47:B1–B18 (abstract #73, NKF Spring Clinical Meetings April 19–23, 2006, Chicago, IL), 2006 [abstract]

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Supasyndh O, Lehn RS, McAllister CJ, Kopple JD (2003) Normalized protein nitrogen appearance is correlated with hospitalization and mortality in hemodialysis patients with Kt/V greater than 1.20. J Ren Nutr 13:15–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Fabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P (2002) Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end-stage renal disease. Hepatology 36:3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Pol S, Romeo R, Zins B, Driss F, Lebkiri B, Carnot F, Berthelot P, Brechot C (1993) Hepatitis C virus RNA in anti-HCV positive hemodialyzed patients: significance and therapeutic implications. Kidney Int 44:1097–1100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Saab S, Brezina M, Gitnick G, Martin P, Yee HF Jr (2001) Hepatitis C screening strategies in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:91–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Saab S, Martin P, Brezina M, Gitnick G, Yee HF Jr (2001) Serum alanine aminotransferase in hepatitis C screening of patients on hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37:308–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kalantar-Zadeh K, McAllister CJ, Miller LG (2005) Clinical characteristics and mortality in hepatitis C-positive haemodialysis patients: a population based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5:1662–1669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Abdel-Hamid M, El-Daly M, El-Kafrawy S, Mikhail N, Strickland GT, Fix AD (2002) Comparison of second- and third-generation enzyme immunoassays for detecting antibodies to hepatitis C virus. J Clin Microbiol 40:1656–1659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zacks SL, Fried MW (2001) Hepatitis B and C and renal failure. Infect Dis Clin North Am 15:877–899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Khan N, Aswad S, Shidban H, Aghajani M, Mendez R, Comanor L (2004) Improved detection of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients using a new HCV RNA qualitative assay: experience of a transplant center. J Clin Virol 30:175–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Almroth G, Ekermo B, Mansson AS, Svensson G, Widell A (2002) Detection and prevention of hepatitis C in dialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. A long-term follow up (1989–January 1997). J Intern Med 251:119–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hanuka N, Sikuler E, Tovbin D, Neville L, Nussbaum O, Mostoslavsky M, Orgel M, Yaari A, Manor S, Dagan S, Hilzenrat N, Shemer-Avni Y (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection in dialysis and chronic liver patients: viraemia dependent anti-E2-antibody response. J Med Virol 73:529–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ndimbie OK, Kingsley LA, Nedjar S, Rinaldo CR (1996) Hepatitis C virus infection in a male homosexual cohort: risk factor analysis. Genitourin Med 72:213–216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Chan TM, Lok AS, Cheng IK, Chan RT (1993) Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a longitudinal study comparing the results of RNA and antibody assays. Hepatology 17:5–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Alter MJ, Kuhnert WL, Finelli L (2003) Guidelines for laboratory testing and result reporting of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Centers for disease control and prevention. MMWR recomm rep 52:1–13, 15; quiz CE11–14

    Google Scholar 

  91. Umlauft F, Gruenewald K, Weiss G, Kessler H, Urbanek M, Haun M, Santner B, Koenig P, Keeffe EB (1997) Patterns of hepatitis C viremia in patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Gastroenterol 92:73–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Noiri E, Nakao A, Oya A, Fujita T, Kimura S (2001) Hepatitis C virus in blood and dialysate in hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37:38–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Comanor L, Anderson F, Ghany M, Perrillo R, Heathcote EJ, Sherlock C, Zitron I, Hendricks D, Gordon SC (2001) Transcription-mediated amplification is more sensitive than conventional PCR-based assays for detecting residual serum HCV RNA at end of treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 96:2968–2972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Gorrin G, Friesenhahn M, Lin P, Sanders M, Pollner R, Eguchi B, Pham J, Roma G, Spidle J, Nicol S, Wong C, Bhade S, Comanor L (2003) Performance evaluation of the VERSANT HCV RNA qualitative assay by using transcription-mediated amplification. J␣Clin Microbiol 41:310–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hendricks DA, Friesenhahn M, Tanimoto L, Goergen B, Dodge D, Comanor L (2003) Multicenter evaluation of the VERSANT HCV RNA qualitative assay for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Clin Microbiol 41:651–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sarrazin C, Teuber G, Kokka R, Rabenau H, Zeuzem S (2000) Detection of residual hepatitis C virus RNA by transcription-mediated amplification in patients with complete virologic response according to polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Hepatology 32:818–823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Krajden M, Ziermann R, Khan A, Mak A, Leung K, Hendricks D, Comanor L (2002) Qualitative detection of hepatitis C virus RNA: comparison of analytical sensitivity, clinical performance, and workflow of the Cobas Amplicor HCV test version 2.0 and the HCV RNA transcription-mediated amplification qualitative assay. J Clin Microbiol 40:2903–2907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Comanor L, Elkin C, Leung K, Krajden M, Kronquist K, Nicolas K, Horansky E, deMedina M, Kittichai P, Sablon E, Ziermann R, Sherlock C (2003) Successful HCV genotyping of previously failed and low viral load specimens using an HCV RNA qualitative assay based on transcription-mediated amplification in conjunction with the line probe assay. J Clin Virol 28:14–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rigopoulou EI, Stefanidis I, Liaskos C, Zervou EK, Rizos C, Mina P, Zachou K, Syrganis C, Patsidis E, Kyriakopoulos G, Sdrakas L, Tsianas N, Dalekos GN (2005) HCV-RNA qualitative assay based on transcription mediated amplification improves the detection of hepatitis C virus infection in patients on hemodialysis: results from five hemodialysis units in central Greece. J Clin Virol 34:81–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Fabrizi F, Bunnapradist S, Martin P (2005) Treatment of hepatitis C in potential kidney and heart transplant patients. Clin Liver Dis 9:487–503, viii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fabrizi F, Bunnapradist S, Lunghi G, Aucella F, Martin P (2004) Epidemiology and clinical significance of hepatotropic infections in dialysis patients. Recent evidence. Minerva Urol Nefrol 56:249–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sakugawa H, Nakasone H, Nakayoshi T, Kawakami Y, Yamashiro T, Maeshiro T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Yakabi S (2003) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in a normal population and interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients with normal ALT. Hepatogastroenterology 50:165–169

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Russo MW, Goldsweig CD, Jacobson IM, Brown RS Jr (2003) Interferon monotherapy for dialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C: an analysis of the literature on efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1610–1615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kamar N, Toupance O, Buchler M, Sandres-Saune K, Izopet J, Durand D, Rostaing L (2003) Evidence that clearance of hepatitis C virus RNA after alpha-interferon therapy in dialysis patients is sustained after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2092–2098

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fabrizi F, Bunnapradist S, Aucella F, Lunghi G, Martin P (2003) Treatment of HCV-related liver diseases after renal transplantation: modern views. Int J Artif Organs 26:373–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Izopet J, Rostaing L, Moussion F, Alric L, Dubois M, That HT, Payen JL, Duffaut M, Durand D, Suc JM, Puel J (1997) High rate of hepatitis C virus clearance in hemodialysis patients after interferon-alpha therapy. J Infect Dis 176:1614–1617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Natov SN, Pereira BJ (2005) Hepatitis C virus infection in patients on maintenance dialysis, in UpToDate (since Oct 2005), edited by Rose B, Wellesley, MA, UpToDate, Inc

  108. Mousa DH, Abdalla AH, Al-Shoail G, Al-Sulaiman MH, Al-Hawas FA, Al-Khader AA (2004) Alpha-interferon with ribavirin in the treatment of hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C. Transplant Proc 36:1831–1834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kamar N, Izopet J, Alric L, Rostaing L (2005) Lack of evidence for ribavirin monotherapy efficacy on liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus positive renal transplant patients. Transplantation 79:1770–1771, author reply 1771, 2005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Center for disease control and prevention (2001) Recommendations and reports: recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients. MMWR 50(RR05) 1–43. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5005 5001.htm, 2001

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, C1-Annex, Torrance, CA, 90509-2910, USA

    Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh

  2. Division of HIV Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA

    Eric S. Daar

  3. Division of Gastroenetrology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA

    Viktor E. Eysselein

  4. Division of Infectious Disease, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA

    Loren G. Miller

Authors
  1. Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eric S. Daar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Viktor E. Eysselein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Loren G. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh.

Additional information

Funding source: Supported by a Young Investigator Award from the National Kidney Foundation; the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease grant # DK61162; and a research grant from DaVita (for KKZ); and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant # AI01831 (for LGM and HD41224 (for ESD)).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Daar, E.S., Eysselein, V.E. et al. Hepatitis C inflection in dialysis patients: a link to poor clinical outcome?. Int Urol Nephrol 39, 247–259 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-006-9075-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-006-9075-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation