Abstract
Discussed in this chapter is the spectroscopy of pionic atoms to analyze their properties quantum mechanically. Pions are the lightest hadrons, and their properties have information on the low-energy quantum chromodynamics known for the non-perturbative nature. Starting with the X-ray spectroscopy, we overview the laser spectroscopy, the reaction spectroscopy, and the resultant deduction of the spontaneous breakdown of the chiral symmetry of the vacuum.
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Acknowledgements
The author thanks Profs. S. Hirenzaki, N. Ikeno, and N. Nose-Togawa, and Dr. T. Nishi for fruitful discussions. Last but not least, I would appreciate the continuous support from my family Yuka and Rinn.
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Itahashi, K. (2023). Pionic Atoms in Experiment. In: Tanihata, I., Toki, H., Kajino, T. (eds) Handbook of Nuclear Physics . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_36-1
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