Definitions
Gender is a notion that describes socially defined roles, behavior, activities, and attributes which a specific society regards as suitable and ascribes to men and women (WHO 2019). These unique roles and the relations can produce gender inequities whereby one group faces structural discrimination (UN Women 2018).
Inequality describes the condition of unequal and/or unjust allocation of resources and opportunities between the members of a community. This phenomenon exhibits different but intersecting economic, social, and spatial factors (Koh 2020).
Gender mainstreaming refers to the processes of evaluating the consequences for women and men of any proposed measure such as legislation, policies, or programs across scales (UN Water 2019). It functions best in an adaptive, process-oriented measure, which is inclusive and responsive to the needs of the poor (Donkor and Mazumder 2020).
Effective management describes the...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Avila C, Bright R, Gutierrez JC, Hoadley K, Manuel C, Romero N (2015) Guatemala health system assessment 2015. USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1862/Guatemala-HSA%20_ENGFULL-REPORT-FINAL-APRIL-2016.pdf
Bhattacharjee SS (2014) Cleaning human waste: “manual scavenging,” caste, and discrimination in India. Human Rights Watch, New Delhi
Boyce P, Brown S, Cavill S, Chaukekar S, Chisenga B, Dash M et al (2018) Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia. Waterlines 37(2):102–117
de la Fuente M (2003) A personal view: the water war in Cochabamba, Bolivia: privatization triggers an uprising. Mt Res Dev 23(1):98–100
Denton F (2002) Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: why does gender matter? Gend Dev 10(2):10–20. 7
Donkor FK (2020) Recovery following economic and social chaos: challenges and opportunities for building resilient communities. In: Encyclopedia of the SDGs. Springer Nature, Cham.
Donkor FK, Mazumder RK (2020) Women and the environment: southern perspectives and global implications. In: Encyclopedia of the SDGs. Springer Nature, Cham.
Donkor FK, Mearns K (2018) Household head-related social capital: the trump card for facilitating actual uptake of innovation in rural smallholder systems. In: Leal Filho W (ed) Handbook of climate change resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_88-1
Donkor FK, Mearns K (2020a) Addressing fuel poverty at the grassroots to leave no one behind. Springer Nature, Cham.
Donkor FK, Mearns K (2020b) Clean energy solutions and sustainable development. Springer Nature, Cham.
Donkor FK, Mearns K (2020c) The nexus of climate change impacts on urban tourism industry: a case study on managing drought. Explor Environ Sci Res 1(1):78–86
Donkor FK, Tantoh H, Ebhuoma E (2017) Social learning as a vehicle for catalysing youth involvement in sustainable environmental management. CODESRIA Bulletin Number 3. Ecologies, economies and societies in Africa. CODESRIA: Senegal. ISSN 0850 – 8712
Donkor FK, Tantoh BH, Ebhuoma E, Sylvi F (2018) Addressing the trilemma of educational trade-offs on Africa’s terrain for sustainable development. CODESRIA 4:29–31
Donkor FK, Howarth C, Ebhuoma E, Daly M, Vaughan C, Pretorius L, Mambo J, MacLeod D, Kythreotis A, Jones L, Grainger S, Golding N, Anderson JA (2019) Climate services for development: the role of early career researchers in advancing the debate. Environ Commun 13(5):561–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1596145
Donkor, F. K., Mearns, K., ; Ojong, E., Tantoh, H., Ebhuoma, E., Hadisu, A., Mavuso, S., Mbewe, P., ; Mabeza, C., & Leclerc, A. (2020a). Attitudinal changes towards agriculture through the generational lens and impact on engagement in related activities: case study from a mountainous area. In Squires V., & Gaur M (Eds) Food security and land use change under conditions of climate variability, Springer Nature, Cham
Donkor FK, Mazumder RK, Hosseinzadeh S, Someshwar R (2020b) A user-centric design approach to understand international education in the contemporary world: motivations and gender preferences for studying in Europe. J Res Int Educ 19(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240920916046
Duncan M (2017) The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 7(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.027
Ebhuoma EE, Donkor FK, Ebhuoma OO, Leonard L, Tantoh HB (2020a) Subsistence farmers’ differential vulnerability to drought in Mpumalanga province, South Africa: under the political ecology spotlight. Cogent Soc Sci 6(1):1792155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1792155
Ebhuoma EE, Simatele MD, Leonard L, Osadolor OE, Donkor FK, Tantoh BH (2020b) Theorising indigenous farmers’ utilisation of climate services: lessons from the oil-rich Niger delta. Sustainability 12(18):7349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187349
FAO (2020) 37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964. www.fao.org. Retrieved 12 Jan 2021
Fauconnier I, Jenniskens A, Perry P (2018) Women as changemakers in the governance of shared waters. Women as changemakers in the governance of shared waters. IUCN, (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Gland
Garcia SL (2019) Gender and water. https://gendercc.net/fileadmin/inhalte/bilder/5_Gender_Climate/Gender-and-water-GenderCC-2019.pdf
Hannan C, Anderssonii (2002) Gender perspectives on ecological sanitation. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Nanning_PDFs/Eng/Hannan%20&%20Andersson.pdf
Hennegan J, Montgomery P (2016) Do menstrual hygiene management interventions improve education and psychosocial outcomes for women and girls in low and middle income countries? A systematic review. PLoS One 11(2):e0146985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146985
Jammoul H (2012) The conflict over the Nile water, 2011. https://www.eurasia-rivista.com/the-conflict-over-the-nile-water
Johnston R, Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J (2019) Safer water, better health. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. ISBN 978-92-4-151689-1
Koh SY (2020) Inequality. In: Kobayashi A (ed) International encyclopedia of human geography, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10196-9
Kooy M, Harris D (2012) Briefing paper: political economy analysis for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) service delivery. Overseas Development Institute, London
Masgon MA, Gensch R (2018) Further resources: sustainable sanitation and water management in other contexts. Water, Sanitation and Gender. https://sswm.info/arctic-wash/module-1-introduction/further-resources-sustainability-relation-water-sanitation/water%2C-sanitation-and-gender
Michie J (2020) Davos 2021: to achieve a ‘great reset’, we can’t count on the same old globalists to lead the way. https://theconversation.com/davos-2021-to-achieve-a-great-reset-we-cant-count-on-the-same-old-globalists-to-lead-the-way-153508
Muyanga MC, Jayne TS (2015) Agricultural extension in Kenya: practice and policy lessons. Tegemeo Working paper 26/2006. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.55168. Egerton University: Tegemeo.
Nelson V, Meadows K, Cannon T, Morton J, Martin A (2002) Uncertain predictions, invisible impacts, and the need to mainstream gender in climate change adaptations. Gend Dev 10(2):51–59. 6
Panthea P, Nidhi N, Michela M (2020) A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health. Frontiers in Water 2:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2020.00006
Pereira T, Shackleton S, Donkor FK (2017) Integrating Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) for greater local level resilience: lessons from a multi-stakeholder think-tank POLICY BRIEF number 16 2017 Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University Number 16 2017. http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28097?site_name=GlobalView
Ricart S (2016) Improving the management of water multi-functionality through stakeholder involvement in decision-making processes. Util Policy 43:71–81
Ricart S, Rico AM (2019) Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: a review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor. Agric Water Manag 217:426–439
Ricart S, Rico A, Kirk N, Bülow F, Ribas-Palom A, Pavón D (2019) How to improve water governance in multifunctional irrigation systems? Balancing stakeholder engagement in hydrosocial territories. Int J Water Resour Dev 35(3):491–524
Rothman KJ (2012) Epidemiology: an introduction, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press
Saboori S, Greene LE, Moe CL et al (2013) Impact of regular soap provision to primary schools on hand washing and E. coli hand contamination among pupils in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89:698–708
Sarrasanti N, Donkor FK, Santos C, Tsagkari M, Wannous C (2020) It’s about time we care about an equitable world: women’s unpaid care work and COVID-19. IEEE Eng Manag Rev. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2020.3031313
Seimetz ES, Kumar H-JM (2016) Effects of an awareness raising campaign on intention and behavioural determinants for handwashing. Health Educ Res 31(2):109–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw002
Seimetz E, Kumar S, Mosler HJ (2016) Effects of an awareness raising campaign on intention and behavioural determinants for handwashing, Health Education Research 31(2):109–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw002
Semenya K, Machate F (2020) Influence of kitchen structures on household exposure to firewood-induced volatile organic compounds in Senwabarwana villages. Air Qual Atmos Health 13:1193–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00872-0
Semenza JC (2020) Cascading risks of waterborne diseases from climate change. Nat Immunol 21:484–487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0631-7.
Social Justice Coalition (2019) Sanitation campaign. https://sjc.org.za/campaigns/sanitation
Sommer M, Chandraratna S, Cavill S, Mahon T, PhillipsHoward P (2016) Managing menstruation in the workplace: an overlooked issue in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Equity Health 15(1):6–25
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013) Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts. PLOS ONE 8(9):e73784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO…873784S. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070
Tantoh HB, Mckay M (2020) Investigating community constructed rural water systems in Northwest Cameroon: leadership, gender and exclusion. International Development Planning Review 42(4):455–479
Tantoh HB, Simatele MD, Ebhuoma EE (2020a) Shifting the paradigm in community-based water resource management in North-West Cameroon: A search for an alternative management approach. Community Development 51(2):172–191
UN Water (2019) Policy brief climate change and water. United Nations, New York
UN Women (2018) Gender equality in the 2030 agenda: gender responsive water and sanitation systems issue brief. United Nations, New York.
UNDESA (2020) A decade of action to deliver the SDGs. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/2020/09/decade-of-action/
United Nations (2018) Sustainable development goal 6 synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation. https://www.unwater.org/publications/sdg-6-synthesis-report-2018-on-water-and-sanitation/
WHO (2019) Sanitation. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation
World Bank (2010) Mainstreaming gender in water and sanitation. Water and sanitation program working paper. © World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17274. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO
WSP (2011) Mainstreaming gender in water and sanitation gender in water and sanitation. https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-gender-water-sanitation.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Donkor, F.K. (2021). Gendered Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Equality: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Clean Water and Sanitation. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_192-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_192-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70061-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70061-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences