Abstract
Environmental determinism can be defined in two ways: as treating the environment as a factor influencing human affairs independently and from the outside, and as an overriding emphasis on the environmental elements in a situation of nature–society interaction. A claim may be determinism without being fatalism (i.e., seeing an environmental factor as always and necessarily producing a certain outcome), and it may be environmental determinism even if the environmental feature in question itself stems in part or whole from human actions.
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Meyer, W.B., Guss, D.M. (2017). Environmental Determinism: What Is It?. In: Neo-Environmental Determinism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54232-4_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54232-4_2
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