Abstract
For individuals with mental illnesses, contact with the criminal justice system often begins a cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, supervision, and rearrest that poses recovery challenges. Jail and prison environments may worsen many symptoms and outcomes. This chapter focuses on integrations between components of mental health and criminal justice systems in an effort to reduce the prevalence of persons with mental illnesses behind bars and under supervision. It focuses on the factors that increase risk of incarceration for persons with mental illnesses and the role of community psychiatry providers in mediating that risk by participating in comprehensive care coordination.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
(2002) Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project Report. New York, NY, Council of State Governments Justice Center.
(2008) One in 100: Behind bars in America 2008. Washington, DC, Pew Center on the States.
(2020) State Expenditure Report (Fiscal 2018-2020 Data). Washington, DC, National Association of State Budget Officers.
Abracen, J., Gallo, A., Looman, J. & , Goodwill, A. (2016). Individual community-based treatment of offenders with mental illness: Relationship to recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(10), 1842–1858.
Allison, S., Bastiampillai, T., & Fuller, D. A. (2017). Mass incarceration and severe mental illness in the USA. The Lancet, 390(10089), 25.
Anderson, R. E., Geier, T. J., & Cahil, S. P. (2016). Epidemiological associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and incarceration in the National Survey of American Life. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26(2), 110–123.
Anestis, J. C., & Carbonell, J.L. (2014). Stopping the revolving door: Effectiveness of mental health court in reducing recidivism by mentally ill offenders. Psychiatric Services, 65(9), 1105–1112.
Barboriak, P.N. (2017). The history of correctional psychiatry in the United States. Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, 3rd edition. Edited by Rosner R, Scott CL, New York, CRC Press. 511–520.
BEM, M. D. F. (2009). Providing chemical dependency treatment to low-income adults results in significant public safety benefits, Olympia (WA), Washington State Department of Social and Health Services.
Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Deyo, R. A., Heagerty, P. J., Cheadle, A., Elmore, J. G. & , Koepsell, T.D. (2007). Release from prison--a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med, 356(2), 157–165.
Black, A et al. (2019). The treatment of people with mental illness in the criminal justice system: The example of Oneida County, New York, Clinton, NY, Levitt Center for Public Affairs, Hamilton College. https://digitalcommons.hamilton.edu/student_scholarship/6/.
Bond, G.R. (2013). Supported employment for justice-involved people with mental illness. SAHSA GAINS Center for Behavioral Health and Justice Transformation. http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov.
Bunting, A.M., Staton, M., Winston, E., & Pangburn, K. (2019). Beyond the employment dichotomy: An examination of recidivism and days remaining in the community by post-release employment status. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,. 63(5), 12–733.
Care, N. (2008). Standards for Mental Health Services in Correctional Facilities. National Commission on Correctional Health Care.
Center, S. (2020a). Training Opportunities. Retrieved 12/20/2020, from https://www.samhsa.gov/gains-center/trauma-training-criminal-justice-professionals/training-opportunities.
Center, S. (2020b). Trauma Training for Criminal Justice Professionals. Retrieved 12/20/2020, from https://www.samhsa.gov/gains-center/trauma-training-criminal-justice-professionals.
Cohen, F. (2008). The Mentally Disordered Inmate and the Law: Cumulative Supplement. Kingston, NJ, Civic Research Institute, Inc.
Cuddeback, G. S., Simpson, J.M., & Wu, J. C. (2020). A comprehensive literature review of Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT): Directions for practice, policy and research. International Journal of Mental Health, 49, 106–127.
Deutsch, A. (1937). Mental Illness in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times. New York, Columbia University Press.
Dixon, L. (2000). Assertive community treatment: Twenty-five years of gold. Psychiatric Service, 51(6), 759–765.
Draine, J., A. Blank Wilson, S. Metraux, T. Hadley & A. C. Evans (2010). The impact of mental illness status on the length of jail detention and the legal mechanism of jail release. Psychiatric Services, 61(5), 458–462.
Drake, R. E., Bond, G. R., Goldman, H. H., Hogan, M. F., & Karakus, K. M. (2016). Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1098–1105.
Dvoskin, J. A., Spiers, E. M., Metzner, J. L., & Pitt, SE. (2003). The structure of correctional mental health services. In Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, 2Ed. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 511–526.
Eaves, E. R., Camplain, R.L., Lininge, M.R., & Trotter II, R. T. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences in relation to drug and alcohol use in 30 days prior to incarceration in a county jail. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 17, 142–155.
Eno Louden, J., Manchak, S. M., Ricks, E. P., & Kennealy, P. K. (2018). The role of stigma toward mental illness in probation officers’ perceptions of risk and case management decisions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(5), 573–588.
Fazel, S., Zetterqvist, J., Larsson, H., Långström, N., & Lichtenstein, P. (2014). Antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and risk of violent crime. The Lancet, 384(9949), 1206–1214.
Glaze, L. E. & Bonczar, T. P. (2010). Probation and parole in the United States, 2006. Washington, DC, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Greenberg, G. A. & Rosenheck, R. A. (2008). Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: A national study. Psychiatric services, 59(2), 170–177.
Heiss, C., Somers, S. A., & Larson, M. (2016). Coordinating Access to Services for Justice-Involved Populations. Center for Health Care Strategies. New York, Milbank Memorial Fund. 1–21.
Hills, H., Sigfried, C., & Ickowitz, A. (2004). Effective prison mental health services: Guidelines to expand and improve treatment. Washington, DC, US Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections.
Hirschtritt, M. E., & Binder, R. L. (2017). Interrupting the mental illness–incarceration-recidivism cycle. Jama, 317(7), 695–696.
Houser, K. A., & Welsh, W. (2014). Examining the association between co-occurring disorders and seriousness of misconduct by female prison inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(5), 650–666.
Howell, B. A., Wang, E. A., & Winkelman, T. N. (2019). Mental health treatment among individuals involved in the criminal justice system after implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Psychiatric Services, 70(9), 765–771.
Iglehart, J. K. (2016). Decriminalizing mental illness—the Miami model. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(18), 1701–1703.
James, D. J. and L. E. Glaze (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. US Department of Justice/Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC, Bureau of Statistics.
JLI (Judges’ Criminal Justice/Mental Health Leadership Initiative). (2010). Judges’ guide to mental health diversion: A reference for justice system practitioners. Delmar, NY, Policy Research Associates, CMHS National GAINS Center.
Kaeble, D., Glaze, L., Tsoutis, A., & Minton, T. (2016). Correctional populations in the United States, 2014. Washington, DC, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1–19.
Kaeble, D. and M. Cowhig (2018). Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016. Washington, DC, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1–13.
Karlsson, M. E., & Zielinski, M. J. (2020). Sexual victimization and mental illness prevalence rates among incarcerated women: A literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(2), 326–349.
Kelly, B. L., Barrenger, S. L., Watson, A. C., & Angell, B. (2017). Forensic assertive community treatment: Recidivism, hospitalization, and the role of housing and support. Social Work in Mental Health, 15(5), 567–587.
Kessler, R. C. (2004). The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 56(10), 730–737.
Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L.E. (2017). Understanding and treating offenders with serious mental illness in public sector mental health. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 35(4), 303–318.
Lamberti, J. S. (2016). Preventing criminal recidivism through mental health and criminal justice collaboration. Psychiatric Services, 67(11), 1206–1212.
Latessa, E. J., & Lowenkamp, J. (2005). What are criminogenic needs and why are they important. For the Record, 4, 15–16.
Lee, L. H., & Cain, D. S. (2020). Mental Health Policy for Justice-Involved Persons: Exploring History, Perspectives, and Models in the United States. Best Practices in Mental Health, 16(2), 55–68.
Leifman, S., & Coffey, T. (2020). Jail diversion: the Miami model. In Decriminalizing Mental Illness, K. Warburton and S. Stahl (eds), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 97–105.
Lengvenyte, A., & Vieta, E. (2020). Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and violent crime - could underlying psychopathology be the cause? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 36, 151–153.
Levenson, J. S., & Willis, G. M. (2019). Implementing trauma-informed care in correctional treatment and supervision. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(4), 481–501.
Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., Zetterqvist, J., Sjölander,A., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2012). Medication for attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder and criminality. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(21), 2006–2014.
Listwan, S. J., Hartman, J. L., & LaCourse, A. (2018). Impact of the MeckFUSE Pilot Project: Recidivism among the chronically homeless. Justice Evaluation Journal, 1(1), 96–108.
Loong, D., Bonato,S., Barnsley, J., & Dewa, C. S. (2019). The effectiveness of mental health courts in reducing recidivism and police contact: a systematic review. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(7), 1073–1098.
Massoglia, M., & Remster, B. (2019). Linkages between incarceration and health. Public Health Reports, 134(1_suppl), 8S–14S.
Matejkowski, J., & Ostermann, M. (2020). The Waiving of Parole Consideration by Inmates With Mental Illness and Recidivism Outcomes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48 (8), 1052–1071.
Mauer, M., & King, R. K. (2007). 25-Year Quagmire: The “War On Drugs” and Its Impact on American Society, Washington, DC, Sentencing Project.
Meredith, T., Hawk, S. R., Johnson, S., Prevost, J. P., & Braucht, G. (2020). What Happens in Home Visits? Examining a Key Parole Activity. Criminal Justice and Behavior 47(5), 601–623.
Miles, H., Johnson, S., Amponsah-Afuwape, S., Finch, E., Leese, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2003). Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services, 54(4), 554–561.
Miller, N. A., & Najavits, L. M. (2012). Creating trauma-informed correctional care: A balance of goals and environment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 17246, https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17246.
Munetz, M. R., & P. A. Griffin (2006). Use of the sequential intercept model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(4), 544–549.
Osher, F., Steadman, H. J., & Barr, H. (2003). A best practice approach to community reentry from jails for inmates with co-occurring disorders: The APIC model. Crime & Delinquency, 49(1), 79–96.
Osher, F. C. (2013). Integrating mental health and substance abuse services for justice-involved persons with co-occurring disorders. Delmar, NY: SAMHSA’s GAINS Center for Behavioral Health and Justice Transformation.
Osher, F. C., & Steadman, H. J. (2007). Adapting evidence-based practices for persons with mental illness involved with the criminal justice system. Psychiatric Services 58(11), 1472–1478.
Osler, M., Wium-Andersen, M. K., Wium-Andersen, I. K., Gronemann, F. S., Jørgensen, M. B., & Rozing, M. P. (2019). Incidence of suicidal behaviour and violent crime following antidepressant medication: a Danish cohort study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 140(6), 522–531.
Peters, R. H., Wexler, H. K., & Lurigio, A. J. (2015). Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders in the criminal justice system: A new frontier of clinical practice and research. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(1), 1–6.
Peters, R. H., Young, M. S., Rojas, E. C., & Gorey, C. M. (2017). Evidence-based treatment and supervision practices for co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(4), 475–488.
Pinals, D. A. (2017). Jail diversion, specialty court, and reentry services: Partnerships between behavioral health and justice systems. Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, 3rd edition. Edited by Rosner R., Scott C. L., New York, CRC Press, 237–246.
Piper, A., Berle, D. (2019). The association between trauma experienced during incarceration and PTSD outcomes:A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 30(5), 854–875.
Pratt, S. I., Mueser, K. T., Driscoll, M. R., et al. (2006). Medication nonadherence in older people with serious mental illness: Prevalence and correlates. Psychiatric Rehab J 29(4), 299–310.
Prins, S. J., & Draper, L (2009). Improving Outcomes For People with Mental Illness Under Community Corrections Supervision: A Guide to Research-Informed Policy and Practice. New York City, NY, Council of State Governments Justice Center.
Rich, J. D., Wakeman, S. E., Dickman, S. L. (2011). Medicine and the epidemic of incarceration in the United States. NEJM, 364(22), 2081–2083.
Roosenschoon, B. J., Kamperman, A. M., Deen, M. L., van Weeeghel, J., et al. (2019). Determinants of clinical, functional and personal recovery for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses: A cross-sectional analysis. PloS One 14(9), e0222378.
Rotter, M., & Carr, C. (2010). Targeting criminal recidivism in justice-involved people with mental illness: structured clinical approaches. Rockville, Md, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, GAINS Center for Behavioral Health and Justice Transformation.
Rozel, J.S., & Mulvey, E. P. (2017). The link between mental illness and firearm violence: implications for social policy and clinical practice. Ann Rev Clin Psychol, 13, 445–469.
Salem, L., Crocker, A. G., Charette, Y., et al. (2015). Supportive housing and forensic patient outcomes. Law Hum Behav, 39(3), 311–320.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2021). The Sequential Intercept Model. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/criminal-juvenile-justice/sim-overview. Accessed 20 March, 2022.
Sindicich, N., Mills, K. L., Barrett, E. L., et al. (2014). Offenders as victims: Post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder among male prisoners. J Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 25(1), 44–60.
Skeem, J. L., & Louden, J. E. (2006). Toward evidence-based practice for probationers and parolees mandated to mental health treatment. Psy Services, 57(3), 333–342.
Skeem, J. L., Manchak, S., Peterson, J. K. (2011). Correctional policy for offenders with mental illness: Creating a new paradigm for recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav 35(2), 110–126.
Skeem, J. L., Winter, E., Kennealy, P. J., et al. (2014). Offenders with mental illness have criminogenic needs, too: Toward recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav, 38(3), 212–224.
Sowers, W. E., & Rohland, B. (2004). American Association of Community Psychiatrists’ principles for managing transitions in behavioral health services. Psy Services, 55(11), 1271–1275.
Steadman, H. J., Osher, F. C., Robbins, P. C., et al. (2009). Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psy Services, 60(6), 761–765.
Stephan, J. J. (2001). Census of Jails, 1999. Washington, D. C., Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Stuart, H. (2003). Violence and mental illness: An overview. World Psychiatry, 2(2), 121–124
Swanson, J. W., Frisman, L. K., Robertson, A. G., et al. (2013). Costs of criminal justice involvement among persons with serious mental illness in Connecticut. Psy Services, 64(7), 630–637.
Swanson, J. W., McGinty, E.E., Fazel, S., Mays, V. M. (2015). Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: Bringing epidemiologic research to policy. Ann Epidemiology, 25(5), 366–376.
Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Hiday, V. A., et al. (1998). Violence and severe mental illness: the effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. Am J Psychiatry, 155(2), 226–231.
Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., McClelland, G. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women: I. Pretrial jail detainees. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53(6), 505–512.
Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., Weiner, D.A. (2005). Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: Comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(8), 911–921.
Theriot, M. T., & Segal, S. P. (2005). Involvement with the criminal justice system among new clients at outpatient mental health agencies. Psy Services, 56(2), 179–185.
Van Deinse, T. B., Cuddeback, G. S., Wilson, A. B., Eswards, D., Jr., et al. (2021). Variation in criminogenic risks by mental health symptom severity: Implications for mental health services and research. Psychiatric Q, 92(1), 73–84.
Ventura, L. A., Cassel, C. A., Jacoby, J. E., Huang, B. (1998). Case management and recidivism of mentally ill persons released from jail. Psy Services, 49(10), 1330–1337.
Watson, A. C., Morabito, M. S., Draine, J., Ottati, V. (2008). Improving police response to persons with mental illness: A multi-level conceptualization of CIT. Int J Law Psychiatry, 31(4), 359–368.
Weinstein, H. C., Burns, K. A., Newkirk, C. S., Zil, J. S., Dvorkin, J. A., Steadman, H. J. (2000). Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association, 2nd Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Weisman, R. L., Lamberti, J., Price, N. (2004). Integrating criminal justice, community healthcare, and support services for adults with severe mental disorders. Psy Quarterly, 75(1), 71–85.
White, M. D., Mellow, J., Englander, K., Ruffinengo, M. (2011). Halfway back: An alternative to revocation for technical parole violators. Crim Justice Policy Rev, 22(2), 140–166.
Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Boyd, J. W., et al. (2009). The health and health care of US prisoners: Results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health, 99(4), 666–672.
Wilson, A. B., Farkas, K., Bonfine, N., Duda-Banwar, J. (2018). Interventions that target criminogenic needs for justice-involved persons with serious mental illnesses: A targeted service delivery approach. Internatl J Offender Therapy Compar Criminol, 62(7), 1838–1853.
Wilson, A. B., Ishler, K. J., Morgan, R., et al. (2020). Examining criminogenic risk levels among people with mental illness incarcerated in U.S. jails and prisons. J Behav Hlth Services & Resch, 1–16 (online). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-020-09737-x
Wolff, N. (2005). Community reintegration of prisoners with mental illness: a social investment perspective. Internatl J Law Psychiatry, 28(1), 43–58.
Zettler, H. R. (2020). Much to do about trauma: a systematic review of existing trauma-informed treatments on youth violence and recidivism. Youth Violence Juv Justice, 19(1), 113–134.
Zgoba, K. M., Reeves, R., Tamburello, A., Debilio, L. (2020). Criminal recidivism in Inmates with mental illness and substance use disorders. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law, 48(2), 209–215.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Joy, M., Osher, F.C. (2022). Collaborative Reduction of Criminal Justice Involvement for Persons with Mental Illness. In: Sowers, W.E., McQuistion, H.L., Ranz, J.M., Feldman, J.M., Runnels, P.S. (eds) Textbook of Community Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10239-4_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10239-4_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-10238-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-10239-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)