Abstract
This chapter shows a general panorama of ethnobotanical research and information generated during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries among Mexican cultures, according to the database Base de Datos Etnobotánicos de Plantas Mexicanas (BADEPLAM) of the Botanical Garden at the Institute of Biology, UNAM. This is the most complete database with ethnobotanical information in Mexico, whose construction started nearly 40 years ago. It was a pioneer effort to systematize biocultural information in this country, which has continued until now and has stored nearly 60,000 records on plants used and managed by different cultural groups in different ecosystems of Mexico. It includes information on nearly 7823 useful plant species, which is approximately one-third of the total native vascular flora of the country. Through different approaches, it is estimated that the real number could be more than 11,500 species, which gives an idea of the effort still required to complete the inventory. The current listing has information from numerous Mestizo people communities, but only 32 of the 68 main linguistic groups of Mexico; not all the states of Mexico have been studied, and ethnobotanical research has concentrated in half of the states composing Mexico. All this information indicates that although BADEPLAM is probably the oldest project of biocultural informatics in Latin America, there is a long way to complete the task of inventorying the ethnobotanical knowledge of the country. BADEPLAM has records for 4222 medicinal plant species, 2265 ornamental, 2051 edible, 1974 used as fodder, and 975 for fuelwood, among other uses. Most species (nearly 64%) are wild and weedy plants collected from forests, mainly tropical dry forests (1995 species), tropical rain forests (1928 species), temperate forests (1440 species) and xerophytic vegetation (1361 species), grasslands, and agricultural areas. However, nearly 3000 species are managed through one or more forms, some of them showing incipient or intermediate signs of domestication. Nearly 500 species are fully domesticated crops, approximately one-half of them (251 species) being native to the Mesoamerican region. Plant families contributing with the highest richness of useful plants are Fabaceae (752 species), Asteraceae (727), Poaceae (476), Cactaceae (474), Euphorbiaceae (233), Malvaceae (198), and Solanaceae (195). Associated with BADEPLAM, several research groups have articulated our work coordinating different approaches to generate inventories of knowledge, management techniques, and different forms of interactions between people and plants. These inventories have been performed at rural community (more than 150 communities) and regional levels (17 main biocultural regions of Mexico) feeding the database while constructing theoretical frameworks on traditional classification and worldviews, use, management and domestication, and bases for sustainable use of plants and ecosystems. Several approaches have enhanced our studies, but plant management and domestication have been some of the most important issues. We understand that management is a crucial expression of interactions between people and plants, reflecting their knowledge and worldviews, and it is a topic that allows connecting ethnobotany with social, cultural, and economic topics. In addition, studying plant management allows establishing socioecological bases for sustainable management and studies on evolution of plants through domestication at populations and landscape levels. In this chapter, we show general insights of the research approaches developed by our teams. Most of our studies have been conducted in mountainous regions since Mexico is an eminent mountainous country. Therefore, this text provides general perspectives of the ethnobotanical knowledge of Mexico, as well as methodological approaches that are helpful to contextualize the entire volume of this book.
Javier Caballero: deceased.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Instituto de Biología, IIES and ENES-Morelia, UNAM, the CIBYC at the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, the UIIM-Michoacán and CONACYT for support through the program Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, and financial support to the project A1S-14306. Also, we thank support from the GEF Project ID 9380 CONABIO-GEF-FAO/RG023 “Manejo y domesticación de agrobiodiversidad en Mesoamérica: Bases para la soberanía alimentaria sustentable,” and PAPIT, UNAM (project IN206520 and IN224023).
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Communities, regions, and cultural groups where our research groups have conducted studies, which are referred to in maps of Fig. 1.
Communities | Region | State | Municipality | Ethnic groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Comondú | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Comondú | Mestizo |
El Pescadero | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Los Cabos | Mestizo |
La Purísima | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Comondú | Mestizo |
Mulegé | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Mulegé | Mestizo |
San Ignacio | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Mulegé | Mestizo |
San Isidro | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Comondú | Mestizo |
San Javier | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | Comondú | Mestizo |
Santa Gertrudis | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | San Quintín | Mestizo |
Todos Santos | Baja California Península | Baja California Sur | La Paz | Mestizo |
Lacanjá Chansayab | Montes Azules | Chiapas | Bonampak | Lacandón |
Tumbalá | North mountains | Chiapas | Tumbalá | Ch’ol |
Ejido Cuiteco | Tarahumara mountains | Chihuahua | Urique | Raramuri |
Antiguos Mineros del Norte | Cuatrociénegas Valley | Coahuila | Cuatrociénegas | Mestizo |
Boquillas | Cuatrociénegas Valley | Coahuila | Cuatrociénegas | Mestizo |
La Vega | Cuatrociénegas Valley | Coahuila | Cuatrociénegas | Mestizo |
San Lorenzo | Cuatrociénegas Valley | Coahuila | Cuatrociénegas | Mestizo |
Xichú | Sierra Gorda | Guanajuato | Xichú | Mestizo |
Axaxacualco | Balsas basin | Guerrero | Eduardo Neri | Nahuatl |
San José Huitziltepec | Balsas basin | Guerrero | Eduardo Neri | Nahuatl |
Acateyahualco | Mountain | Guerrero | Ahuacuotzingo | Náhuatl/Mestizo |
Agua Zarca | Mountain | Guerrero | Ahuacuotzingo | Náhuatl/Mestizo |
Alcozauca | Mountain | Guerrero | Alcozauca | Mixtec/Mestizo |
Amapilca | Mountain | Guerrero | Alcozauca | Mixtec/Mestizo |
Chilapa | Mountain | Guerrero | Chilapa | Náhuatl/Mestizo |
Copanatoyac | Mountain | Guerrero | Copanatoyac | Mixtec |
Huamuxtitlán | Mountain | Guerrero | Huamuxtitlán | Náhuatl/Mestizo |
Ixcuinatoyac | Mountain | Guerrero | Alcozauca | Mixtec |
Olinalá | Mountain | Guerrero | Olinalá | Náhuatl |
San José Laguna | Mountain | Guerrero | Alcozauca | Mixtec |
Tecolcuautla | Mountain | Guerrero | Ahuacuotzingo | Náhuatl |
Tehuitzingo (Tlahuitzingo) | Mountain | Guerrero | Olinalá | Náhuatl |
Tlapa | Mountain | Guerrero | Tlapa | Náhuatl, Mixtec, Tlapanec |
Trapiche Viejo | Mountain | Guerrero | Chilapa | Náhuatl/Mestizo |
Xocoyolzintla | Mountain | Guerrero | Ahuacuotzingo | Náhuatl |
San Miguel Xicalco | Southeast of Mexico City | Mexico city | Tlalpan | Mestizo |
Cañada del Agua | Basin Cuitzeo | Michoacan | Indaparapeo | Mestizo |
Pino Real | Basin Cuitzeo | Michoacan | Charo | Mestizo |
Real de Otzumatlán | Basin Cuitzeo | Michoacan | Queréndaro | Mestizo |
Rio de Parras | Basin Cuitzeo | Michoacan | Queréndaro | Mestizo |
Cuanajo | Lake Patzcuaro region | Michoacan | Pátzcuaro | Purhepechas |
Icuacato | Lake Patzcuaro region | Michoacan | Quiroga | Mestizo |
Barranca del Aguacate | Lerma-Chapala region | Michoacan | Sahuayo | Mestizo |
El Chocolate | Tierra Caliente region | Michoacan | Churumuco | Mestizo |
Ichamio | Tierra Caliente region | Michoacan | La Huacana | Mestizo |
Francisco Serrato | Zitacuaro region | Michoacan | Zitácuaro | Mazahua |
Erongarícuaro | Lake Patzcuaro region | Michoacán | Erongarícuaro | Purhépecha |
Zitácuaro | Monarca region | Michoacán | Zitácuaro | Mazahua/Mestizo |
Undameo | Morelia | Michoacán | Morelia | Mestizo |
Pichátaro | Purhépecha region | Michoacán | Pichátaro | Purhépecha |
Infiernillo | Tierra Caliente region | Michoacán | Infiernillo | Mestizo |
Pitirera | Tierra Caliente region | Michoacán | Infiernillo | Mestizo |
Chalcatzingo | Balsas basin | Morelos | Jantetelco | Mestizo |
Cuautla | Balsas basin | Morelos | Cuautla | Mestizo |
Cuernavaca | Balsas basin | Morelos | Cuernavaca | Mestizo |
Ejido Los Sauces | Balsas basin | Morelos | Tepalcingo | Mestizo |
El Limón de Cuauhchichinola | Balsas basin | Morelos | Tepalcingo | Mestizo |
El Zapote | Balsas basin | Morelos | Puente de Ixtla | Mestizo |
Jojutla | Balsas basin | Morelos | Jojutla | Mestizo |
Palpan de Baranda | Balsas basin | Morelos | Miacatlán | Mestizo |
Tepalcingo | Balsas basin | Morelos | Tepalcingo | Mestizo |
Tres Marías | Balsas basin | Morelos | Huitzilac | Nahuatl, Mestizo |
Coajomulco | Highlands of the state of Morelos | Morelos | Huitzilac | Nahuatl, Mestizo |
Huitzilac | Highlands of the state of Morelos | Morelos | Huitzilac | Nahuatl, Mestizo |
Tepoztlán | Highlands of the state of Morelos | Morelos | Tepoztlán | Nahuatl, Mestizo |
Tlayacapan | Highlands of the state of Morelos | Morelos | Tlayacapan | Nahuatl |
Totolapan | Highlands of the state of Morelos | Morelos | Totolapan | Nahuatl |
Cuilapam de Guerrero | Central Valleys of Oaxaca | Oaxaca | Cuilapam de Guerrero | Zapoteco-Mixteco- Mestizo |
Coyula | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Cuicatec/Mestizo |
Cuicatlán | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Mestizo/Cuicatec |
Dominguillo | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Mestizo |
Ixcatlán | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Ixcatlán | Ixcatec |
Jocotipac | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Jocotipac | Mixtec |
Nodón | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Mixtec |
Quiotepec | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Mestizo/Cuicatec |
San Lorenzo Pápalo | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Cuicatlán | Cuicatec |
Tecomavaca | Cuicatlán valley | Oaxaca | Tecomavaca | Nahuatl/Mazatec/Mestizo |
Santa Catalina Chinango | Low Mixteca | Oaxaca | Tequixtepec | Mixtec |
Tequixtepec | Low Mixteca | Oaxaca | Tequixtepec | Mixtec |
Tonaguia | Sierra de Juarez (north region) | Oaxaca | Santo Domingo Roayaga | Mixe |
El Campanario | Sierra Sur | Oaxaca | Putla Villa de Guerrero | |
San Juan de Los Cúes | Tehuacán valley | Oaxaca | Teotitlán | Nahuatl/Mazatec/Mestizo |
Teotitlán del Camino | Tehuacán valley | Oaxaca | Teotitlán | Nahuatl/Mazatec/Mestizo |
Chazumba | Low Mixteca | Puebla | Chazumba | Mixtec |
Acateno | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Acateno | Nahuatl |
Ahuacatlán | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Ahuacatlán | Nahuatl |
Ayotoxco de Guerrero | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Ayotoxco de Guerrero | Nahuatl |
Chignahuapan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Chignahuapan | Nahuatl |
Cuetzalan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Cuetzalan | Nahuatl |
Francisco Z. Mena | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Francisco Z. Mena | Nahuatl |
Huachinango | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Huachinango | Nahuatl |
Huehuetla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Huehuetla | Nahuatl |
Hueyapan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Hueyapan | Nahuatl |
Hueytamalco | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Hueytamalco | Nahuatl |
Jonotla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Jonotla | Nahuatl |
Libres | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Libres | Nahuatl |
Naupan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Naupan | Nahuatl |
Nauzontla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Nauzontla | Nahuatl |
Olintla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Olintla | Nahuatl |
Pahuatlan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Pahuatlan | Nahuatl |
Tepecintla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Tepecintla | Nahuatl |
Teziutlan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Teziutlan | Nahuatl |
Tlatlauquitepec | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Tlatlauquitepec | Nahuatl |
Tuzamapan de Galeana | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Tuzamapan de Galeana | Nahuatl |
Tzinacapan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Cuetzalan | Nahuatl |
Venustianao Carranza | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Venustianao Carranza | Nahuatl |
Xicotepec | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Xicotepec | Nahuatl |
Xochitlán de Vicente Suárez | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Xochitlán de Vicente Suarez | Nahuatl |
Zacapoaxtla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zacapoaxtla | Nahuatl |
Zacatlán | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zacatlán | Nahuatl |
Zapotitlán de Méndez | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zapotitlán de Méndez | Nahuatl |
Zautla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zautla | Nahuatl |
Zongoxotla | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zongoxotla | Nahuatl |
Zoquiapan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Zoquiapan | Nahuatl |
Caxalli | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Matlahuacala | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
San Gabriel Vista Hermosa | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
San Marcos Tlatlalkilotl | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Santa María Coyomeapan | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Xochitlalpa | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Ahuatla | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Ajalpan | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Ajalpan | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Aticpac | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Caltepec | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Caltepec | Mestizo |
Chilac | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Tehuacán | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Chimalhuaca | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Coatepec | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Caltepec | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Coxcatlán | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Coxcatlán | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Guadalupe Victoria | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Coxcatlán | Mestizo |
Ixtacxochitla | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Zoquitlan | Nahuatl |
Reyes Metzontla | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Zapotitlán | Popoloca/Mestizo |
San Juan Raya | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Zapotitlán | Mestizo |
San Luis Atolotitlán | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Caltepec | Mestizos |
San Nicolás Tepoxtitlán | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Atexcal | Mestizo/Nahuatl |
San Rafael | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Tilapa | Mestizo |
Santiago Tilapa | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Tilapa | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Tehuacán | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Tehuacán | Mestizo |
Yohuajca | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Coyomeapan | Nahuatl |
Zapotitlán Salinas | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Zapotitlán | Mixtec/Popoloca/Mestizo |
Zinacatepec | Tehuacan valley | Puebla | Zinacatepec | Nahuatl/Mestizo |
Zoquitlán | Sierra Negra | Puebla | Zoquitlán | Nahuatl |
Acaxochitlan | Northern sierra of Puebla | Puebla | Acaxochitlan | Nahuatl |
Xkon Ha | Yucatan Península | Quintana Roo | Felipe Carrillo Puerto | Maya |
Wirikuta (Las Margaritas ejido) | Altiplano region | San Luis Potosí | Real de Catorce | Mestizo, Wixarika |
Aquismón | Huasteca | San Luis Potosí | Aquismón | Huastec |
Tancuime | Huasteca | San Luis Potosí | Aquismón | Huastec |
El Rosario | North region | Tlaxcala | Tlaxco | Mestizo |
San Isidro Buen Suceso | South region | Tlaxcala | San Pablo del Monte | Nahua |
Maxcanú | Yucatán Península | Yucatán | Maxcanú | Maya |
Sucilá | Yucatán Península | Yucatán | Sucilá | Maya |
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Caballero, J. et al. (2023). Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Mexico: Use, Management, and Other Interactions Between People and Plants. In: Casas, A., Blancas Vázquez, J.J. (eds) Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Mexico. Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99357-3_2
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