Skip to main content

Development Economics

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 314 Accesses

Abstract

This article surveys the current state of development economics, a subject that studies growth, inequality, poverty and institutions in the developing world. The article is organized around a view that emphasizes the role of history in creating development traps or slow progress. This ‘non-convergence’ viewpoint stands in contrast to a more traditional view, also discussed, based on the notion of economic convergence (across individuals, regions or countries). Some specific research areas in development economics receive closer scrutiny under this overall methodological umbrella, among them political economy, credit markets, legal issues, collective action and conflict.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   6,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   8,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Acemoglu, D., and F. Zilibotti. 1997. Was Prometheus unbound by chance? Risk, diversification and growth. Journal of Political Economy 105: 709–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. 2001. The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review 91: 1369–1401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. 2002. Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118: 1231–1294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adserà, A., and D. Ray. 1998. History and coordination failure. Journal of Economic Growth 3: 267–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aghion, P., and P. Bolton. 1997. A theory of trickle-down growth and development. Review of Economic Studies 64: 151–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara. 2005. Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature 43: 762–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., R. Baqir, and W. Easterly. 1999. Public goods and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114: 1243–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., A. Devleeschauwer, W. Easterly, S. Kurlat, and R. Wacziarg. 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alston, L., G. Libecap, and R. Schneider. 1996. The determinants and impact of property rights: Land titles on the Brazilian frontier. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12: 25–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, A. 2004. The capacity to aspire. In Culture and public action, ed. V. Rao and M. Walton. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armendáriz, B., and J. Morduch. 2005. The economics of microfinance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, W. 1994. Increasing returns and path-dependence in the economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Azariadis, C., and A. Drazen. 1990. Threshold externalities in economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics 105: 501–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baland, J.-M., and J.-Ph. Platteau. 1996. Halting the degradation of natural resources: Is there a role for rural communities? Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baland, J.-M., and J.-Ph. Platteau. 1998. Wealth inequality and efficiency on the commons. Part II: The regulated case. Oxford Economic Papers 50: 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., and E. Duflo. 2005. Growth theory through the lens of development economics. In Handbook of economic growth, ed. P. Aghion and S. Durlauf. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., and E. Duflo. 2007. The economic lives of the poor. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21 (1): 141–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., and L. Iyer. 2005. History, institutions and economic performance: The legacy of colonial land tenure systems in India. American Economic Review 95: 1190–1213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., and A. Newman. 1993. Occupational choice and the process of development. Journal of Political Economy 101: 274–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., D. Mookherjee, K. Munshi, and D. Ray. 2001. Inequality, control rights and efficiency: A study of sugar cooperatives in Western Maharashtra. Journal of Political Economy 109: 138–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., P. Gertler, and M. Ghatak. 2002. Empowerment and efficiency: Tenancy reform in West Bengal. Journal of Political Economy 110: 239–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A., Iyer, L., and Somanathan, R. 2007. Public action for public goods. Working Paper No. 12911. Cambridge, MA: NBER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan, P., and C. Udry. 1999. Development microeconomics. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan, P., Ghatak, M., and Karaivanov, A. 2006. Wealth inequality and collective action. Mimeo, London School of Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barro, R. 1991. Economic growth in a cross-section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 407–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G., and N. Tomes. 1986. Human capital and the rise and fall of families. Journal of Labor Economics 4: S1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bénabou, R. 1996. Inequality and growth. In NBER macroeconomics annual, ed. B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bénabou, R. 2000. Unequal societies: Income distribution and the social contract. American Economic Review 90: 96–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benhabib, J., and A. Rustichini. 1996. Social conflict and growth. Journal of Economic Growth 1: 125–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertocchi, G., and F. Canova. 2002. Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa’s underdevelopment. European Economic Review 46: 1851–1871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besley, T. 1995. Property rights and investment incentives: Theory and evidence from Ghana. Journal of Political Economy 103: 903–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binswanger, H., K. Deininger, and G. Feder. 1995. Power, distortions, revolt and reform in agricultural land relations. In Handbook of development economics, ed. J. Behrman and T. Srinivasan, vol. 3B. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiappori, P.-A., and B. Salanie. 2000. Testing for asymmetric information in insurance markets. Journal of Political Economy 108: 56–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coate, S., and M. Ravallion. 1993. Reciprocity without commitment: Characterization and performance of informal insurance arrangements. Journal of Development Economics 40: 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., and M. Weitzman. 1975. A Marxian view of enclosures. Journal of Development Economics 1: 287–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 1998. On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 50: 563–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers 56: 563–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, P. 1993. An inquiry into well-being and destitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, P., and D. Ray. 1986. Inequality as a determinant of malnutrition and unemployment: theory. Economic Journal 96: 1011–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, P. 1985. Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review 75: 332–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaton, A. 1997. The analysis of household surveys: A microeconometric approach to development policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, for the World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Demsetz, H. 1967. Towards a theory of property rights. American Economic Review 57: 347–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djankov, S., R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and A. Shleifer. 2003. Courts. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118: 453–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Do, Q.-T. and Iyer, L. 2006. Poverty, social divisions and conflict in Nepal. Mimeo, Harvard Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, R., P. Samuelson, and R. Solow. 1958. Linear programming and economic analysis. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogashuka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dower, P., and E. Potamites. 2006. Signaling credit-worthiness: Land titles, banking practices and access to formal credit in Indonesia. Mimeo, Department of Economics, New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dube, O., and J. Vargas. 2006. Are all resources cursed? Coffee, oil and armed conflict in Colombia. Documentos de CERAC 002748. Bogota, Colombia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duflo, E. 2006. Poor but rational? In Understanding poverty, ed. A. Banerjee, R. Bénabou, and D. Mookherjee. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duflo, E., and C. Udry. 2004. Intrahousehold resource allocation in Cote d’Ivoire: Social norms, separate accounts and consumption choices. Working Paper No. 10498. Cambridge, MA: NBER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W., and R. Levine. 1997. Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111: 1203–1250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, J., and M. Gersovitz. 1981. Debt with potential repudiation: Theoretical and empirical analysis. Review of Economic Studies 48: 289–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, P. 2006. Corruption, competition and democracy. Journal of Development Economics 81: 193–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 1994. On the measurement of polarization. Econometrica 62: 819–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 2001. Social rules are not immune to conflict. Economics of Governance 2: 59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 2006. Inequality, lobbying and resource allocation. American Economic Review 96: 257–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 2007a. On the salience of ethnic conflict. Mimeo, Department of Economics, New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 2007b. Polarization, fractionalization and conflict. Journal of Peace Research, forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fafchamps, M. 2003. Rural poverty, risk, and development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fafchamps, M. 2004. Market institutions and Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and evidence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fafchamps, M., and S. Lund. 2003. Risk sharing networks in rural Philippines. Journal of Development Economics 71: 261–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, J. 1995. Rationalist explanations for war. International Organization 49: 379–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon, J., and D. Laitin. 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review 97: 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feder, G., T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, and C. Hongladarom. 1988. Land policies and farm productivity in Thailand. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, E., and M. Torero. 2006. Do property titles increase credit access among the urban poor? Evidence from a Nationwide Titling Program. Mimeo, Department of Economics, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, G. 1980. Poverty, inequality and development. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Floro, M., and D. Ray. 1997. Vertical links between formal and informal financial institutions. Review of Development Economics 1: 34–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floro, M., and P. Yotopoulos. 1991. Informal credit markets and the new institutional economics: The case of Philippine agriculture. Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, A. 1995. Prices, credit constraints, and child growth in low-income rural areas. Economic Journal 105: 551–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, A., and M. Rosenzweig. 1995. Learning by doing and learning from others: Human capital and technical change in agriculture. Journal of Political Economy 103: 1176–1209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, D., and A. Pauzner. 2000. Resolving indeterminacy in dynamic settings: The role of shocks. Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 283–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, S. 1996. Equilibrium income inequality among identical agents. Journal of Political Economy 104: 1047–1064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galor, O., and J. Zeira. 1993. Income distribution and macroeconomics. Review of Economic Studies 60: 35–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genicot, G. 2002. Bonded labor and serfdom: A paradox of voluntary choice. Journal of Development Economics 67: 101–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genicot, G., and D. Ray. 2003. Group formation in risk-sharing arrangements. Review of Economic Studies 70: 87–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, P., D. Mookherjee, and D. Ray. 2001. Credit rationing in developing countries: An overview of the theory. In Readings in the theory of economic development, ed. D. Mookherjee and D. Ray. London: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M., and C. Udry. 2005. The profits of power: Land rights and agricultural investment in Ghana. Mimeo, Department of Economics, Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • González, F. 2007. Effective property rights, conflict and growth. Journal of Economic Theory, forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. 1988. Urban development: Theory, fact, and illusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, G. 2003. The economic welfare cost of conflict: An empirical assessment. Working Paper Series No. 852, CESifo, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo, F., S. Naidu, S. Nichter, and N. Richardson. 2007. Occupational choices: Economic determinants of land invasions. Berkeley: Mimeo, Department of Political Science, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. 1958. The strategy of economic development. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, K., A. Braverman, and J. Stiglitz. 1993. The economics of rural organization: Theory, practice and policy. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, E., and A. Lusardi. 2004. Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Political Economy 112: 319–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, L. 2005. The long-term impact of colonial rule: Evidence from India. Working Paper No. 05–041, Harvard Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, H., and E. Skoufias. 1997. Risk, financial markets, and human capital in a developing country. Review of Economic Studies 64: 311–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlan, D., and J. Zinman. 2006. Observing unobservables: Identifying information asymmetries with a consumer credit field experiment. Mimeo, Department of Economics, Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khwaja, A. 2004. Is increasing community participation always a good thing? Journal of the European Economic Association 2: 427–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingston, C. 2005. Social structure and cultures of corruption. Mimeo, Department of Economics, Amherst College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocherlakota, N. 1996. Implications of efficient risk sharing without commitment. Review of Economic Studies 63: 595–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman, P. 1991. Geography and trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., F. Lopez-de-Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1997. Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of Finance 52: 1131–1150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., F. Lopez-de-Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1998. Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy 106: 1113–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., F. Lopez-de-Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 2002. Investor protection and corporate valuation. Journal of Finance 57: 1147–1170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanjouw, J., and P. Levy. 2002. Untitled: A study of formal and informal property rights in urban Ecuador. Economic Journal 112: 986–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leibenstein, H. 1957. Economic backwardness and economic growth. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leventoglu, B., and B. Slantchev. 2005. The armed peace: A punctuated equilibrium theory of war. San Diego: Mimeo, Department of Political Science, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, G. 2004. A model of political parties. Journal of Economic Theory 115: 250–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ligon, E. 1998. Risk-sharing and information in village economies. Review of Economic Studies 65: 847–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ligon, E., J. Thomas, and T. Worrall. 2002. Mutual insurance and limited commitment: Theory and evidence in village economies. Review of Economic Studies 69: 209–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungqvist, L. 1993. Economic underdevelopment: The case of missing market for human capital. Journal of Development Economics 40: 219–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loury, G. 1981. Intergenerational transfers and the distribution of earnings. Econometrica 49: 843–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. 1988. On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22: 3–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. 1990. Why doesn’t capital flow from rich to poor countries? American Economic Review 80: 92–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar, M., and T. Mitra. 1982. Intertemporal allocation with a non-convex technology: The aggregative framework. Journal of Economic Theory 27: 101–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mankiw, N., D. Romer, and D. Weil. 1992. A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107: 407–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansuri, G. 1997. Credit layering in rural financial markets: Theory and evidence from Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, K. 2000. Endogenous inequality. Review of Economic Studies 67: 743–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, P. 1995. Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 681–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel, E., and M. Gugerty. 2005. Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics 89: 2325–2368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel, E., S. Satyanath, and E. Sergenti. 2004. Economic shocks and civil conflict: An instrumental variables approach. Journal of Political Economy 112: 725–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montalvo, J., and M. Reynal-Querol. 2005. Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review 95: 796–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee, D., and D. Ray. 2001. Readings in the theory of economic development. London: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee, D., and D. Ray. 2002a. Contractual structure and wealth accumulation. American Economic Review 92: 818–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee, D., and D. Ray. 2002b. Is equality stable? American Economic Review 92: 253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee, D., and D. Ray. 2003. Persistent inequality. Review of Economic Studies 70: 369–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munshi, K., and J. Myaux. 2006. Social norms and the fertility transition. Journal of Development Economics 80: 1–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1989. Industrialization and the big push. Journal of Political Economy 97: 1003–1026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, G. 1957. Economic theory and underdeveloped regions. London: Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurkse, R. 1953. Problems of capital formation in underdeveloped countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obstfeld, M. 1994. The logic of currency crises. Cahiers Economiques et Monétaires (Banque de France) 43: 189–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. 1965. The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande, R., and C. Udry. 2007. Institutions and development: A view from below. In Proceedings of the 9th World Congress of the Econometric Society, ed. R. Blundell, W. Newey, and T. Persson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parente, S., and E. Prescott. 2000. Barriers to riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perotti, R. 1994. Income distribution and investment. European Economic Review 38: 827–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perotti, R. 1996. Growth, income distribution, and democracy: What the data say. Journal of Economic Growth 1: 149–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piketty, T. 1997. The dynamics of the wealth distribution and the interest rate with credit rationing. Review of Economic Studies 64: 173–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. 2004. The inefficient use of power: Costly conflict with complete information. American Political Science Review 98: 231–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. 2006. War as a commitment problem. International Organization 60: 169–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, L. 1997. Divergence, big time. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3): 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quah, D. 1996. Twin peaks: Growth and convergence in models of distribution dynamics. Economic Journal 106: 1045–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D. 1998. Development economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D. 2006. Aspirations, poverty and economic change. In Understanding poverty, ed. A. Banerjee, R. Bénabou, and D. Mookherjee. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D., and K. Sengupta. 1989. Interlinkages and the pattern of competition. In The Economic Theory of Agrarian Institutions, ed. P. Bardhan. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D., and P. Streufert. 1993. Dynamic equilibria with unemployment due to undernourishment. Economic Theory 3: 61–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, D., J.-M. Baland, and O. Dagnielie. 2007. Inequality and inefficiency in joint projects. Economic Journal 117: 922–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. 1998. Theories of ‘bad policy’. Policy Reform 1: 1–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P. 1986. Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy 92: 1002–1037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstein-Rodan, P. 1943. Problems of industrialization of eastern and southeastern Europe. Economic Journal 53: 202–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, M., and K. Wolpin. 1993. Credit market constraints and the accumulation of durable production assets in low-income countries: Investments in bullocks. Journal of Political Economy 101: 223–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sambanis, N. 2001. Do ethnic and nonethnic civil wars have the same causes? A theoretical and empirical inquiry (part 1). Journal of Conflict Resolution 45: 259–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, T., and J. Forbes. 1980. Burden sharing, strategy and the design of NATO. Economic Inquiry 18: 425–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. 1999. Development as freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, K., and S. Engerman. 2000. History lessons: Institutions, factor endowments, and paths of development in the new world. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (3): 217–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solow, R. 1956. A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70: 65–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz, J. 2002. Globalization and its discontents. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz, J., and A. Weiss. 1981. Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information. American Economic Review 71: 393–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, R. 1993. Risk and insurance in village India. Econometrica 62: 539–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, R. 1995. Consumption insurance: An evaluation of risk-bearing systems in low-income economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives 99 (3): 83–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udry, C. 1994. Risk and insurance in a rural credit market: An empirical investigation in Northern Nigeria. Review of Economic Studies 61: 495–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udry, C. 1996. Gender, agricultural productivity and the theory of the household. Journal of Political Economy 104: 1010–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman, M. 1974. Free access vs. private ownership as alternative systems for managing common property. Journal of Economic Theory 8: 225–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2003. World development report. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. 1928. Increasing returns and economic progress. Economic Journal 38: 527–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Copyright information

© 2018 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ray, D., Bell, C. (2018). Development Economics. In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_292

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics