Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and is a major public health issue that drives the attention of many scientific communities across the world. A study by the International agency for research on cancer (GLOBOCAN 2020) projected around 19.3 million new cases of cancer and over 10 million deaths due to cancer worldwide. An increased prevalence has been observed in different genders or populations with the occurrence of a particular type of cancer based on the organ of origin. Among different types of cancers breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer are the most common and high mortality causing cancer while renal cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, and thyroid cancers are less mortality causing cancer worldwide. For instance, the most common type of cancer in women is breast cancer, whereas lung and prostate cancer are the most common types in men. Although, for both male and female, lung cancer is the second most common malignancy. Most of these cancers include mutations in genes or proteins such as p53, KRAS, APC, MAPK, and PI3k-Akt. These mutations alter the different signaling pathways which lead to the progression of cancer. Moreover, the over-expression of genes is linked to aggressiveness and low survival rates and is involved in all hallmarks of human malignancies. Due to the expeditious increase in cancer cases, the demand for prevention strategies and early detection is a paramount concern across the globe.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Alamgeer M, Ganju V, Watkins DN (2013) Novel therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 13(3):394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.03.010
Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, Mafra A, Singh D, Laversanne M, Vignat J, Gralow JR, Cardoso F, Siesling S, Soerjomataram I (2022) Current and future burden of breast cancer: global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast 66:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010
Balema W, Liu D, Shen Y, El-Zein R, Debeb BG, Kai M, Overmoyer B, Miller KD, Le-Petross HT, Ueno NT, Woodward WA (2021) Inflammatory breast cancer appearance at presentation is associated with overall survival. Cancer Med 10(18):6261–6272. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4170
Banumathy G, Cairns P (2010) Signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 10(7):658–664. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.10.7.13247
Barker N, Clevers H (2006) Mining the Wnt pathway for cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5(12):997–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2154
Bestmann B, Loetters C, Diemer T, Weidner W, Küchler T, Rohde V (2007) Prostate-specific symptoms of prostate cancer in a German general population. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 10(1):52–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.pcan.4500921
Bian J, Dannappel M, Wan C, Firestein R (2020) Transcriptional regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer. Cell 9(9):2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092125
Borhani S, Gartel AL (2020) FOXM1: a potential therapeutic target in human solid cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 24(3):205–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2020.1727888
Buscail L, Bournet B, Cordelier P (2020) Role of oncogenic KRAS in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(3):153–168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0245-4
Capitanio U, Montorsi F (2016) Renal cancer. Lancet 387(10021):894–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00046-X
Chan BA, Hughes BGM (2015) Targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current standards and the promise of the future. Transl Lung Cancer Res 4(1):36–54. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.05.01
Corgna E, Betti M, Gatta G, Roila F, De Mulder PHM (2007) Renal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 64(3):247–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.04.007
Erdogan F, Radu TB, Orlova A, Qadree AK, de Araujo ED, Israelian J, Valent P, Mustjoki SM, Herling M, Moriggl R, Gunning PT (2022) JAK-STAT core cancer pathway: an integrative cancer interactome analysis. J Cell Mol Med 26(7):2049–2062. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17228
Gizaw M, Parkin DM, Stöter O, Korir A, Kamate B, Liu B, Bojang L, N’Da G, Manraj SS, Bukirwa P, Chokunonga E, Chingonzoh T, Peko J, Finesse A, Somdyala N, Ladipo A, Kantelhardt EJ (2022) Trends in the incidence of ovarian cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Cancer ijc.34335. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34335
Goral V (2015) Pancreatic cancer: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16(14):5619–5624. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.14.5619
Hagio K, Hatanaka KC, Amano T, Matsuno Y, Hatanaka Y, Yamashita H (2021) Genetic heterogeneity during breast cancer progression in young patients. Breast 60:206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2021.10.011
Hsu P-C, Jablons DM, Yang C-T, You L (2019) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Pathway, Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and the Regulation of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Int J Mol Sci 20(15):3821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153821
Iksen, Pothongsrisit S, Pongrakhananon V (2021) Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling pathway in lung cancer: an update regarding potential drugs and natural products. Molecules 26(13):4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134100
Ilic M, Ilic I (2016) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 22(44):9694. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9694
Javadrashid D, Baghbanzadeh A, Derakhshani A, Leone P, Silvestris N, Racanelli V, Solimando AG, Baradaran B (2021) Pancreatic cancer signaling pathways, genetic alterations, and tumor microenvironment: the barriers affecting the method of treatment. Biomedicine 9(4):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040373
Jin Y, Lyu Q (2020) Basic research in childhood cancer: progress and future directions in China. Cancer Lett 495:156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.014
Kagihara JA, Shagisultanova E, Afghahi A, Diamond JR (2021) Moving towards targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer. Curr Breast Cancer Rep 13(3):216–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-021-00416-0
Kaldawy A, Segev Y, Lavie O, Auslender R, Sopik V, Narod SA (2016) Low-grade serous ovarian cancer: a review. Gynecol Oncol 143(2):433–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.08.320
Kimura T, Egawa S (2018) Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries. Int J Urol 25(6):524–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13593
Kumari S, Malla RR (2020) Recent advances in metabolomics of triple negative breast cancer. Breast J 26(3):498–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13524
Kypta RM, Waxman J (2012) Wnt/β-catenin signalling in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 9(8):418–428. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2012.116
Lheureux S, Braunstein M, Oza AM (2019) Epithelial ovarian cancer: evolution of management in the era of precision medicine. CA Cancer J Clin caac.21559. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21559
Li F, Wu T, Xu Y, Dong Q, Xiao J, Xu Y, Li Q, Zhang C, Gao J, Liu L, Hu X, Huang J, Li X, Zhang Y (2020) A comprehensive overview of oncogenic pathways in human cancer. Brief Bioinform 21(3):957–969. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz046
Li H, Fang H, Chang L, Qiu S, Ren X, Cao L, Bian J, Wang Z, Guo Y, Lv J, Sun Z, Wang T, Li B (2021) TC2N: a novel vital oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in cancers. Front Immunol 12:764749. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.764749
Lin F, Zhang PL, Yang XJ, Prichard JW, Lun M, Brown RE (2006) Morphoproteomic and molecular concomitants of an overexpressed and activated mTOR pathway in renal cell carcinomas. Ann Clin Lab Sci 36(3):283–293
Liu T-C, Jin X, Wang Y, Wang K (2017) Role of epidermal growth factor receptor in lung cancer and targeted therapies. Am J Cancer Res 7(2):187–202
Luo J (2021) KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 48(1):10–18. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2021.02.003
Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Pradilla Dieste A, Cerrada E, Rodriguez Yoldi M (2017) Colorectal carcinoma: a general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 18(1):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010197
Omran M, Johansson H, Lundgren C, Silander G, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Loman N, Baan A, Adra J, Kuchinskaya E, Blomqvist L, Tham E, Bajalica-Lagercrantz S, Brandberg Y, the Swedish Clinical TP53 Study Group (SweClinTP53) (2023) Whole-body MRI surveillance in TP53 carriers is perceived as beneficial with no increase in cancer worry regardless of previous cancer: data from the Swedish TP53 Study. Cancer:cncr.34631. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34631
Polireddy K, Chen Q (2016) Cancer of the pancreas: molecular pathways and current advancement in treatment. J Cancer 7(11):1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.14922
Radhi M, Fulbright JM, Ginn KF, Guest EM (2015) Childhood cancer for the primary care physician. Prim Care 42(1):43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2014.09.006
Rascio F, Spadaccino F, Rocchetti MT, Castellano G, Stallone G, Netti GS, Ranieri E (2021) The pathogenic role of PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer onset and drug resistance: an updated review. Cancers 13(16):3949. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13163949
Rivera GA, Wakelee H (2016) Lung cancer in never smokers. In: Ahmad A, Gadgeel S (eds) Lung cancer and personalized medicine, vol 893. Springer International Publishing, pp 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_3
Salehi-Rad R, Li R, Paul MK, Dubinett SM, Liu B (2020) The biology of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 41(1):25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2019.10.003
Samadder NJ, Giridhar KV, Baffy N, Riegert-Johnson D, Couch FJ (2019) Hereditary cancer syndromes—a primer on diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc 94(6):1084–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.02.017
Sambasivan S (2022) Epithelial ovarian cancer: review article. Cancer Treat Res Commun 33:100629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100629
Sawicki T, Ruszkowska M, Danielewicz A, Niedźwiedzka E, Arłukowicz T, Przybyłowicz KE (2021) A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers 13(9):2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092025
Sebio A, Kahn M, Lenz H-J (2014) The potential of targeting Wnt/β-catenin in colon cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 18(6):611–615. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2014.906580
Seth R, Singh A (2015) Leukemias in children. Indian J Pediatr 82(9):817–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-1695-5
Shao T, Wang G, Chen H, Xie Y, Jin X, Bai J, Xu J, Li X, Huang J, Jin Y, Li Y (2019) Survey of miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulation principles across cancer types. Brief Bioinform 20(5):1621–1638. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bby038
Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB (2020) The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and prostate cancer: at the crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT signaling. Int J Mol Sci 21(12):4507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124507
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A (2021) Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin 71(1):7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
Stanisławska IJ, Figat R, Kiss AK, Bobrowska-Korczak B (2022) Essential elements and isoflavonoids in the prevention of prostate cancer. Nutrients 14(6):1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061225
Stracquadanio G, Wang X, Wallace MD, Grawenda AM, Zhang P, Hewitt J, Zeron-Medina J, Castro-Giner F, Tomlinson IP, Goding CR, Cygan KJ, Fairbrother WG, Thomas LF, Sætrom P, Gemignani F, Landi S, Schuster-Böckler B, Bell DA, Bond GL (2016) The importance of p53 pathway genetics in inherited and somatic cancer genomes. Nat Rev Cancer 16(4):251–265. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.15
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Takeda T, Banno K, Okawa R, Yanokura M, Iijima M, Irie-Kunitomi H, Nakamura K, Iida M, Adachi M, Umene K, Nogami Y, Masuda K, Kobayashi Y, Tominaga E, Aoki D (2016) ARID1A gene mutation in ovarian and endometrial cancers (review). Oncol Rep 35(2):607–613. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4421
Taylor DP, Burt RW, Williams MS, Haug PJ, Cannon-Albright LA (2010) Population-based family history–specific risks for colorectal cancer: a constellation approach. Gastroenterology 138(3):877–885. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.044
Thaib PKP, Rahaju AS (2022) Clinicopathological profile of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Health Med Sci 5(1):91–100. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n1.1846
Timar J, Kashofer K (2020) Molecular epidemiology and diagnostics of KRAS mutations in human cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 39(4):1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-020-09915-5
Wen X (2016) The PI3K AKT pathway in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Front Biosci 21(5):1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.2741/4443
Xia C, Dong X, Li H, Cao M, Sun D, He S, Yang F, Yan X, Zhang S, Li N, Chen W (2022) Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants. Chin Med J 135(5):584–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108
Yin L, Duan J-J, Bian X-W, Yu S (2020) Triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress. Breast Cancer Res 22(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-020-01296-5
Yoshida R (2021) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC): review of its molecular characteristics, screening, treatment, and prognosis. Breast Cancer 28(6):1167–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-020-01148-2
Zakarya R, Howell VM, Colvin EK (2020) Modelling epithelial ovarian cancer in mice: classical and emerging approaches. Int J Mol Sci 21(13):4806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134806
Zhu G-X, Gao D, Shao Z-Z, Chen L, Ding W-J, Yu Q-F (2020) Wnt/β-catenin signaling: causes and treatment targets of drug resistance in colorectal cancer (review). Mol Med Rep 23(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11744
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Mundel, R., Dhadwal, S., Bharti, S., Chatterjee, M. (2024). A Comprehensive Overview of Various Cancer Types and Their Progression. In: Sobti, R.C., Ganguly, N.K., Kumar, R. (eds) Handbook of Oncobiology: From Basic to Clinical Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6263-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6263-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-6262-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-6263-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences