Abstract
Due to their complex etiology and pathogenesis, symptoms of neurogenic bladder differ significantly in their pattern, severity, degree to which they affect quality of life, and their potential to lead to complications. Guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms exist and are periodically being updated (Ginsberg et al. J Urol., 2021). The need for individualized, “risk-adapted” management has been stressed in recent years. The main goal of neurogenic bladder therapy is preservation of the upper urinary tract and achievement of complete or at least socially acceptable urinary continence. This is very important as incontinence represents a symptom with the most pronounced effect on quality of life.
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction is a dynamic condition, which changes over time. It is, therefore, essential that every patient be regularly evaluated by a urologist. Regular follow-up visits allow for timely adjustments to therapy that coincides with changes throughout the course of disease and early detection of risk factors, which could lead to complications. Diagnostic methods used in the follow-up period and the frequency of follow-up visits must be individualized. Urological literature published to date contains mostly data assessing the treatment and follow-up of patients following spinal cord injury (SCI). Data from randomized clinical studies, which formulate daily clinical practice recommendations for other types of neurogenic bladder, are sparse.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
D.A. Ginsberg, T.B. Boone, A.P. Cameron, et al., The AUA/SUFU guideline on adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Treatment and follow-up. J. Urol. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1097/JU0000000000002239
M.E. García Leoni, A. Esclarín De Ruz, Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 9(8), 780–785 (2003)
J.M. Hoffman, R. Wadhwani, E. Kelly, B. Dixit, D.D. Cardenas, Nitrite and leukocyte dipstick testing for urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury. J. Spinal Cord Med. 27(2), 128–132 (2004)
T.A. Linsenmeyer, A. Oakley, Accuracy of individuals with spinal cord injury at predicting urinary tract infections based on their symptoms. J. Spinal Cord Med. 26(4), 352–357 (2003)
J. Penders, A.A. Huylenbroeck, K. Everaert, M. Van Laere, G.L. Verschraegen, Urinary infections in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 41(10), 549–552 (2003)
E.J. Erlandsen, E. Randers, J.H. Kristensen, Reference intervals for serum cystatin C and serum creatinine in adults. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 36, 393–397 (1998)
S.A. Thomassen, I.L. Johannesen, E.J. Erlandsen, J. Abrahamsen, E. Randers, Serum cystatin C as a marker of the renal function in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 40(10), 524–528 (2002)
A.P. Cameron, G.M. Rodriguez, K.G. Schomer, Systematic review of urological followup after spinal cord injury. J. Urol. 187(2), 391–397 (2012)
M.A. Averbeck, H. Madersbacher, Follow-up of the neuro-urological patient: A systematic review. BJU Int. 115(Suppl 6), 39–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13084
Z. Zhang, L. Liao, Risk factors predicting upper urinary tract deterioration in patients with spinal cord injury: A prospective study. Spinal Cord 52(6), 468–471 (2014)
B. Çetinel, B. Önal, G. Can, Z. Talat, B. Erhan, B. Gündüz, Risk factors predicting upper urinary tract deterioration in patients with spinal cord injury: A retrospective study. Neurourol. Urodyn. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22984. [Epub ahead of print]
M. Elmelund, N. Klarskov, P. Bagi, P.S. Oturai, F. Biering-Sørensen, Renal deterioration after spinal cord injury is associated with length of detrusor contractions during cystometry-a study with a median of 41 years follow-up. Neurourol. Urodyn. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23163. [Epub ahead of print]
U. Sammer, M. Walter, S.C. Knüpfer, U. Mehnert, B. Bode-Lesniewska, T.M. Kessler, Do we need surveillance urethro-cystoscopy in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction? PLoS One 10(10), e0140970 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140970
B. Welk, The argument against screening for bladder cancer in neuro-urological patients. World J. Urol. 40(8), 1915–1919 (2021)
W.S. El Masri, S. Patil, K.V. Prasanna, J.R. Chowdhury, To cystoscope or not to cystoscope patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries managed with indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheters? That is the question! Spinal Cord 52(1), 49–53 (2014)
T. Müller, K. Arbeiter, C. Aufricht, Renal function in meningomyelocele: Risk factors, chronic renal failure, renal replacement therapy and transplantation. Curr. Opin. Urol. 12(6), 479–484 (2002)
T. Tarcan, S. Bauer, E. Olmedo, S. Khoshbin, M. Kelly, M. Darbey, Long-term followup of newborns with myelodysplasia and normal urodynamic findings: Is followup necessary? J. Urol. 165(2), 564–567 (2001)
L.S. Palmer, I. Richards, W.E. Kaplan, Subclinical changes in bladder function in children presenting with nonurological symptoms of the tethered cord syndrome. J. Urol. 159(1), 231–234 (1998)
J.H. Tseng, M.F. Kuo, T.Y. Kwang, M.Y. Tseng, Outcome of untethering for symptomatic spina bifida occulta with lumbosacral spinal cord tethering in 31 patients: Analysis of preoperative prognostic factors. Spine J. 8(4), 630–638 (2008)
R. DasGupta, C.J. Fowler, Sexual and urological dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Better understanding and improved therapies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 15, 271–278 (2002)
T. Wang, W. Huang, Y. Zhang, Clinical characteristics and urodynamic analysis of urinary dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Chin. Med. J. 129(6), 645–650 (2016)
J. Krhut, P. Hradílek, O. Zapletalová, Analysis of the upper urinary tract function in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 118(2), 115–119 (2008)
N.A. Shakir, A. Satyanarayan, J. Eastman, et al., Assessment of renal deterioration and associated risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Urology 123, 76–80 (2019 Jan)
A. Wiedemann, M. Kaeder, W. Greulich, H. Lax, J. Priebel, R. Kirschner-Hermanns, et al., Which clinical risk factors determine a pathological urodynamic evaluation in patients with multiple sclerosis? An analysis of 100 prospective cases. World J. Urol. 31(1), 229–233 (2013)
G.A. Barbalias, G. Nikiforidis, E.N. Liatsikos, Vesicourethral dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis: Clinical and urodynamic perspectives. J. Urol. 160(1), 106–111 (1998)
J.G. Blaivas, Management of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 30, 12–18 (1980)
G.E. Lemack, E. Frohman, P. Ramnarayan, Women with voiding dysfunction secondary to bladder outlet dyssynergia in the setting of multiple sclerosis do not demonstrate significantly elevated intravesical pressures. Urology 69(5), 893–897 (2007)
V. Phé, M. Pakzad, C. Curtis, B. Porter, C. Haslam, J. Chataway, et al., Urinary tract infections in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 22(7), 855–861 (2016)
J. Krhut, P. Hradilek, D. Nemec, J. Tvrdik, O. Zapletalova, P. Zvara, Incidence of the urological tumours in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 130(3), 193–196 (2014)
C. Confavreux, P. Saddier, J. Grimaud, T. Moreau, P. Adeleine, G. Aimard, Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: A case-control study. Neurology 46(6), 1607–1612 (1996)
A.V. Badri, R.S. Purohit, J. Skenazy, J.P. Weiss, J.G. Blaivas, A review of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Urol. Rep. 15(9), 435–413 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Zvara, P. (2023). Follow-Up. In: Liao, L., Madersbacher, H. (eds) Handbook of Neurourology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1659-7_58
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1659-7_58
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-1658-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-1659-7
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine