Abstract
This chapter describes the principles of a self-heterodyne and nonpolarimetric frequency down-conversion techniques, and introduces several visualization systems based on these techniques. The visualization technique described here is based on photonics technology, and it demonstrates visualization in the range of 1–600 GHz with the identical system configuration and electro-optic (EO) probes. In addition, using frequency/phase noise cancellation technique together with the nonpolarimetric frequency down-conversion technique, it is possible to visualize the field distribution of the electric field emitted from a self-oscillating device and frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) signal. This chapter also shows various visualization examples in the microwave, millimeter-wave, and terahertz (THz)-wave regions. The visualization example in the microwave region (1–10 GHz) shows the spatial distribution of the electric field between the signal line and the ground plane of the microstrip line. As the examples in the millimeter-wave region, the visualizations of the electric field scattered by a rough metal surface, 77 GHz electric field transmitted through a car bumper, and FMCW signals are presented. Finally, the demonstrations in the THz band includes the visualizations of the radiation field from a broadband optical-to-electrical (O/E) converter (120–600 GHz), wavefront transformation by metal hole array (MHA), modification of the beam shape by a self-healing beam during propagation, and propagation of a pulse train with a center frequency of 120 GHz and a repetition rate of 10 GHz.
References
J.A. Valdmanis, G. Mourou, C.W. Gabel, Picosecond electro-optic sampling system. Appl. Phys. Lett. 41(3), 211–212 (1982)
B. Kolner, D. Bloom, P.S. Cross, Electro-optic sampling with picosecond resolution. Electron. Lett. 19(15), 574–575 (1983)
B. Kolner, D. Bloom, Electrooptic sampling in GaAs integrated circuits. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22(1), 79–93 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1986.1072877
S. Verghese, K.A. McIntosh, S. Calawa, W.F. Dinatale, E.K. Duerr, K.A. Molvar, Generation and detection of coherent terahertz waves using two photomixers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(26), 3824–3826 (1998)
A. Nahata, J.T. Yardley, T.F. Heinz, Free-space electro-optic detection of continuous-wave terahertz radiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(17), 2524–2526 (1999)
A.M. Sinyukov, Z. Liu, Y.L. Hor, K. Su, R.B. Barat, D.E. Gary, Z.-H. Michalopoulou, I. Zorych, J.F. Federici, D. Zimdars, Rapid-phase modulation of terahertz radiation for high-speed terahertz imaging and spectroscopy. Opt. Lett. 33(14), 1593–1595 (2008)
A. Roggenbuck, K. Thirunavukkuarasu, H. Schmitz, J. Marx, A. Deninger, I. Cámara Mayorga, R. Gusten, J. Hemberger, M. Gruninger, Using a fiber stretcher as a fast phase modulator in a continuous wave terahertz spectrometer. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29(4), 614–620 (2012)
S. Hisatake, G. Kitahara, N. Kukutsu, Y. Fukada, N. Yoshimoto, T. Nagatsuma, Phase-sensitive terahertz self-heterodyne system based on photonic techniques, in 2012 IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, (IEEE, 2012), pp. 294–297
S. Hisatake, G. Kitahara, K. Ajito, Y. Fukada, N. Yoshimoto, T. Nagatsuma, Phase-sensitive terahertz self-heterodyne system based on photodiode and low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductor at 1.55 um. IEEE Sensors J. 13(1), 31–36 (2012)
S. Hisatake, J.Y. Kim, K. Ajito, T. Nagatsuma, Self-heterodyne spectrometer using uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes for terahertz-wave generators and optoelectronic mixers. J. Lightwave Technol. 32(20), 3683–3689 (2014)
H. Song, J.-I. Song, Robust terahertz self-heterodyne system using a phase noise compensation technique. Opt. Express 23, 21181–21192 (2015)
H. Song, J.-I. Song, Terahertz-wave vibrometer using a phase-noise-compensated self-heterodyne system. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 28(3), 363–366 (2015)
S. Hisatake, Y. Koda, R. Nakamura, N. Hamada, T. Nagatsuma, Terahertz balanced self-heterodyne spectrometer with SNR-limited phase-measurement sensitivity. Opt. Express 23, 26689–26695 (2015)
S. Hisatake, T. Nagatsuma, Nonpolarimetric technique for homodyne-type electrooptic field detection. Appl. Phys. Express 5(1), 012701 (2011)
S. Hisatake, T. Nagatsuma, Continuous-wave terahertz field imaging based on photonics-based self-heterodyne electro-optic detection. Opt. Lett. 38(13), 2307–2310 (2013)
S. Hisatake, H.H.N. Pham, T. Nagatsuma, Visualization of the spatial–temporal evolution of continuous electromagnetic waves in the terahertz range based on photonics technology. Optica 1(6), 365–371 (2014)
Y. Tanaka, G. Ducournau, C. Belem-Goncalves, F. Gianesello, C. Luxey, I. Watanabe, A. Hirata, N. Sekine, A. Kasamatsu, S. Hisatake, Photonics-based near-field measurement and far-field characterization for 300-GHz band antenna testing. IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag. 3, 24–31 (2021)
D.H. Auston, K.P. Cheung, P.R. Smith, Picosecond photoconducting Hertzian dipoles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 45(3), 284–286 (1984)
S. Hisatake, H. Nakajima, H.H.N. Pham, H. Uchida, M. Tojyo, Y. Oikawa, K. Miyaji, T. Nagatsuma, Mapping of electromagnetic waves generated by free-running self-oscillating devices. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 1–6 (2017)
S. Hisatake, J. Kamada, Y. Asano, H. Uchida, M. Tojo, Y. Oikawa, K. Miyaji, Asynchronous electric field visualization using an integrated multichannel electro-optic probe. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–9 (2020)
S. Hisatake, K. Yamaguchi, H. Uchida, M. Tojyo, Y. Oikawa, K. Miyaji, T. Nagatsuma, Visualization of frequency-modulated electric field based on photonic frequency tracking in asynchronous electro-optic measurement system. Appl. Phys. Express 11(4), 046601 (2018)
F. Cecelja, B. Balachandran, M. Berwick, M. Soghomonian, S. Cvetkovic, Optical sensors for the validation of electromagnetic field distributions in biological phantoms. Proc. SPIE Fiber Opt. Lasers Sens. XIII 2510, 244–254 (1995)
S. Wakana, T. Ohara, M. Abe, E. Yamazaki, M. Kishi, M. Tsuchiya, Fiber-edge electrooptic/magnetooptic probe for spectral-domain analysis of electromagnetic field. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 48, 2611–2616 (2000)
H. Takeuchi, S. Hisatake, Microwave signal detection based on the nonpolarimetric frequency down-conversion technique. IEEE Sens. Lett. 4(9), 1–4 (2020)
H.H.N. Pham, S. Hisatake, T. Nagatsuma, Characterization of an F-band horn antenna based on electro-optic near-field measurements. IEICE Trans. Electron. 98(8), 866–872 (2015)
S. Hisatake, Electrooptic field visualization and its application to millimeter-wave and terahertz antenna characterization, in 2017 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA), (IEEE, 2017)
S. Hisatake, Electrooptic technique to investigate the scattering phenomena in millimeter-wave band, in 2021 XXXIVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS), (IEEE, 2021), pp. 1–2
S. Hisatake, Asynchronous near-field measurement and far-field characterization using electrooptic probes in the millimeter-wave band, in 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology (RFIT), 2020, pp. 124–126. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIT49453.2020.9226240
S. Hisatake, H. H. N. Pham, T. Nagatsuma, Direct observation of terahertz wavefront converted by a metal hole array, in 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2015, pp. 1–2
Y. Tanaka, S. Hisatake, Demonstration of an antenna gain enhancement by a metal hole array at 125 GHz, in 2021 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP), 2021, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWP53341.2021.9639384
H. Arisesa, S. Hisatake, Experimental investigation of wave-packet propagation in terahertz frequency region. Appl. Phys. Express 12(8), 082005 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Hisatake, S. (2023). Millimeter-Wave and THz-Wave Visualization. In: Kawanishi, T. (eds) Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_31-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_31-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics