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Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Biosensing Application

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Handbook of Nanobioelectrochemistry

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Abstract

Development of nanotechnology has led to the preparation of the different nanomaterials with excellent physicochemical properties, application-oriented morphologies, electrochemical and catalytic properties, and so on. Similar properties and potential-wide application in different fields from electronics, imaging, sensing and biosensing, energy conversation, etc. were reported for carbon nitride materials (CNM). CNM is a class of 2D polymeric materials dominantly composed from carbon and nitrogen. Generally, CNMs are known from the nineteenth century. However, interest for this structure was aroused at the end of the twentieth century, when theoretical prediction of dense sp3-bonded C3N4 phase showed that this material can have high hardness values and significantly high bulk modulus. It is worth mentioning that single-phase CN is difficult to synthesize due to their insufficient thermodynamic stability and that application of CNM are connected with their graphitic phase (graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4), as a most stabile allotrope at ambient conditions. g-C3N4 is characterized by graphite-like structure, where distance between layers is around 3.3 nm. g-C3N4 structure can be presented as two-dimensional frameworks of tri-s-triazine or s-triazine linked via tertiary amines. Second structure due to the thermodynamic stability is much more favorable.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

alkaline phosphatase

AuNPs:

gold nanoparticles

BPA:

bisphenol A

C-g-C3N4:

carboxylated graphitic carbon nitride

ChOx:

cholesterol oxidase

CNM:

carbon nitride materials

CySH:

L-cysteine

DGX:

Digoxin

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

dsDNA:

double-stranded DNA

Dox:

doxorubicin

ECL:

electrochemiluminescence

ECL-ET:

electrochemiluminescence energy transfer

EDC:

1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide

FRET:

fluorescence resonance energy transfer

g-C3N4:

graphitic carbon nitride

g-C3N4NSs:

g-C3N4 nanosheets

g-C3N4NSQDs:

g-C3N4 quantum dots

GCE:

glassy carbon electrode

GOx:

glucose oxidase

ITO:

indium-tin-oxide glass

MB:

methylene blue

mpg-g-C3N4:

mesoporous-g-C3N4

NHS:

N-hydroxysuccinimide

PEC:

photoelectrochemical

PET:

photoinduced electron transfer

PPi:

pyrophosphate

RNA:

ribonucleic acid

ROX:

carboxy-X-rhodamine

SBA:

soybean agglutinin

ssDNA:

single-stranded nucleic acid

TEM:

transmission electron microscopic

TMB:

3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia

    Slađana Đurđić & Dalibor M. Stanković

  2. Scientific Institution, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Vesna Stanković

  3. The “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Dalibor M. Stanković

Authors
  1. Slađana Đurđić
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  2. Vesna Stanković
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  3. Dalibor M. Stanković
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Correspondence to Slađana Đurđić .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Uday Pratap Azad

  2. School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Pranjal Chandra

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Đurđić, S., Stanković, V., Stanković, D.M. (2023). Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Biosensing Application. In: Azad, U.P., Chandra, P. (eds) Handbook of Nanobioelectrochemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9437-1_8

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