Skeletal Muscle–Extricated Extracellular Vesicles: Facilitators of Repair and Regeneration

Yedigaryan, Laura; Sampaolesi, Maurilio

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_49-1

Laura Yedigaryan² &
Maurilio Sampaolesi^2,3

83 Accesses

Abstract

Skeletal muscle may be injured upon physical activity, or due to myofiber frailty caused by degenerative disorders. As a metabolic tissue, skeletal muscle has the innate ability of regeneration. Skeletal muscle regeneration may be endowed to the action of quiescent satellite cells, the resident muscle stem cells, and other interstitial and inflammatory cells that directly and indirectly contribute to adult myogenesis. However, the process of muscle regeneration greatly relies on intercellular communication through signaling factors such as proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), inflammatory cytokines, and membrane lipids that must be tightly coordinated. It is becoming more evident that the release and transmission of these factors involve extracellular vesicles (EVs) liberated by myofibers and other cells in the milieu of the injured muscle. The cargo of EVs is responsible for altering the state of their target cells by delivering purposeful molecules such as messenger RNAs, miRNAs, lipids, and proteins or by aiming at the alteration of gene expression. These changes activate downstream pathways involved in tissue repair. Due to the heterogeneity of EVs with regard to their cargo, location, size, as well as timing of formation and release, the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle may subsequently be impacted. This chapter focuses on the impact of EVs as biological cues directing stem cell differentiation and modulating the overall process of skeletal muscle regeneration.

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Abbreviations

ADMSC:: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell
Ago:: Argonaute
Akt:: Protein kinase B
ASCT2:: Alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2
ASM:: Acid sphingomyelinase
BMD:: Becker muscular dystrophy
CCL2:: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
CDK2:: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
circRNA:: Circular RNA
CXCL1:: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
CXCL1:: Fractalkine
DMD:: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
ECM:: Extracellular matrix
ESCRT:: Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
EV:: Extracellular vesicle
FAP:: Fibro-adipogenic progenitor
GJA1:: Connexin 43
HGF:: Hepatocyte growth factor
IGF-1:: Insulin-like growth factor-1
IL-4:: Interleukin 4
ILV:: Intraluminal vesicle
iPSC:: Induced pluripotent stem cell
lncRNA:: Long noncoding RNA
MAB:: Mesoangioblast
MDC/CCL22:: Macrophage-derived chemokine
miRNA:: microRNA
MSC:: Mesenchymal stem cell
MVB:: Multivesicular body
myomiRs:: Muscle microRNA
NO:: Nitric oxide
Nox1:: NADPH oxidase 1
NRG1:: Neuregulin 1 protein
p120:: Catenin delta-1
PDGF-α:: Platelet-derived growth factor-α
PIC:: Twist2s and PW1+ interstitial cell
piRNA:: PIWI-interacting RNA
PSC:: Pluripotent stem cell
RISC:: RNA-induced silencing complex
rRNA:: Ribosomal RNA
S1P:: Sphingosine-1-phosphate
SC:: Satellite cell
scaRNA:: Small Cajal body-specific RNA
snoRNA:: Small nucleolar RNA
snRNA:: Small nuclear RNA
TGF-β:: Transforming growth factor-β
TLR:: Toll-like receptor
tRNA:: Transfer RNA
UTR:: Untranslated region
VEGF:: Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Laura Yedigaryan & Maurilio Sampaolesi
Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Maurilio Sampaolesi

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Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
Khawaja H. Haider

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Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
Khawaja H. Haider
Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
Mustapha NAJIMI
Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Oh Young Bang

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Yedigaryan, L., Sampaolesi, M. (2022). Skeletal Muscle–Extricated Extracellular Vesicles: Facilitators of Repair and Regeneration. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_49-1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_49-1
Received: 11 September 2021
Accepted: 16 November 2021
Published: 25 February 2022
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6016-0
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