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The Gravitational Capture of Compact Objects by Massive Black Holes

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Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy

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Abstract

The gravitational capture of a stellar-mass compact object (CO) by a supermassive black hole is a unique probe of gravity in the strong field regime. Because of the large mass ratio, we call these sources extreme-mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs). In a similar manner, COs can be captured by intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters or dwarf galaxies. The mass ratio in this case is lower, and hence we refer to the system as an intermediate-mass ratio inspiral (IMRI). Also, sub-stellar objects such as a brown dwarf, with masses much lighter than our Sun, can inspiral into supermassive black holes such as Sgr A* at our Galactic Centre. In this case, the mass ratio is extremely large, and hence, we call this system extremely large mass ratio inspirals (XMRIs). All of these sources of gravitational waves will provide us with a collection of snapshots of spacetime around a supermassive black hole that will allow us to do a direct mapping of warped spacetime around the supermassive black hole, a live cartography of gravity in this extreme gravity regime. E/I/XMRIs will be detected by the future space-borne observatories like LISA. There has not been any other probe conceived, planned, or even thought of ever that can do the science that we can do with these inspirals. We will discuss them from a viewpoint of relativistic astrophysics.

PAS acknowledges support from the Ramón y Cajal Programme of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain, as well as the COST Action GWverse CA16104. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0400702) and the National Science Foundation of China (11721303). He is indebted to Marta Masini for her support during the lockdown, without which this work would not have been possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain

    Pau Amaro Seoane

  2. Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, Beijing, China

    Pau Amaro Seoane

  3. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing, China

    Pau Amaro Seoane

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  1. Pau Amaro Seoane
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  1. Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Cosimo Bambi

  2. Université de Paris and European Gravitational Observatory, Paris, France

    Stavros Katsanevas

  3. Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics Eberhard Karls, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Konstantinos D. Kokkotas

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Amaro Seoane, P. (2022). The Gravitational Capture of Compact Objects by Massive Black Holes. In: Bambi, C., Katsanevas, S., Kokkotas, K.D. (eds) Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4306-4_17

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