Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Evolution of Chinese Grammar from the Perspective of Language Contact

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies

Abstract

Chinese language has been in contact with surrounding minority languages since ancient times. This chapter summarizes the evolution of Chinese grammar caused by contact based on previous studies. There are three main issues. First, the evolution of Chinese word order from the perspective of contact has been deeply discussed. Mandarin is not a typical SOV language, but it does have many features of SOV language, especially that the northwest dialects have almost all the word order features of SOV languages. From Old Chinese to Modern Chinese, the SOV features of northern Chinese gradually increase. The increase of these SOV features is related to the influence of the northern Altaic languages and other SOV languages. Second, the grammatical evolution of Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese in the Six Dynasties has been studied from the perspective of contact. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into China, and the translation of Buddhist scriptures led to the indirect contact between Chinese and Sanskrit and Pali, which had a great impact on the Chinese language at that time. Third, the evolution of Chinese grammar after the Liao and Jin dynasties has also been developed from the study of the contact perspective. The Altai people ruled northern China in Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Qing Dynasties, which led to the direct contact between Chinese and varieties of the Altaic language. Finally, the Altai people who lived in the Central Plains switched to Chinese, and Chinese was also influenced by the Altaic language to a certain extent.

Translators: Zhang Jingting 张竞婷 and Wan Quan 完权. Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Cao, Guangshun (曹广顺) and Yu Hsiao-jung (遇笑容). 2000. Zhonggu yijing zhong de chuzhishi 中古译经中的处置式 [The disposal construction of translated Middle Chinese Buddhist Sutras]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 6: 555–563,576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Changlai (陈昌来). 2014. Hanyu “jieci kuangjia” yanjiu 汉语“介词框架” 研究 [Study on Chinese “Preposition Frame”]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu, Chauncey Cheng-His. 1987. Historical syntax: Theory and Application to Chinese. Taipei: Crane Publishing Company//1993. Lishi yufaxue lilun yu hanyu lishi yufa 历史语法学理论与汉语历史语法 [The theory of historical grammar and Chinese historical grammar]. Beijing: Beijing Yuyuan Xueyuan Chubanshe 北京:北京语言学院出版社 [Beijing: Beijing Language Institute Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Comrie, Bernard. 2008. The areal typology of Chinese: Between North and Southeast Asia. In Redouane Djamouri, Barbara Meisterernst & Rint Sybesma (eds.) Chinese linguistics in Leipzig. Collection des Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 12. Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Centre Recherches Linguistiques sue L’Asie Orientale. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, Xiufang (董秀芳). 2002. Guhanyu zhong de “zi” he “ji”—xiandai hanyu “ziji” de teshuxing de laiyuan 古汉语中的“自” 和“己”——现代汉语“自己” 的特殊性的来源 [“Zi”(自) and “Ji” (己) in classical Chinese—The origin of the particularity of “ziji” in Modern Chinese]. Guhanyu Yanjiu 古汉语研究 [Research in Ancient Chinese Language] 1: 69–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryer, Matthew S. 1992. The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language 68: 81–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Word order. In Language typology and syntactic description, ed. Timothy Shopen, vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Universals of language, ed. Joseph H. Greenberg, 73–113. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, J.M. 1975. Languge diffusion on the Asia continent: Problems of typological diversity in Sino-Tibetan. Computational Analyses of Asian and African Language. 3: 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haspelmath, Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gi, and Bernard Comrie, eds. 2005. The world atlas of language structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao-jung Yu (遇笑容). 2003. Shuo “yunhe” 说“云何” [A discussion on the interrogative word “yunhe”]. In Kaipian 开篇(第22期)[The opening, vol. 22], 48–50. Dongjing: Haowen Chuban 东京:好文出版 [Tokyo: The Kohbun Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (遇笑容). 2008. Lilun yu shishi: yuyan jiechu shijiao xia de zhonggu yijing yufa yanjiu 理论与事实:语言接触视角下的中古译经语法研究 [Theory and Fact – A Study of the translated Buddhist Sutras of the Mediaeval period from the perspectives of language contact]. In Hanyushi Xuebao 汉语史学报(第七辑) [Journal of Chinese language history, vol. 7], 121–127. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe 上海:上海教育出版社 [Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House].

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia, Xiru (贾晞儒). 2015. Mengguyu yu hanyu jiechu guocheng zhong de “you” de xiaozhang—yuandai baihua jumo “you”zi tanqi 蒙古语与汉语接触过程中的“有”的消长——元代白话句末“有”字谈起 [A study of Chinese “you” through inspecting of the contact between Mongolian and Chinese languages – Talk about “you” at the end of the sentence in vernacular Chinese in Yuan Dynasty]. Xibu Menggu Luntan 西部蒙古论坛 [Journal of the Western Mongolian Studies] 1: 61–69,127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Lansheng (江蓝生). 1992. Zhuci “shide” de yufa yiyi jiqi laiyuan 助词“似的”的语法意义及其来源 [The grammatical meaning and origin of the auxiliary word “shide”]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 6: 445–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (江蓝生). 1998. Houzhici “hang” kaobian 后置词“行”考辨 [A Study of the postposition word “Hang”]. Yuwen Yanjiu 语文研究 [Linguistic Research] 1:1–10,15.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (江蓝生). 1999a. Hanyu shiyi yu beidong jianyong tanyuan 汉语使役与被动兼用探源 [On the origin of the dual use of causation and passivity in Chinese]. In Honor of Mei Tsu-Lin: Studies on Chinese historical syntax and morphology (A Peyraube and Sun Chaofen, eds.). Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (江蓝生). 1999b. Cong yuyan shentou kan hanyu binishi de fazhan 从语言渗透看汉语比拟式的发展 [The development of analogy in the Chinese language as seen from language infiltration]. Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 [Chinese Social Sciences] 4:169–179,208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Shaoyu (蒋绍愚). 2001.《Shishuoxinyu》、《Qiminyaoshu》、《Luoyangqielanji》、《Xianyujing》、《Baiyujing》zhong de “yi”、“jing” 、“qi” 、“bi” 《世说新语》、《齐民要术》、《洛阳伽蓝记》、《贤愚经》、《百喻经》中的“已”、“竟”、“讫”、“毕” [The “yi”, “jing”, “qi” and “bi” in Shishuoxinyu(A new account of the tales of the world), Qiminyaoshu(Essential techniques for the peasantry), Luoyangqielanji(Record of Buddhist Temples in Luoyang), Damamūka nidāna sutra and Upamāśataka sutra]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 1: 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Lansheng (江蓝生). 2003. Yuyan jiechu yu yuanming shiqi de teshu panduanju 语言接触与元明时期的特殊判断句 [Language contact and special determinative-sentences in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties]. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第二十八辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 28], 43–60. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (江蓝生). 2004. Kuaceng feiduanyu jiegou “dehua” de cihuihua 跨层非短语结构“的话”的词汇化 [About the lexicalization of the cross-structural combination “de hua (的话)”]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 5: 387–400,479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Shaoyu (蒋绍愚). 2009. Yetan hanyi fodian zhong de “NP1, NP2+shiye/shi” 也谈汉译佛典中的 “NP1, NP2+是也/是” [Talking about “NP1, NP2+shiye/shi” in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures]. In Zhongguo Yuyanxue Jikan 中国语言学集刊(第三卷第二期) [Collection of Chinese Linguistics, vol. 3(2)], 29–44. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 北京: 中华书局 [Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company].

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Nan (姜南). 2010. Hanyi fojing “S, N shi” ju feixici panduanju 汉译佛经“S, N是”句非系词判断句 [The determinative construction “S,N shi(是) “in Chinese Buddhist scriptures]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1: 59–66, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Lixin (金立鑫) and Yu, Xiujin (于秀金). 2012. Cong yu OV-VO xiangguan he bu xiangguan canxiang kaocha putonghua de yuxu leixing 从与OV-VO相关和不相关参项考察普通话的语序类型 [Word order of Mandarin Chinese revisited in pairs of grammatical elements correlated and uncorrelated with OV-VO]. Waiguoyu 外国语 [Journal of Foreign Languages] 2: 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karashima Seishi. 1998. Hanyi fodian de yuyan yanjiu(er) 汉译佛典的语言研究(二) [Linguistic research on the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures (2)]. Suyuyan Yanjiu 俗语言研究 [Study of folk language] 5:47–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Fodian yuyan ji chuancheng 佛典语言及传承 [Buddhist Scripture language and inheritance]. Shanghai: Zhongxi Shuju 上海:中西书局 [Shanghai: Publishing house of Chinese and Western].

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Tae Soo (李泰洙). 2000a.《Laoqida》sizhong banben congju juwei zhuci yanjiu 《老乞大》四种版本从句句尾助词研究 [A comparative study of post subordinate-clause particles in the four different editions of Lao Ch’i-ta]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1: 47–56, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (李泰洙). 2000b. Guben yanjieben《Laoqida》li fangweici de teshu gongneng 古本、谚解本《老乞大》里方位词的特殊功能 [The special functions of localizers in the ancient version and the translation of Lao Ch’i-ta]. Yuwen Yanjiu 语文研究 [Linguistic Research] 2: 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (李泰洙). 2000c. Guben《Laoqida》de yuzhuci “you” 古本《老乞大》的语助词“有” [The auxiliary word “you” in the ancient version of Lao Ch’i-ta]. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 语言教学与研究 [Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] 3:77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Chongxing (李崇兴). 2005. Lun yuandai mengguyu dui hanyu yufa de yingxiang 论元代蒙古语对汉语语法的影响 [The influence on the Chinese grammar caused by the Mongolian in the Yuan dynasty]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 3: 77–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1974. An explanation of word order change SVO→SOV. Foundations of Language 12: 201–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Qichao (梁启超). 1920/2001. Fanyi wenxue yu fodian 翻译文学与佛典 [Translation Literature and Buddhist scriptures]. In Foxue yanjiu shiba pian 佛学研究十八篇 [Eighteen Buddhist Studies], 165–201. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe 上海:上海古籍出版社 [Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebenthal, Walter.1935a–1936a. On Chinese –Sanskrit Comparative Indexing. Monumenta Serica (华裔学志) 1:173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———.1935b–1936b. The Problem of a Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary. Monumenta Serica (华裔学志) 1:168–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, Timothy. 1979. Word order and word order change in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7: 149–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Yizhi (刘一之). 1988. Guanyu beifang fangyan zhong diyirencheng daici fushu baokuoshi he paichushi duili de chansheng niandai 关于北方方言中第一人称代词复数包括式和排除式对立的产生年代 [On the generation time of the contrast between the inclusive and exclusive plural forms of the first person pronoun in the Northern dialects]. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第十五辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 15], 92–140. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, Guofu (龙国富). 2007. Hanyu wanchengmao jushi he fojing fanyi 汉语完成貌句式和佛经翻译 [The Chinese perfective construction and Buddhist translations].Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 [Minority Languages of China] 1:35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (龙国富). 2009. Zhonggu hanyi fojing beidongshi yu fojing fanyi 中古汉译佛经被动式与佛经翻译 [Research on the passive in Chinese Buddhist Scriptures and their translations]. In Lishiyuyanxue Yanjiu 历史语言学研究(第二辑) [Study of historical linguistics, vol. 2], 147–157. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Lü, Shuxiang (吕叔湘). 1984. Du《sanguozhi》读《三国志》 [Reading the Three Kingdoms Chronicles]. In Yuwen Zaji 语文杂记 [Chinese Miscellaneous], 23–25. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe 上海: 上海教育出版社 [Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Jianming (陆俭明). 1985. Guanyu “qu+VP” he “VP+qu” jushi 关于“去+VP”和“VP+去”句式 [On sentence pattern of “qu +VP” and “VP +qu”]. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 语言教学与研究 [Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] 4:18–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto Mantaro. 1987. Hanyu beidongshi de lishi·quyu fazhan 汉语被动式的历史·区域发展 [History of Chinese passive·regional development]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1: 36–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei, Kuang. 1980. Is modern Chinese really a SOV language? Cahiers de linguistique-Asie Orientale 7: 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mei Tsu-lin (梅祖麟). 1981. Xiandai hanyu wanchengmao jushi he ciwei de laiyuan 现代汉语完成貌句式和词尾的来源 [The origin of the perfect form sentence pattern and suffix in modern Chinese]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 00: 65–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (梅祖麟). 1986. Guanyu jindai hanyu zhidaici——du lüzhu《jindai hanyu zhidaici》关于近代汉语指代词——读吕著《近代汉语指代词》 [About modern Chinese demonstrative pronouns – Reading Lü’s “modern Chinese demonstrative pronouns”]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 6: 401–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (梅祖麟). 1988. Beifang fangyan zhong diyirencheng daici fushu baokuoshi he paichushi duili de laiyuan 北方方言中第一人称代词复数包括式和排除式对立的来源 [On the origin of the contrast between the inclusive and exclusive plural form of the first person pronoun in the Northern dialects]. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第十五辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 15], 141–145. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (梅祖麟). 1999. Xianqin lianghan de yizhong wanchengmao jushi——jianlun xiandai hanyu wanchengmao jushi de laiyuan 先秦两汉的一种完成貌句式——兼论现代汉语完成貌句式的来源 [A perfect form sentence pattern in the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties – And a discussion of the origin of the perfect form sentence pattern in modern Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 4: 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, Jerry. 1982. Four notes on Chinese-Altaic linguistic contacts. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 1–2: 243–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peyraube, Alain. 1997. On word order in archaic Chinese. Cahiers de linguistique-Asie orientaie. 26: 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Xixin (孙锡信). 1992. Hanyu lishi yufa yaolue 汉语历时语法要略 [Outline of Chinese diachronic grammar]. Shanghai: Fudan daxue Chubanshe 上海:复旦大学出版社 [Shanghai: Fudan University Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Chaofen. 1996. Word order change and grammaticalization in the history of Chinese. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tai, James H-Y. 1973. Chinese as an SOV language. In The Ninth regional meeting of Chicago linguistic society, 659–671. Reprinted in Readings in Chinese transformational syntax, Shou-hsin Teng, (ed.), 1986. Taiwan: Crane Publishing Company, 340–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1976. On the change from SVO to SOV in Chinese. Parasessions on Diachronic Syntax, Chicago Linguistic Society, 291–304. Reprinted in Readings in Chinese Transformational Syntax, Shou-hsin Teng, (ed.), 1986. Taiwan: Crane Publishing Company, 428–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatsuo Ota. 1958/2003. Zhongguoyu lishi wenfa 中国语历史文法 [A historical grammar of modern Chinese]. Jiang, Shaoyu 蒋绍愚 and Xu, Changhua 徐昌华. (trans.) Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe 北京:北京大学出版社 [Beijing: Peking University Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988/1991. Hanyushi tongkao 汉语史通考 [A general study of Chinese language history]. Jiang, Lansheng 江蓝生 and Bai, Weiguo 白维国. (trans.) Chongqing: Chongqing Chubanshe 重庆:重庆出版社 [Chongqing: The Chongqing Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Watters. 1899. Essays on the Chinese language. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Li (王力). 1937. Zhongguo wenfa zhong de xici 中国文法中的系词 [Copula in Chinese grammar]. Qinghua Daxue Xuebao(Ziran Kexue Ban) 清华大学学报(自然科学版) [Journal of Tsinghua University (Natural Science Edition)] 1: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Jihong (王继红). 2004. Jiyu fanhanduikan de fojiao hanyu yufa yanjiu—Yi《apidamojushelun·fenbiejiepin》weili 基于梵汉对勘的佛教汉语语法研究——以《阿毗达摩俱舍论·分别界品》为例 [A study of Buddhist Chinese grammar based on the comparative analysis of Sanskrit-Chinese versions – Take “Abhidharmakosa-sastra·Distinguishment” as an example]. Beijing Daxue Boshi Xuewei Lunwen 北京大学博士学位论文 [Ph.D. dissertation, Peking University].

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Dan (徐丹). 2014. Tangwanghua yanjiu 唐汪话研究 [Study on the Tang Wang Dialect]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe 北京:民族出版社 [Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House].

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Zhaohong (徐朝红) and Wu, Fuxiang (吴福祥). 2015. Cong leitong fuci dao binglie lianci: zhonggu yijing zhong xuci “yi” de yuyi yanbian 从类同副词到并列连词:中古译经中虚词“亦”的语义演变 [From additive adverbs to coordinative connectives: Semantic change of the function word yi (亦) in the medieval Chinese Buddhist scriptures].Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 1: 38–49, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Yonglong (杨永龙). 2012. Mudi goushi “VP qu” yu SOV yuxu de guanlian目的构式“VP去”与SOV语序的关联 [The purpose construction “VP qu (去)” in Chinese and the SOV order]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 6: 525–536, 576.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (杨永龙). 2014. Cong yuxu leixing de jiaodu chongxin shenshi “X+xiangsi/si/yesi” de laiyuan 从语序类型的角度重新审视“X+相似/似/也似”的来源 [Revisiting the origin of simile-making postpositions si/xiangsi/yesi (似/相似/也似) from the perspective of word order typology]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 4: 291–303,383.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (杨永龙). 2015. Qinghai minhe gangouhua de yuxu leixing 青海民和甘沟话的语序类型 [The word order of the Gangou Chinese dialect in Minhe Hui and Monguor county of Qinghai province]. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 [Minority Languages of China] 6:15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Zhihong (余志鸿). 1983. Yuandai hanyu zhong de houzhici “Hang” 元代汉语中的后置词“行” [The postpositive word “Hang” in Chinese of the Yuan Dynasty]. Yuwen Yanjiu 语文研究 [Linguistic Research] 3:48–50,63.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (余志鸿). 1987. Yuandai hanyu “-hang” de yufa yiyi 元代汉语“-行”的语法意义 [The grammatical meaning of Chinese “-Hang” in the Yuan Dynasty]. Yuwen Yanjiu 语文研究 [Linguistic Research] 2:16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Liming (俞理明). 1989. Cong fojing cailiao kan zhonggu hanyu renji daici de fazhan 从佛经材料看中古汉语人己代词的发展 [Viewing the development of reflexive pronouns in middle ancient Chinese from Buddhist scriptures]. Sichuan Daxue Xuebao(Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) 四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版) [Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition)] 4: 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Zhihong (余志鸿). 1992. Yuandai hanyu de houzhici xitong 元代汉语的后置词系统 [The postpositional system of Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty]. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 [Minority Languages of China] 3:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Qingchang (张清常). 1982. Hanyu “zamen” de qiyuan 汉语“咱们”的起源 [The origin of Chinese “zamen”]. In Yuyanxue Yanjiu Luncong 语言研究论丛(第二辑) [Collection of Linguistics Research, vol. 2], 91–95. Tianjin: Tianjin Renmin Chubanshe 天津:天津人民出版社 [Tianjin: The Tianjin People’s Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Cheng (张赪). 2002. Hanyu jieci cizu yuxu de lishi yanbian 汉语介词词组语序的历史演变 [The historical evolution of the word order of Chinese prepositional phrases]. Beijing: Beijing Yuyan Wenhua Daxue Chubanshe 北京:北京语言文化大学出版社 [Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Changcai (赵长才). 2009. Zhonggu hanyi fojing zhong de houzhici “suo” he “bian” 中古汉译佛经中的后置词“所”和“边” [The postpositions suo (所) and bian (边) in medieval translations of Buddhist scriptures]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 5: 438–447, 480.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (赵长才). 2015. Zhonggu yijing you yuandian huge de duiyi suodailai de jufa yingxiang 中古译经由原典呼格的对译所带来的句法影响 [The study of the Buddhist influence on Chinese syntactic structure: the vocative case]. In Lishiyuyanxue Yanjiu 历史语言学研究(第九辑) [Studies in historical linguistics, vol. 9], 11–24. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Yiliang (周一良). 1944. Zhongguo de fanwen yanjiu 中国的梵文研究 [Sanskrit studies in China]. Sixiang yu shidai 思想与时代 [Thoughts and Times] 35: 10–13.// 1963. In Weijinnanbeichao shi lunji 魏晋南北朝史论集 [A collection of essays on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties], 323–338. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 北京: 中华书局 [Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Minche (祝敏彻). 1957. Lun chuqi chuzhishi 论初期处置式 [On the initial disposal construction]. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第一辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 1], 17–33. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Qingzhi (朱庆之). 1993. Hanyi fodian yuwen zhong de yuandian yingxiang chutan 汉译佛典语文中的原典影响初探 [A preliminary study of the influence of original texts in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 5: 379–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱庆之). 1995. Hanyi fidian zhong de “suo V” shi beidongju jiqi laiyuan汉译佛典中的“所V”式被动句及其来源 [The “suo V” type passive sentence and its source in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures]. Guhanyu Yanjiu 古汉语研究 [Research in Ancient Chinese Language] 1: 29–31,45.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱庆之). 2001. Fojiao hunhe hanyu chulun 佛教混合汉语初论 [A preliminary study on Buddhism mixed Chinese]. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第二十四辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 24], 1–33. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Guanming (朱冠明). 2005. Zhonggu hanyi fodian yufa zhuanti yanjiu 中古汉译佛典语法专题研究 [A study of the grammar of medieval Chinese Buddhist scriptures]. Beijing Daxue Boshihou Gongzuo Yanjiu Baogao 北京大学博士后工作研究报告 [Postdoctoral research report, Peking University].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱冠明). 2007. Cong zhonggu fodian kan “ziji” de xingcheng 从中古佛典看“自己”的形成 [On the origin of the Chinese reflexive ziji(自己) from the perspective of the medieval Chinese Buddhist scriptures]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 5: 402–411,479.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱冠明). 2008. Fanhanben 《amituojing》yufa zhaji 梵汉本《阿弥陀经》语法札记 [Notes on some grammatical elements in two Chinese translations of the Land of Bliss and their Sanskrit original: A comparative study]. In Lishiyuyanxue Yanjiu 历史语言学研究(第一辑) [Studies in historical linguistics, vol. 1], 108–119. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱冠明). 2011. Zhonggu fodian yu hanyu shoushi zhuyuju de fazhan—Jiantan fojing fanyi yingxiang hanyu yufa de moshi 中古佛典与汉语受事主语句的发展——兼谈佛经翻译影响汉语语法的模式 [The medieval Chinese Buddhist scriptures and the development of the Chinese patient subject clause: A case study on the pattern of the effect of the Buddhist scripture translation on Chinese grammar]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 2: 169–178,192.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (朱冠明). 2013. Hanyi fodian yufa yanjiu shuyao 汉译佛典语法研究述要 [A summary of studies of the grammar of Chinese Buddhist scriptures]. In Hanyi fodian yufa yanjiu lunji 汉译佛典语法研究论集 [On the grammar of Chinese Buddhist scriptures], ed. Shaoyu Jiang (蒋绍愚) and Chirui Hu (胡敕瑞), 1–45. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Qingzhi, (朱庆之) and Zhu, Guanming (朱冠明). 2006. Fodian yu hanyu yufa yanjiu—20 shiji guonei fojiao hanyu yanjiu huigu zhier 佛典与汉语语法研究——20世纪国内佛教汉语研究回顾之二 [Buddhist scriptures and Chinese grammar research – Review 2 of domestic Buddhist Chinese studies in the 20th century]. In Hanyushi Yanjiu Jikan 汉语史研究集刊(第九辑) [Studies on the History of Chinese Language, vol. 9], 413–459. Chengdu: Bashu Shushe 成都: 巴蜀书社 [Chengdu: The Bashu Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zu, Shengli (祖生利). 2001a. Yuandai baihua beiwen zhong fangweici de gebiaoji zuoyong 元代白话碑文中方位词的格标记作用 [The use of marking Mongolian nominal cases of localizers in the vernacular inscriptions of the Yuan dynasty]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 4: 62–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2001b. Yuandai baihua beiwen zhong daici de teshu yongfa 元代白话碑文中代词的特殊用法 [The special usage of pronouns in the vernacular inscriptions of the Yuan Dynasty]. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 [Minority Languages of China] 5:48–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2002a. Yuandai baihua beiwen zhong ciwei “mei” de teshu yongfa 元代白话碑文中词尾“每”的特殊用法 [The special usage of suffix “mei” in the vernacular inscriptions of the Yuan dynasty]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 4: 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2002b. Yuandai baihua beiwen zhong zhuci de teshu yongfa 元代白话碑文中助词的特殊用法 [The special usages of particles in the vernacular inscriptions of the Yuan dynasty]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中国语文 [Studies of the Chinese Language] 5: 459–472,480.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2003.《Yuandianzhang▪Xingbu》zhiyiti wenzi zhong de teshu yufa xianxiang 《元典章·刑部》直译体文字中的特殊语法现象 [The special grammatical phenomena in the metaphrastic translation documents of “Compilation of legal instruments, The institutes of the Yuan Dynasty”]. In Menggushi Yanjiu 蒙古史研究(第七辑) [Mongolian history studies, vol.7],138–190. Huhehaote: Neimenggu Daxue Chubanshe 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学出版社 [Huhehaote: The Inner Mongolia university Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2004. Yuandai zhiyiti wenxian zhong de yuanyin houzhici “shang/shangtou” 元代直译体文献中的原因后置词“上/上头” [The special usage of causal postposition of Shang&Shangtou in the translated documents of the Yuan Dynasty]. Yuyan Yanjiu 语言研究 [Studies in Language and Linguistics] 1: 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2011. Guben《Lao Qida》de yuyan xingzhi 古本《老乞大》的语言性质 [Linguistic features of the oldest edition of “Lao Ch’i-ta”]. In Lishiyuyanxue Yanjiu 历史语言学研究(第四辑) [Study of historical linguistics, vol. 4], 17–53. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (祖生利). 2013. Qingdai qiren hanyu de manyu ganrao tezheng chutan—yi 《Qingwen qimeng》deng sanzhong jianhan manyu huihua jiaocai wei yanjiu de zhongxin清代旗人汉语的满语干扰特征初探——以《清文启蒙》等三种兼汉满语会话教材为研究的中心 [Manchu interference features in the Manchurian Mandarin during the Qing Dynasty: Based on three Manchu conversation textbooks with Mandarin paraphrases]. In Lishiyuyanxue Yanjiu 历史语言学研究(第六辑) [Study of historical linguistics, vol.6],187–227. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

  • Zürcher, E. 1977. Late Han vernacular elements in the earliest Buddhist translations. Journal of the Chinese Language Teacher’s Association 12: 177-203.//Jiang, Shaoyu (蒋绍愚). (trans.) 1987. Zuizao de fojiao yiwen zhong de donghan kouyu chengfen 最早的佛教译文中的东汉口语成分. In Yuyanxue Luncong 语言学论丛(第十四辑) [Essays on linguistics, vol. 14],197-225. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan 北京: 商务印书馆 [Beijing: The Commercial Press].

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yonglong Yang & Jingting Zhang

Authors
  1. Yonglong Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jingting Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yonglong Yang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

    Zhengdao Ye

Section Editor information

  1. Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia

    Zhengdao Ye

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Yang, Y., Zhang, J. (2022). The Evolution of Chinese Grammar from the Perspective of Language Contact. In: Ye, Z. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0924-4_28

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation