Abstract
In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there is a need for an additional four (The World Bank Group) million health workers to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Sousa and Flores 2013). Nurses comprise the largest proportion of health professionals worldwide. Therefore, the quality and quantity of nurses are critical in ensuring the availability and accessibility of safe and effective healthcare. As countries struggle with the crisis on human resources in healthcare, nurses have potential to mitigate the impact of the health workforce shortage (Ng’ang’a and Bryne 2012). Education and training of health professionals, including nurses, is paramount to effectively addressing the shortage in human resources in healthcare (Sousa and Flores 2013). This chapter discusses the current issues related to nursing education in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Background information on low-income countries (LIC) and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) is provided. The key issues of international mobility, international collaboration, distance learning, national competencies, and cultural diversity will be presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arends-Kuenning M, Calara A, Go S. International migration opportunities and occupational choice: a case study of Philippine nurses 2002 to 2014. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8881 [Internet]. 2015. Available from: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8881.pdf
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The ASEAN qualifications reference framework [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ED-02-ASEAN-Qualifications-Reference-Framework-January-2016.pdf
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN Economic Community [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/7c.-May-2017-Factsheet-on-AEC.pdf
Atherton G, Azizan SN, Shuib M, Crosling G. The shape of global higher education: understanding the ASEAN region. 2018;3:1–32. Available from: https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/h233_the_shape_of_asean_higher_education_report_final_v2_web_1.pdf
Belawati, T. Open and distance education in Asia. Presentation at the ICDE President Summit, Sydney, Australia. 2016 (November). Retrieved from: https://icde.memberclicks.net/assets/EVENTS/ICDE_Events/PS2016/Presentations/day2-tian-belawati.pdf
Brown AN, Ward-Panckhurst L, Cooper G. Factors affecting learning and teaching for medicines supply management training in Pacific Island Countries – a realist review. Rural Remote Heal [Internet]. 2013;13(2):2327. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23738574
Brush B. The potent lever of toil: nursing development and exportation in the postcolonial Philippines. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(9):1572–81.
Bvumbwe T, Mtshali N. Nursing education challenges and solutions in Sub Saharan Africa: an integrative review. BMC Nurs. 2018;17:3.
Cancedda C, Farmer PE, Kerry V, Nuthulaganti T, Scott KW, Goosby E, et al. Maximizing the impact of training initiatives for health professionals in low-income countries: frameworks, challenges, and best practices. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001840.
Carr V, Adeyeye O, Marong L, Sarr F. Enhancing nurse leadership capacity in resource-limited countries. Int J Nurs Clin Pract. 2016;3:200.
Chevening. Frequently asked questions: making an application. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.chevening.org/faq/making-an-application/1577
Chickering MJ, Spies LA, Keating SA, Etcher L. Nurses international’s framework for nursing education [Internet]. Nurses International. 2018. Available from: https://nursesinternational.org/nurses-internationals-framework-for-nursing-education-in-low-resource-countries/
Coburn CL, Weismuller PC. Asian motivators for health promotion. J Transcult Nurs [Internet]. 2012;23(2):205–214. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294332
Cohen DJ, Crabtree BF. Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in health care: controversies and recommendations. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6(4):331–9.
Conway J, Little P, McMillan M. Congruence or conflict? Challenges in implementing problem-based learning across nursing cultures. Int J Nurs Pract [Internet]. 2002;8(5):235–239. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12225349
Dyson S. Critical pedagogy in nursing transformational approaches to nurse education in a globalized world. 1st ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2018.
Efendi F, Nursalam N, Kurniati A, Gunawan J. Nursing qualification and workforce for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic Community. Nurs Forum. 2018;53(2):197–203.
Emelonye A, Aregbesola A, Pitkäaho T, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K. Revisiting nursing research in Nigeria. Int J Med Biomed Res. 2016;5(2):78–85.
Frambach JM, Driessen EW, Beh P, van der Vleuten CP. Quiet or questioning? Students’ discussion behaviors in student-centered education across cultures. Stud High Educ [Internet]. 2014;39(6):1001–21. Available from: https://login.proxy.kumc.edu/login?URL=?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1651846279?accountid=28920
Global Health Workforce Alliance. Global health workforce crisis [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/media/KeyMessages_3GF.pdf
Grameen Caledonian College of Nursing. About GCCN [Internet]. 2019. Available from: http://gccn.ac.bd/gccn-info/about-gccn/
Guksuma EM, Dullius AA, Godinho MS, Costa MS, Terra FS. International academic mobility in nursing education: an experience report. Rev Bras Enferm. 2016;69:5.
Gunawan J. Diploma nurse: a player or a spectator in ASEAN mutual recognition arrangement? Arch Med Heal Sci. 2016;4(1):157.
Hashimoto M, Fujita N. Toward further professional development of nursing in ASEAN. JOJ Nurs Heal Care. 2017;2(2):555582.
Henze J, Zhu J. Current research on Chinese students studying abroad. Res Comp Int Educ [Internet]. 2012;7(1):90–104. Available from: https://login.proxy.kumc.edu/login?URL=?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1140130080?accountid=28920
Hsu LL, Hsieh SI. Development and psychometric evaluation of the competency inventory for nursing students: a learning outcome perspective. Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2013;33(5):492–497. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727581
International Council of Nurses. Global Nursing Leadership Institute [Internet]. Available from: https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/GNLIprogrammeoverview_ENG.pdf.
International Telecommunication Union. ICT facts and figures 2017 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2017.pdf.
Kiatiwongse J, Sciortino R. Trans-ASEAN education can play a role in building a regional community. 2018;1–7. Available from: http://theconversation.com/trans-asean-education-can-play-a-role-in-building-a-regional-community-89610
Kingma M. Nurses on the move: a global overview. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(3 Pt 2):1281–98.
Kollar E, Buyx A. Ethics and policy of medical brain drain: a review. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143(October):1–8.
Koy V. Policy recommendations to enhance nursing education and services among ASEAN member countries. Int J Adv Med. 2015;2(September):324–9. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20150575
Kulage KM, Hickey KT, Honig JC, Johnson MP, Larson EL. Establishing a program of global initiatives for nursing education. J Nurs Educ. 2014;53(7):371–8.
Masselink LE. Health professions education as a national industry: framing of controversies in nursing education and migration in the Philippines. 2009.
Ng’ang’a N, Bryne MW. Prioritizing professional practice models for nurses in low-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:3–3A.
Ng’ang’a N, Bryne M. Professional practice models for nurses in low-income countries: an integrative review. BMC Nurs. 2015;14:44.
Piletic P. Benefits of using eLearning in developing countries. eLearning Ind [Internet]. 2018;2018:1–7. Available from: https://elearningindustry.com/elearning-in-developing-countries-benefits-using
Republic of the Philippines. Republic Act 11035. Balik Scientist Act 2017 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://bspms.dost.gov.ph/home
Sarfarti H. Securing decent pensions for nurses: gaining insights into the issues at stake for an ‘atypical’ workforce [Internet]. The European Papers on the New Welfare. 2010. Available from: http://eng.newwelfare.org/2010/10/15/securing-decent-pensions-for-nurses-gaining-insights-into-the-issues-at-stake-for-an-‘atypical’-workforce/#.XQPHsLwzbic
Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. Center for excellence in nursing education [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.sigmanursing.org/learn-grow/leadership-new/center-for-excellence-in-nursing-education
Silliman University. Simulation lab supported by $500K ASHA Grant Inaugurated [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://su.edu.ph/1378-simulation-lab-supported-by-500k-asha-grant-inaugurated/
Smith S. Participation of nurses in health services decision-making and policy development: ensuring evidence-based practice around the globe [Abstracts of Oral Presentations: Evidence Transfer]. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2014;12:193.
Sommers CL. Considering culture in the use of problem-based learning to improve critical thinking – is it important? Nurse Educ Today [Internet]. 2014;34(7):1109–1111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.03.010.
Sommers CL. Measurement of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgment in culturally diverse nursing students – a literature review. Nurse Educ Pract [Internet]. 2018;30(May):91–100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.04.002
Sommers CL, Bonnel WB. Nurse educators’ perspectives on implementing culturally sensitive and inclusive nursing education. J Nurs Educ [Internet]. 2020;59(3):126–132. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32130413
Sousa A, Flores G. Transforming and scaling up health professional education and training [Internet]. World Health Organization 2013. 2013. Available from: https://whoeducationguidelines.org/sites/default/files/uploads/whoeduguidelines_PolicyBrief_Financing.pdf
Stievano A, Caruso R, Pittella F, Shaffer FA, Rocco G, Fairman J. Shaping nursing profession regulation through history – a systematic review. Int Nurs Rev. 2019;66(1):17–29.
Swigart V, Liang Z. Digital resources for nursing education: open courseware and massive open online courses. Int J Nurs Sci [Internet]. 2016;3(3):307–313. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.07.003.
The World Bank Group. Classifying countries by income [Internet]. Available from: http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/the-classification-of-countries-by-income.html.
The World Bank Group. World Bank country and lending groups [Internet]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
Tjoflåt I, Melissa TJ, Mduma E, Hansen BS, Søreide E. Mismatched expectations? Experiences of nurses in a low-income country working with visiting nurses from high-income countries. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(11–12):1535–44.
UW Medicine International Nursing Program. Who we are [Internet]. International Nursing Program. Available from: http://www.internationalnursingprogram.org/who-we-are.
Walani S. Global migration of internationally educated nurses: experiences of employment discrimination. Int J Africa Nurs Sci. 2015;3:65–70.
Wlodkowski RJ, Ginsberg MB. Enhancing adult motivation to learn: a comprehensive guide for teaching all adults. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2017.
World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2006 – working together for health [Internet]. 2006. Available from: https://www.who.int/whr/2006/overview/en/.
World Health Organization. The WHO Global CODE of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel [Internet]. 2010. Available from: https://www.who.int/hrh/migration/code/code_en.pdf?ua=1
World Health Organization. Increasing the coverage of essential health services [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/EN_WHS2018_Part3.pdf?ua=1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sommers, C., Rio, C.J. (2023). Nursing Education in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries: Context and Trends. In: Nestel, D., Reedy, G., McKenna, L., Gough, S. (eds) Clinical Education for the Health Professions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3344-0_117
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3344-0_117
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3343-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3344-0
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education