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Local Content Policies and Their Implications for International Investment Law

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Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy

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Abstract

The rise of local content requirements (LCRs) in resource-rich countries across the world presents new and contemporary challenges to international investment law. While LCRs generally aim to boost domestic value creation and long-term economic growth, inappropriately designed LCRs could result in a misalignment of a country’s fiscal policies and international investment law and may ultimately serve as disincentive to foreign investment.

This chapter develops a profile of the critical intersections and tensions between domestic-level LCRs and international investment law. It identifies innovative legal strategies to reform and address these misalignments and inconsistencies. A clear, comprehensive, and transparent set of horizontal and collaborative policies targeted at creating a supportive regulatory and business-friendly economic environment for investors to deliver greater value in the host country can advance both immediate and longer-term local content objectives with fewer potential investment distortions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Olawuyi D (2018) Extractives Industry Law in Africa. Springer, Cham, pp 233–234; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Working Party of the Trade Committee (2017) Local content policies in minerals-exporting countries, pp 6–7; Heum P, Kasande R, Ekern OF, Nyombi A (2011) Policy and regulatory framework to enhance local content: yardsticks and best practice, SNF working paper no. 02/11

  2. 2.

    International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) (2011) Local content strategy: a guidance document for the oil and gas industry. IPIECA, London

  3. 3.

    OECD (2017) Local content policies in minerals-exporting countries, pp 6–7; Levett M, Chandler A (2012) Maximising development of local content across industry sectors in emerging markets. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC. Groupo FARO, ACODE 1–5

  4. 4.

    Ramdoo I (2015) Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: what implications for the Global Trade and Investment Frameworks? E15Initiative. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum, Geneva; Gbedi D, Adebisi J (2013) Managing local content policies in the extractive industries. Res J Financ Account 4(7):90

  5. 5.

    IPIECA (2016) Local Content: A Guidance Document for the Oil and gas Industry. http://www.ipieca.org/resources/goodpractice/local-content-a-guidance-document-for-the-oil-and-gas-industry-2nd-edition/ (acessed December 12, 2019); Nwapi C (2015) Defining the “Local” in local content requirements in the oil and gas industry in developing countries. Law Dev Rev 8(1):187–216

  6. 6.

    OECD (2017) Local content policies in minerals-exporting countries, pp 6–7; McKinsey Global Institute (2013) Reversing the curse: maximizing the potential of resource-driven economies

  7. 7.

    Hvidt M (2011) Economic and Institutional Reforms in the Arab Gulf countries. Middle East J 65(1):85–102; Hvidt M (2013) Economic diversification in the GCC countries: past record and future trends. Research paper no.27. Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalization in the Gulf States

  8. 8.

    International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2015) Global implications of lower oil prices. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1515.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019; Ghafar A (2016) Will the GCC be able to adjust to lower oil prices. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/02/18/will-the-gcc-be-able-to-adjust-to-lower-oil-prices/. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  9. 9.

    Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (2015) World oil outlook. http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/WOO%202015.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019; Business Insider (2017) OPEC: oil won’t be worth $100 a barrel until after 2040. http://uk.businessinsider.com/opec-oil-wont-be-worth-100-a-barrel-until-after-2040. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  10. 10.

    Ulrichsen KC (2011) Insecure Gulf: the end of certainty and the transition to the Post-Oil Era. Columbia University Press, New York; Ghafar A (2016) Will the GCC be able to adjust to lower oil prices. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/02/18/will-the-gcc-be-able-to-adjust-to-lower-oil-prices/. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  11. 11.

    Koren M, Tenreyro S (2010) Volatility, diversification and development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalization in the Gulf States. Research paper no. 9, 2010

  12. 12.

    Qatar Petroleum (2019) Qatar Petroleum to launch the localization program for services and industries in the energy sector (TAWTEEN). https://www.tawteen.com.qa/News-Media/Press-Releases/News-Qatar-Petroleum-to-launch-the-Localization-Pr. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  13. 13.

    Ibid. Also Qatar Petroleum (2018) Qatar’s Strategic Qatarization Plan. www.qp.com.qa/en/Careers/Qatarization/Pages/Qatarization.aspx. Accessed 15 April 2019

  14. 14.

    See In-Kingdom Total Value Add (IKTVA) program (2016) Program brochure: creating value in the kingdom. https://www.iktva.sa/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IKTVA-brochure_EN.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    See the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (2010), Chapter P10 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) 2004; also Mexico’s Hydrocarbons Act 2014 (Ley de Hidrocarburos); Ghana’s Petroleum (Local content and Local Participation in Petroleum Activities) Regulations 2013; Angola’s Decree-Law No. 17/09; Brazil’s Law No. 12.351 of 2010. For a summary and overview of these laws, see Columbia Centre on Sustainable Investment Investment. Local Content Laws & Contractual Provisions. http://ccsi.columbia.edu/work/projects/local-content-laws-contractual-provisions/. Accessed 10 Oct 2017.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Olawuyi D (2018) Extractives Industry Law in Africa. Springer, Cham

  20. 20.

    Ramdoo I (2015) Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: what implications for the Global Trade and Investment Frameworks? E15Initiative. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum, Geneva

  21. 21.

    See Trade Arabia (2015) Big boost to Saudi industries as Aramco to double local market sourcing. http://www.tradearabia.net/news/IND_295936.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2019; Tordo S, Warner M, Manzano O, Anouti Y (2013) Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank, Washington, DC; Darling R (2011) Beyond taxation: how countries can benefit from the extractive industries through local content. Revenue Watch Institute, New York, pp 1–10, also Shared Value Initiative (2014) Extracting with purpose creating shared value in the oil and gas and mining sectors’ companies and communities, pp 27–32. https://sharedvalue.org/sites/default/files/resource-files/Extracting%20with%20Purpose_FINAL_Full%20Report_Single%20Pages.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 201827-32

  22. 22.

    Olawuyi D (2015) Legal strategies and tools for mitigating legal risks associated with oil and gas investments in Africa. OPEC Energy Rev 39(3):247–265. Olawuyi D, Mercier T (2015) Local content and procurement requirements in frontier African oil and gas jurisdictions – one size does not fit all. Norton Rose Fulbright. http://www.insideafricalaw.com/blog/local-content-and-procurement-requirements-in-frontier-african-oil-and-gas-jurisdictions-one-size-does-not-fit-all. Accessed 10 Apr 2019

  23. 23.

    Ramdoo I (2015) Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: what implications for the Global Trade and Investment Frameworks? E15Initiative. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum, Geneva

  24. 24.

    For comprehensive surveys of LCRs, see Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117, Acheampong A, Ashong M, Svanikier VC (2016) An assessment of local-content policies in oil and gas producing countries. J World Energy Law Bus 9:282; Tordo S, Warner M, Manzano O, Anouti Y (2013) Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank, Washington, DC; Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment; Heum P (2008) Local content development – experiences from oil and gas activities in Norway. SNF working paper no 02/08. Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration, Bergen; and Nwapi (2016) A survey of the literature on local content policies in the oil and gas industry in East Africa. School of Public Policy Technical paper. University of Calgary, 9(16).

  25. 25.

    These are extensively discussed in Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117.

  26. 26.

    Muller T, Schitzer M (2003) Technology transfer and spillovers in International Joint Ventures. Munich discussion paper no. 2003–22; also Levett M, Chandler A (2012) Maximising development of local content across industry sectors in emerging markets. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC. Groupo FARO, ACODE 1–5

  27. 27.

    See, for example, ss1-2 Iran’s Maximum Utilization of Production and Services Potency in Providing Country’s Needs and Promotion of Exports (2012); see also Art. 23 Jordan Model Production Sharing Agreement (2007); also Art. 19.1 of Oman Model Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement (2004); Iraq (Federal) 2009 Technical Service Contract for Oil Field; Iraq Production Sharing Contract (2007) Kurdistan Region; Art. 17 INA Contract (1998) for the Exploration, Development and Production of Petroleum Between the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic and Syrian Petroleum Company and INA-Industrija Nafte dd.- NAFTAPLIN; Algeria’s Law No 05-07 dated 28 Apr 2005.

  28. 28.

    See Tordo S, Warner M, Manzano O, Anouti Y (2013) Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank, Washington, DC, pp 115–117

  29. 29.

    See IKTVA program, Program brochure: creating Value in the Kingdom, n. 14. https://www.iktva.sa/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IKTVA-brochure_EN.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  30. 30.

    Sultanate of Oman. The oil and gas industry in-country value development strategy: 2013–2020, pp 1–5. http://www.incountryvalueoman.net/getattachment/fc8254ec-0c1e-496a-84c1-2f841f42fbe4/ICV-Brochure. Accessed 24 Apr 2019

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    See, for example, Art. 26 Republic of Yemen Model Production Sharing Agreement (2006); Art. 23 State of Qatar Model Development and Production Sharing Agreement (2002); Art. 23 Jordan Model Production Sharing Agreement (2007); Art. 19.1 Oman Model Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement dated April 24, 2004; and Art. 17 INA Contract (1998) Exploration, Development and Production of Petroleum Between the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic and Syrian Petroleum Company and INA-Industrija Nafte dd.- NAFTAPLIN.

  33. 33.

    Ovadia J (2015) The role of local content policies in natural resource-based development. Österreichische Entwicklungspolitik. Rohstoffe und Entwicklung, pp 37–38; Tordo S, Warner M, Manzano O, Anouti Y (2013) Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank, Washington, DC, 7–15

  34. 34.

    Tordo S, Tracy B, Arfaa N (2011) National Oil Companies and Value Creation. World Bank Working Paper no 218. Washington, DC, pp 1–10; World Bank (2014) Human capital for the oil, gas and minerals industries. Science, Technology, and Skills for Africa’s Development, pp 1–4; Esteves AM, Barclay MA (2011) Enhancing the benefits of local content: integrating social and economic impact assessment into procurement strategies. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, p 205

  35. 35.

    Ado R (2013) Local content policy and the WTO rules on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS): the Pros and Cons. Int J Bus Manag Stud 2(1):142

  36. 36.

    See n. 32.

  37. 37.

    Muller T, Schitzer M (2003) Technology transfer and spillovers in international joint ventures. Munich discussion paper no. 2003–22; also Coe D, Helpman E, Hoffmaister AW (2008) International R&D spillovers and institutions. International Monetary Fund IMF working paper no. WP/08/104, Washington, DC; also Glass A, Saggi K (2008) The role of foreign direct investment in international technology transfer. In: Dutt A, Ros J (eds) International handbook of development economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham/Northampton

  38. 38.

    For example, IOCs such as Conoco Philips, General Electric, Shell, and ExxonMobil have opened up technology innovation centers and programs at the Qatar Science and Technology Park to discover sustainable technologies for their oil and gas operations in Qatar. See Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP) (2019). https://qstp.org.qa/companies/conocophillips/. Accessed 12 Apr 2019.

  39. 39.

    See Cook M, Mahdavy H (1970) The pattern and problems of economic development in Rentier States: the case of Iran. In: Cook M (ed) Studies in the economic history of the Middle East: from the rise of Islam to the present day. Oxford University Press, pp 435–436 and Krueger A (1974) The political economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. Am Econ Rev 64(3):291–303.

  40. 40.

    Hanlin C (2011) The drive to increase local procurement in the mining sector in Africa: myth or reality? MMCP discussion paper no. 4. Making the Most of Commodities Programme (MMCP); Ovadia J (2015) The role of local content policies in natural resource-based development. Österreichische Entwicklungspolitik. Rohstoffe und Entwicklung, pp 37–38

  41. 41.

    Ovadia, Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Art. 23 Qatar Model Development and Production Sharing Agreement (2002)

  43. 43.

    See Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117.

  44. 44.

    See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2003) Foreign direct investment and performance requirements: new evidence from selected countries, p 2. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/docs/iteiia20037_en.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2019, which defines PRs as “stipulations, imposed on investors, requiring them to meet certain specified goals with respect to their operations in the host country.” In other words, they are measures requiring investors to behave in a particular way or to achieve certain outcomes in the host country. Preamble to the TRIMs Agreement.

  45. 45.

    Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) Agreement. Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1868 U.N.T.S. 186

  46. 46.

    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1994) TS 56 (1996) Cm 3282; 33 ILM 28

  47. 47.

    Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) Agreement

  48. 48.

    See Para 1, Illustrative List, Annex to the TRIMs Agreement.

  49. 49.

    See Article 5.2 TRIMs Agreement.

  50. 50.

    See Article 5.2 TRIMs Agreement.

  51. 51.

    See Article 5.3 TRIMs Agreement.

  52. 52.

    Article 3 of the TRIMs Agreement provides for the application of “all exceptions under GATT 1994” which includes the general exceptions, the security exception, and exemptions relating to restrictions for the purpose of safeguarding domestic industries from “serious injury” as a result of importation. See Article XIX, XX (a) and (b), and XXI, GATT (1994).

  53. 53.

    See Indonesia – certain measures affecting the automobile industry, Panel report (2 July 1998); WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R; WT/DS59/R; WT/DS64/R.

  54. 54.

    See WTO Legal Affairs Division (2012) WTO dispute settlement one page case summaries 1995–2011. WTO, Geneva, p 25.

  55. 55.

    See WTO Panel Report (1998) Indonesia – automobiles, Panel report (2 July 1998), paras 14.71–14.72.

  56. 56.

    Indonesia – Automobiles, Panel Report (2 July 1998), paras 14.71–14.72. See also India – Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules stating that local content measures under India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM) program constituted trade-related investment measures which is in violation of TRIMs obligations as identified in paragraph 1(a) of the Illustrative List in the Annex to the TRIMs Agreement and therefore inconsistent with Article III: 4 of the GATT and Article 2.1 of the TRIMs Agreement. See WTO Panel Report (2016) India – certain measures relating to solar cells and solar modules, WT/DS456/R/Add.1 (24 February, 2016). See also WTO Panel Report (2012) Canada – certain measures affecting the renewable energy generation sector, WT/DS412/R (19 December, 2012) at para 7.167 where the WTO Panel stated that the Province of Ontario’s Feed-in Tariff Program’ (FIT Program), which required renewable energy generation facilities to use domestically produced equipment for energy generation in order to receive guaranteed prices under the FIT Program, constituted local content requirements and violates the national treatment obligation under Article III: 4 of GATT and Article 2.1 of TRIMS. See WTO Panel Report (2012) Canada – certain measures affecting the renewable energy generation sector, WT/DS412/R (19 December, 2012) at para 7.167.

  57. 57.

    See also Article 10 of the Belgium–Guinea treaty, as well as India–Kuwait BIT (2001), Article 4.4; Japan–India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA 2011), Article 89; El Salvador–Peru (1996); Bolivia–Mexico (1995); Dominican Republic–Ecuador (1998); Chile–Mexico FTA (1999); Chile–South Korea FTA (2003); United Kingdom–Kenya (1999); and Burundi–Comoros (2001) all of which limit or prohibit use of LCRs.

  58. 58.

    North American Free Trade Agreement, 32 I.L.M. 289 and 605 (1993)

  59. 59.

    For example, Iran’s legal framework expressly provides that failure to achieve a 51 percent local content could lead to contract termination or reduction in remuneration fee. See Iran’s Maximum Utilization of Production and Services Potency in Providing Country’s Needs and Promotion of Exports 2012. Similarly, participation in, and compliance with, Saudi Arabia’s IKTVA program (70% local content by the year 2030) is required for doing business with the national oil company Saudi Aramco. Similarly, Section 10 (1) of Nigeria’s local content law declares that an operator’s local content plan “shall contain provisions intended to ensure that first consideration shall be given to…goods manufactured in Nigeria.” See the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010.

  60. 60.

    For example, Brazil’s policy of “Tudo que pode ser feito no Brasil, tem que ser feito no Brasil” (everything which can be done in Brazil should be done in Brazil) which aims to generate local productivity and jobs for local populations in Brazil.

  61. 61.

    Jensen J, Tarr D (2008) Impact of local content restrictions and barriers against foreign direct investment in services: the case of Kazakhstan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. East Eur Econ 46(5):5–26

  62. 62.

    Dolzer R, Schreuer C (2012) Principles of International Investment Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 22; also Bernasconi-Osterwalder N, Cosbey A, Johnson L, Vis-Dunbar D (2012) Investment treaties & why they matter to sustainable development: questions and answers. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2011/investment_treaties_why_they_matter_sd.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  63. 63.

    Stone S, Messent J, Flaig D (2015) Emerging policy issues: localisation barriers to trade. OECD Trade Policy papers, no 180, pp 10–11

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    Peek P, Gantès P (2008) Skills shortages and local content in the Sub-Saharan African oil and gas industry: how to close the gap. Centre de recherches enterprises et societies (CRES)

  66. 66.

    See UNCTAD (2007) Elimination of TRIMS: the experience of selected developing countries. United Nations, New York/Geneva, pp 9–10.

  67. 67.

    Dolzer R, Schreuer C (2012) Principles of International Investment Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

  68. 68.

    See National Board of Trade (NBT) (2014) No transfer, no trade: the importance of cross-border data transfers for companies based in Sweden, January. https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Contribution/dtl_ict4d2016c01_Kommerskollegium_en.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2019.

  69. 69.

    Ibid.

  70. 70.

    Kuntze J, Moerenhout T (2013) Local content requirements and the renewable energy industry – a good match? International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland; Kwon C, Chun BG (2009) Local content requirement under vertical technology diffusion. Rev Dev Econ 13(1):111–124

  71. 71.

    Stone S, Messent J, Flaig D (2015) Emerging policy issues: localisation barriers to trade. OECD Trade Policy papers, no 180, pp 10–11

  72. 72.

    Dolzer R, Schreuer C (2012) Principles of International Investment Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, pp 149–152

  73. 73.

    Stone S, Messent J, Flaig D (2015) Emerging policy issues: localisation barriers to trade. OECD Trade Policy papers, no 180, pp 60–62

  74. 74.

    Ibid. at 70–71

  75. 75.

    NBT (2014) No transfer, no trade: the importance of cross-border data transfers for companies based in Sweden, January. https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Contribution/dtl_ict4d2016c01_Kommerskollegium_en.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2019; Ponemon Institute (2011) The true cost of compliance: a benchmark study of multinational Organizations. Research report, January. https://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/file/True_Cost_of_Compliance_Report_copy.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019

  76. 76.

    The duty of States to protect investors and their investments against unlawful interference and acts of State agencies was affirmed in Amco v Indonesia, Award 20 November 1984.

  77. 77.

    Dolzer R, Schreuer C (2012) Principles of International Investment Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 226, stating that in BITs, this standard is either described as full protection and security or interpreted as part of the fair and equitable treatment standard in international investment law

  78. 78.

    Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117

  79. 79.

    See, for example, ss 1–2 of Iran’s Maximum Utilization of Production and Services Potency in Providing Country’s Needs and Promotion of Exports (2012); see also Art 23 of the Jordan Model Production Sharing Agreement of February (2007); Art 19.1 of the Oman Model Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement (2004); Iraq (Federal) 2009 Technical Service Contract for Oil Field; Production Sharing Contract (2007) Kurdistan Region; Art 17 of the INA Contract (1998) Exploration, Development and Production of Petroleum Between the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic and Syrian Petroleum Company and INA-Industrija Nafte dd.- NAFTAPLIN; Algeria’s Law No 05-07 dated 28 Apr 2005; the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (2010), Chapter P10 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) 2004.

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    For example, many European Union member countries align their financial thresholds with EU legislation (in which government notification and participation are required for procurements above 414,000 euros for supply and service contracts), while some countries impose more stringent national procurement rules where the procurement contract exceeds the EU financial threshold (Norway). Outside the EU, thresholds ranging from $100,000 (Liberia, Azerbaijan, Nigeria) to $20m (Mexico) have been stipulated. See Directive 2014/25/EU on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport, and postal service sectors and repealing Directive 2004/17/EC (Utilities Directive) Official Journal of the European Union L 94 (2014) 243–374, also Cyprus Model Exploration and Production Sharing Contract (2012); Norway’s Act 29 November 1996 No 72 Relating to Petroleum Activities; Brazil’s Production Sharing Contract for Exploration and Production of Oil and Natural Gas (undated); Mexico’s Contract for the Exploration and Extraction of Hydrocarbons under Production Sharing Modality (2014); also the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (2010), Chapter P10 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) 2004.

  82. 82.

    Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117

  83. 83.

    See Acheampong A, Ashong M, Svanikier VC (2016) An assessment of local-content policies in oil and gas producing countries. J World Energy Law Bus 9:282; also Nwapi C (2016) A survey of the literature on local content policies in the oil and gas industry in East Africa. School of Public Policy Technical paper. University of Calgary, 9(16); OECD (2017); Olawuyi D (2019) Local content and procurement requirements in oil and gas contracts: regional trends in the Middle East and North Africa. Nat Resour Law 37(1):93–117.

  84. 84.

    UNCTAD (2003) Foreign direct investment and performance requirements: new evidence from selected countries. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/docs/iteiia20037_en.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2019, UNCTAD (2014) Local content requirements and the green economy. United Nations, Geneva, pp 10–12

  85. 85.

    Nwapi C (2016) A survey of the literature on local content policies in the oil and gas industry in East Africa. School of Public Policy Technical paper. University of Calgary, 9(16)

  86. 86.

    Dolzer R, Schreuer C (2012) Principles of International Investment Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

  87. 87.

    Art 23 of the State of Qatar Model Development and Production Sharing Agreement (2002)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Law, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

    Damilola S. Olawuyi

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Correspondence to Damilola S. Olawuyi .

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  1. School of Law, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Julien Chaisse

  2. School of Business and Law, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

    Leïla Choukroune

  3. Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Sufian Jusoh

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Olawuyi, D.S. (2021). Local Content Policies and Their Implications for International Investment Law. In: Chaisse, J., Choukroune, L., Jusoh, S. (eds) Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_78

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