Abstract
This article is a departure from a mainstream inquiry of giving too much credence to ethnic minorities that have the agency to mobilize revolutionary armies against the state. There is a need to pay attention to the plight of second-order minorities who do not have the capacity for rebellion but are usually victims of violence and displacement. The knowledge is sparse about the plight of subaltern communities that are in constant struggle for recognition of their rights and demands for representation in conflictual societies. Therefore, this chapter aims to answer the question of why second-order minorities in conflict-ridden communities are frequent subjects of marginalization, exclusion, and deprivation. Using two case studies of Aceh, Indonesia, and Bangsamoro, Philippines, this chapter seeks to contribute to the limited state of knowledge about considerably powerless second-order ethnic minorities in communities that are theaters of domestic wars. This chapter concludes that weaker groups who constitute the second-order minorities are facing repression and their demands for recognition of their identity and territorial domains are often undermined or subordinated to the wishes of dominant ethnic minorities who went into negotiating tables with governments.
References
Aditjondro GJ (2007) Profiting from peace: the political economy of Aceh’s post-Helsinki reconstruction. Working paper no. 3. International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development, Jakarta
Adyatama E (2016) LPSK Dalami Tragedi Jambu Keupok Saat DOM di Aceh. Tempo, 20 August. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/797391/lpsk-dalami-tragedi-jambu-keupok-saat-dom-di-aceh/full&view=ok. 27 Aug 2018
Ali M (2013) Aceh’s new cultural leader: former separatist now guardian of state. RSIS commentaries no. 230/2013. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/CO13230.pdf. 27 Aug 2018
Ananta A (2007) The population and conflicts. In: Ananta A, Onn LP (eds) Aceh: a new dawn. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, pp 15–34
Ananta A, Arifin EN, Sairi Hasbullah M, Handayani NB, Pramono A (2015) Demography of Indonesia’s ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore
Ansori MH (2012) From insurgency to bureaucracy, Aceh party and the new face of conflict. Stability Int J Secur Dev 1(1):31–44
Arguillas C (2017) Members of Bangsamoro Transition Commission finally named. Mindanews, 10 February. http://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2017/02/members-of-bangsamoro-transition-commission-finally-named/. 24 Aug 2018
Aspinall E (2005) Aceh/Indonesia: conflict analysis and options for systemic conflict transformation. Berghof Foundation, Berlin
Aspinall E (2008) Peace without justice? The Helsinki peace process in Aceh. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. https://www.hdcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/56JusticeAcehfinalrevJUNE08-May-2008.pdf. 23 Aug 2018
Badan Pusat Statistik (2014) Statistik Indonesia: statistical yearbook of Indonesia. BPS-Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta
Barron P, Rahmant E, Nugroho K (2013) The contested corners of Asia: subnational conflict and international development assistance, the case of Aceh, Indonesia. The Asia Foundation, Manila
Barter SJ (2014) Civilian strategy in civil war: insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Barter SJ (2015) Between a rock and a hard place: second-order minorities in the Aceh conflict. Asian Ethnicity 16(2):152–165
Barter SJ (2018) Rethinking territorial autonomy. Reg Stud 52(2):298–309
Candelaria SM (2018) The plight of indigenous peoples within the context of conflict mediation, peace talks and human rights in Mindanao, the Philippines. Thesis Eleven 145(1):28–37
Casauay A (2015) How different is ARMM from the Bangsamoro? Rappler, 13 July. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/92639-armm-bangsamoro-comparison. 28 Aug 2018
DPRA (2018) Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh Periode 2014–2019. Provincial Government of Aceh, Indonesia. https://dpra.acehprov.go.id/index.php/page/52/dapil-anggota-dpra-2014-2019#. 27 Aug 2018
Dwyer L, Guiam R (2010) Gender and conflict in Mindanao. The Asia Foundation, Manila
Ehrentraut S (2010) Dividing Aceh? Minorities, partition movements and state-reforms in Aceh Province. Working paper series no. 137. Asia Research Institute, Singapore
Espesor JC (2017a) Waltzing with the powerful: understanding NGOs in a game of power in conflict-ridden Mindanao. Pac Dyn J Interdisc Res 1(1):66–83
Espesor JC (2017b) Domesticating by commodifying the liberal peace? Evidence from the Southern Philippines. Pac Dyn J Interdisc Res 1(2):306–324
Espesor JC (2019) Resident evil at the gate of the Holy Land: brewing socio-politico tensions in post-conflict Aceh. In: Lutmar C, Ockey J (eds) Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp 215–244
Feith P (2007) The Aceh peace process: nothing less than success. Special report no. 184. United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC
Gade F (2016) Ini Profil Singkta Anggota KKR Aceh. Acehkita, 20 July. http://www.acehkita.com/ini-profil-singkat-anggota-kkr-aceh/. 27 Aug 2018
Gurr TR (1993) Why minorities rebel: a global analysis of communal mobilization and conflict since 1945. Int Polit Sci Rev 14(2):161–201
Hamzah M (2009) Local political parties in Aceh: engines of democratization in Indonesia. In: Tornquist O, Prasetyo SA, Birks T (eds) Aceh: the role of democracy for peace and reconstruction. PCD Press Indonesia and ISAI, Jakarta, pp 305–336
Haris M (2017) KPK agar awasi dana aspirasi DPR Aceh. Antara Aceh, 8 March. https://aceh.antaranews.com/berita/34741/kpk-agar-awasi-dana-aspirasi-dpr-aceh. 27 Aug 2018
Hedman E-L (2005) Aceh under martial law: conflict, violence and displacement. RSC working paper no. 24. University of Oxford, Oxford
Herrberg A (2008) The Brussels ‘Backstage’ of the Aceh peace process. In: Aguswandi, Large J (eds) Reconfiguring politics: the Indonesia- Aceh peace process. Conciliation Resources, London, pp 32–35
ICG (2007) Aceh: post-conflict complications. Asia report no. 139. International Crisis Group, Jakarta. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/139-aceh-post-conflict-complications.pdf. 24 Aug 2018
ICG (2008) Indonesia: pre-election anxieties in Aceh. Asia briefing no. 81. International Crisis Group, Jakarta. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/indonesia-pre-election-anxieties-aceh. 28 Aug 2018
ICG (2011) The Philippines: indigenous rights and the MILF peace process. Asia report no. 213. International Crisis Group, Jakarta. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/213-the-philippines-indigenous-rights-and-the-milf-peace-process.pdf. 26 Aug 2018
Indonesia-Investments (2017) Population of Indonesia. https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/population/item67. 10 Jul 2018
Kingsbury D (2006) Peace in Aceh: a personal account of the Helsinki peace process. Equinox Publishing, Jakarta
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (2014) The indigenous peoples of mainland ARMM. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Manila
Krause K (2012) Hybrid violence: locating the use of force in post-conflict settings. Glob Gov 18:39–56
McCulloch L (2005) Aceh: then and now. Minority Rights Group International, London
McKenna T (1998) Muslim rulers and rebels: everyday politics and armed separatism in the Southern Philippines. University of California Press, Berkeley
Morales R (2003) Perpetual wars: the Philippine insurgencies, Master’s Thesis. Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a420548.pdf. 20 July 2018
OPAPP (2018) Passage of BOL Celebrated in Cotabato. Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process. 8 August. https://peace.gov.ph/2018/08/passage-of-bol-celebrated-in-cotabato/. 28 Aug 2018
Ramly AA (2005) Modes of displacement during martial law. In: Hedman E-LE (ed) Aceh under martial law: conflict, violence and displacement. RSC working paper no. 24. University of Oxford, Oxford, pp 13–20
Reid A (2004) War, peace and the burden of history in Aceh. Asian Ethn 5(3):301–314
Republic Act No. 11054 (2018) An act providing for the organic law for the Bangsamoro autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao. Government of the Philippines. http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/07jul/20180727-RA-11054-RRD.pdf. 28 Aug 2018
Rodil R (1994) The minoritization of the indigenous communities of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Alternate Forum for Research on Mindanao, Davao City
Schulze KE (2005) Between conflict and peace: tsunami aid and reconstruction in Aceh. London School of Economics, London
Serambi Indonesia (2016) Isu Pemekaran ALA-ABAS Bukan Kepentingan Para Elite. 12 January. http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2016/01/12/isu-pemekaran-ala-abas-bukan-kepentingan-para-elite. 27 Aug 2018
Shea N (2016) Nongovernmental organizations as mediators: making peace in Aceh, Indonesia. Glob Chang Peace Secur 28(2):177–196
Smith ME (2017) Europe’s common security and defence policy: capacity-building, experiential learning and institutional change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Sulistiyanto P (2001) Whither Aceh? Third World Q 22(3):437–452
Torres WM (2007) Rido: clan feuding and conflict management in Mindanao. The Asia Foundation, Manila
Torres J (2015) Indigenous peoples lobby for recognition in Philippines Moro region. UCANews, 12 May. https://www.ucanews.com/news/indigenous-peoples-lobby-for-recognition-in-philippines-moro-region/73569. 27 Aug 2018
Touval S (1982) The peace brokers: mediators in the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948–1979. Princeton University Press, Princeton
UNHCR (2015) Displacement dashboard, Mindanao, Philippines forced displacement annual report. United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, Manila
UNHCR (2018) Mindanao displacement dashboard. Issue no. 47. United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees, Manila. http://www.protectionclusterphilippines.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Protection-Cluster-April-Displacement-Dashboard-2.pdf. 28 Aug 2018
Wandita G (2014) Lessons from Aceh for Mindanao: notes from the field. In: Moving beyond: towards transitional justice in the Bangsamoro peace process. forumZFD Philippines, Davao City, pp 20–24
Whaley F (2014) Philippines and rebels agree on peace accord to end insurgency. The New York Times, 25 January. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/world/asia/philippines-and-rebels-agree-on-peace-accord-to-end-insurgency.html. 24 Aug 2018
Widodo J [@jokowi] (2015) Hentikan kekerasan di Aceh Singkil, 13 October. https://twitter.com/jokowi/status/654116423984218112. 27 Aug 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Espesor, J.C. (2019). Perpetual Exclusion and Second-Order Minorities in Theaters of Civil Wars. In: Ratuva, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_145-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_145-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0242-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0242-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science and International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences