Abstract
Globally, religious harassment and bullying in the workplace are on the rise. In this chapter, how and why religious bullying is similar to, yet distinct from, other forms of harassment is described. Relative to other social identities, religious identities may be viewed as controllable and disruptive which can lead to higher levels of harassment. Religious bullying may be seen as more acceptable and also may take on forms not prototypical of other types of workplace bullying (e.g. exoticization, assumptions of homogeneity, imposition of beliefs). Based on this, how the broader literature on individual- and organizational-level interventions to reduce discrimination and harassment might inform efforts to curtail religious bullying at work is discussed.
References
Afrianty, T. W., Issa, T., & Burgess, J. (2015). Work-based religiosity support in Indonesia. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 253–280). Surrey: Gower.
Ariss, A., & Sidani, Y. M. (2016). Understanding religious diversity: Implications from Lebanon and France. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(3), 467–480. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/1873381981?accountid=12598
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Morris, K. A., & Goodwin, S. A. (2008). The confronting prejudiced responses (CPR) model: Applying CPR in organizations. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(3), 332–342.
Astrauskaite, M., Notelaers, G., Medisauskaite, A., & Kern, R. (2015). Workplace harassment: Deterring role of transformational leadership and core job characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31, 121–135.
Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target’s perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 717–741.
Bader, V., Alidadi, K., & Vermeulen, F. (2013). Religious diversity and reasonable accommodation in the workplace in six European countries: An introduction. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 13, 54–82.
Bagire, V., & Begumisa, D. B. (2015). Practices of managing religious diversity in institutions: Lessons from Uganda. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 137–156). Surrey: Gower.
Bandukwala, J. S. (2006). Indian Muslims: Past, present and future. Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 1341–1344.
Basu, M. (2016). 15 years after 9/11, Sikhs still victims of anti-Muslim hate crimes. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/15/us/sikh-hate-crime-victims/index.html. Accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Bauman, C. M., & Ponniah, J. (2017). Christian responses to discrimination and violence in India and Sri Lanka: Avoidance, advocacy, and interfaith engagement. The Review of Faith and International Affairs, 15, 68–78.
BBC. (2017). Catholic Helen Scott wins religious discrimination case. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-41741178. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Beane, D., Ponnapalli, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017). Workplace religious displays and perceptions of organization attractiveness. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 29(2), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-016-9286-9.
Bowes-Sperry, L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2005). To act or not to act: The dilemma faced by sexual harassment observers. Academy of Management Review, 30, 288–306.
Bradshaw, W. S., Heaton, T. B., Decoo, E., Dehlin, J. P., Galliher, R. V., & Crowell, K. A. (2015). Religious experiences of GBTQ Mormon males. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(2), 311. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/1771457086?accountid=12598
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 135–149.
Brewster, M. E., Hammer, J., Sawyer, J. S., Eklund, A., & Palamar, J. (2016). Perceived experiences of atheist discrimination: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000156.
Buckner, G. E., Hindman, H. D., Huelsman, T. J., & Bergman, J. Z. (2014). Managing workplace sexual harassment: The role of manager training. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26, 257–278.
Cantone, J. A., & Wiener, R. L. (2017). Religion at work: Evaluating hostile work environment religious discrimination claims. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23, 351–366.
Carrim, N. M. H. (2015). Managing religious diversity in the South African workplace. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 113–136). Surrey: Gower.
Chioco, I. V. (2017). Looking beyond the veil. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 24(2), 547-573. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/1965550291?accountid=12598
Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180.
Colella, A. (2001). Coworker distributive fairness judgments of the workplace accommodation of employees with disabilities. The Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.2307/259397.
Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 55–75.
Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2003). Raising voice, risking retaliation: Events following interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 247–265.
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64–80.
Crenshaw, K. W. (1993). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist policies. In D. K. Weisbert (Ed.), Feminist legal theory: Foundations (pp. 383–395). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(4), 532–544.
Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006). Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 784–803.
Davidson, J. D. (2008). Religious stratification: Origins, persistence, and consequences. Sociology of Religion, 69, 371–395.
Doane, M. J., & Elliott, M. (2015). Perceptions of discrimination among atheists: Consequences for atheist identification, psychological and physical well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000015.
Drury, B. J., & Kaiser, C. R. (2014). Allies against sexism: The role of men in confronting sexism. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 637–652.
Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as “other”: Moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. American Sociological Review, 71(2), 211–234.
Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185–201.
Ertureten, A., Cemalcilar, Z., & Aycan, Z. (2013). The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 205–216.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 578–589.
Fox, J., & Akbaba, Y. (2015). Restrictions on the religious practices of religious minorities: A global survey. Political Studies, 63(5), 1070–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12141.
Gardner, D. M., & Ryan, A. M. (2017). Does intentionality matter? An exploration of discrimination with ambiguous intent. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 77–82.
Gebert, D., Boerner, S., Kearney, E., King, J. E., Zhang, K., & Song, L. J. (2014). Expressing religious identities in the workplace: Analyzing a neglected diversity dimension. Human Relations, 67, 543–563.
Gervais, W. (2011). Finding the faithless: Perceived atheist prevalence reduces anti-atheist prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 543–556.
Ghassem-Fachandi, P. (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu nationalism and anti-Muslim violence in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ghumman, S., & Ryan, A. M. (2018). Religious minorities. In A. J. Collela & E. B. King (Eds.), Oxford handbook of workplace discrimination. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ghumman, S., Ryan, A. M., Barclay, L. A., & Markel, K. S. (2013). Religious discrimination in the workplace: A review and examination of current and future trends. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(4), 439–454.
Ghumman, S., Ryan, A. M., & Park, J. S. (2016). Religious harassment in the workplace: An examination of observer intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 279–306.
Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. Public Self and Private self, 189, 189–212.
Griffiths, E. (2016). The ‘reasonable accommodation’ of religion: Is this a better way of advancing equality in cases of religious discrimination? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 16, 161–176.
Gruber, J. E. (1998). The impact of male work environments and organizational policies on women’s experiences of sexual harassment. Gender & Society, 12, 301–320.
Halrynjo, S., & Jonker, M. (2016). Naming and framing of intersectionality in hijab cases – Does it matter? An analysis of discrimination cases in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Gender, Work and Organization, 23(3), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12089.
Hackett, C., Stonawski, M., Potancokova, M., Grim, B. J., & Skirbekk, V. (2015). The future size of religiously affiliated and unaffiliated populations. Demographic Research, 32, 829–842.
Hopkins, N., & Greenwood, R. M. (2013). Hijab, visibility and the performance of identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(5), 438–447.
HR Specialist. (2016). Atheist entitled to ‘religious’ accommodation. www.businessmanagemnetdaily.com/45749
Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807–826.
JDSupra. (2017, October 11). Reliable Nissan agrees to settle EEOC race, religion and national origin harassment case. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/reliable-nissan-agrees-to-settle-eeoc-55020/. Last accessed 13 Dec 2017.
Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A., Markus, H., Miller, D., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 254–263.
Kamalipour, Y. R. (2000). The TV terrorist: Media images of middle easterners. Global Dialogue, 2(4), 88–96.
Kaya, R. (2008). Atheist soldier sues Army for ‘unconstitutional’ discrimination. www.cnn.com/2008/US/07/08/athesit.soldier/
Kerwood, A. (2016, May 26). Religious freedom standards in the European workplace. http://religiousfreedomainandbusiness.org. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Khiat, A., Montargot, N., & Moukkes, F. (2015). Are there paths toward a new social pact during the month of Ramadan? The specific case of Algerian companies. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 177–204). Surrey: Gower.
King, E. B., & Ahmad, A. S. (2010). An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. Personnel Psychology, 63(4), 881–906.
King, J. E., Bell, M. P., & Lawrence, E. (2009). Religion as an aspect of workplace diversity: An examination of the US context and a call for international research. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 6, 43–57.
King, J. E., Jr., & Franke, G. R. (2017). Faith bias or religious expression: The real religious diversity challenge? Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1249396.
Koopmans, R. (2015). Religious fundamentalism and hostility against out-groups: A comparison of Muslims and Christians in Western Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(1), 33–57.
Lépinard, E. (2010). In the name of equality? The missing intersection in Canadian feminists’ legal mobilization against multiculturalism. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(12), 1763–1787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210368096.
Lerner, J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.
Lindsey, A., King, E., McCausland, T., Jones, K., & Dunleavy, E. (2013). What we know and don’t: Eradicating employment discrimination 50 years after the Civil Rights Act. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6(4), 391–413.
Lund Dean, K., Safranski, S. R., & Lee, E. S. (2015). Bad apples, behaving badly? Workplace religious discrimination disputes and resolution behaviors. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(3), 227–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2014.992356.
Lovett, I. (2017, April 11). Religious harassment, restrictions on the rise around the world. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/religious-harassment-restrictions-on-the-rise-around-the-world-1491925676. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Lyons, B., Wessel, J., Ghumman, S., Ryan, A. M., & Kim, S. (2014). Applying models of employee identity management across cultures: Christianity in the USA and South Korea. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(5), 678–704.
Mahadevan, J. (2015). Performing religious diversity: Atheist, Christian, Muslim and Hindu interactions in two German research and development companies. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 323–342). Surrey: Gower.
Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 251–330.
Mansfield, K. (2016, April 7). Christian NHS worker who prayed for Muslim colleague loses appeal over bullying ruling. The Telegraph. http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/659035/Christian-NHS-worker-prayed-Muslim-colleague-loses-bullying-appeal. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Martinez, L. R., Hebl, M. R., Smith, N. A., & Sabat, I. E. (2017). Standing up and speaking out against prejudice toward gay men in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.08.001.
Medda-Windischer, R. (2017). Militant or pluralist secularism? The European Court of Human Rights facing religious diversity. Religion, State and Society, 45(3-4), 216–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2017.1389507.
Messarra, L. C. (2014). Religious diversity at work: The perceptual effects of religious discrimination on employee engagement and commitment. Contemporary Management Research, 10(1), 59–79. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/1550518703?accountid=12598
Mehta, H. (2014). Atheist files discrimination lawsuit against former Olympia Sports supervisor for workplace harassment. www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/06/20
Miller, C. T., Rothblum, E. D., Felicio, D., & Brand, P. (1995). Compensating for stigma: Obese and non-obese women’s reactions to being visible. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(10), 1083–1106.
Morgan, J. F. (2005). Religion at work: A legal quagmire. Managerial Law, 47, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090550510771485.
Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Hamit, S., Leon, J., Tobio, M., & Rivera, D. P. (2012). Subtle and overt forms of Islamophobia: Microaggressions toward Muslim Americans. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 6(2), 15–37.
Nye, C. D., Brummel, B. J., & Drasgow, F. (2014). Understanding sexual harassment using aggregate construct models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 1204–1221.
O’Reilly, J., & Aquino, K. (2011). A model of third parties morally motivated responses to mistreatment in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 36, 526–543.
Osatuke, K., Moore, S. C., Ward, C., Dyrenforth, S. R., & Belton, L. (2009). Civility, respect, engagement in the workforce (CREW): Nationwide organization development intervention at veteran’s health administration. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(3), 384–410.
O’Sullivan, S. L. (2017). Applying cultural intelligence to religious symbols in multinationals. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24, 365–382.
Parent, M. C., Brewster, M. E., Cook, S. W., & Harmon, K. A. (2018). Is minority stress in the eye of the beholder? A test of minority stress theory with Christians. Journal of Religion and Health.
Parker, L. R., Monteith, M. J., Moss-Racusin, C. A., & Van Camp, A. R. (2018). Promoting concern about gender bias with evidence-based confrontation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 8–23.
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123–137.
Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. London: Penguin.
Pew Research. (2012). Rising tide of restrictions on religion. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2012/09/20/rising-tide-of-restrictions-on-religion-findings/#groups. Accessed 17 July 2014.
Pipes, D. (1990). The Muslims are coming! The Muslims are coming. National Review, 42, 29–92.
Rahman, M. (2003, November 20). Hindus urged to curb ‘Muslim threat’ by having big families. The Guardian.
Rasinski, H. M., & Czopp, A. M. (2010). The effect of target status on witnesses’ reactions to confrontations of bias. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32(1), 8–16.
Reeves, T. C., McKinney, A. P., & Azam, L. (2012). Muslim women’s workplace experiences: Implications for strategic diversity initiatives. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32, 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151311305614.
Roberson, Q., Ryan, A. M., & Ragins, B. R. (2017). The evolution and future of diversity at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000161.
Rudgard, O. (2017). Religion now the butt of workplace humour as sexist jokes have become taboo, survey finds. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/02/religion-now-butt-workplace-humour-sexist-jokes-have-become/. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Ruggs, E. N., Martinez, L. R., & Hebl, M. R. (2011). How individuals and organizations can reduce interpersonal discrimination. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 29–42.
Ryan, A. M., & Wessel, J. L. (2012). Sexual orientation harassment in the workplace: When do observers intervene? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(4), 488–509.
Scheitle, C. P., & Ecklund, E. H. (2017). Examining the effects of exposure to religion in the workplace on perceptions of religious discrimination. Review of Religious Research, 59(1), 1. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/docview/1896808899?accountid=12598
Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079–1092.
Sharma, R. R., & Paradasani, R. (2015). Management of religious diversity by organizations in India. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 223–238). Surrey: Gower.
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Salvatore, J. (2005). Expecting to be the target of prejudice: Implications for inter-ethnic interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1189–1202.
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Vorauer, J. D. (2006). Threatened identities and interethnic interactions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 312–358). New York: Psychology Press.
Singletary, S. L., & Hebl, M. R. (2009). Compensatory strategies for reducing interpersonal discrimination: The effectiveness of acknowledgments, increased positivity, and individuating information. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 797–805.
Skarlicki, D. P., O’Reilly, J., & Kulik, C. T. (2015). The third-party perspective of (in)justice. In R. S. Cropanzano & M. L. Ambrose (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of justice in the workplace (pp. 235–256). New York: Oxford Press.
Soylu, S., & Sheeh-Skeffington, J. (2015). Asymmetric intergroup bullying: The enactment and maintenance of societal inequality at work. Human Relations, 68, 1099–1129.
Stone, J. H. (2016, January 30). Law column: Handling religion in the workplace. The Gazette. http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/law-column-handling-religion-in-the-workplace-20160130
Tanveer, R. (2015, February 11). Religious freedom: Christian worker claims harassment by colleagues. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/836207/religious-freedom-christian-worker-claims-harassment-by-colleagues/. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Tejeda, M. J. (2015). Skeletons in the broom closet: Exploring the discrimination of pagans in the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(2), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2014.933710.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178–190.
Theodorou, A. (2014, May 28). Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy? Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/28/which-countries-still-outlawapostasy-and-blasphemy/. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Thorat, S., & Attewell, P. (2007). The legacy of social exclusion: A correspondence study of job discrimination in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 42, 4141–4145.
Trinadafyllidou, A. (2011). Addressing cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity challenges in Europe: A comparative overview of 15 European countries. Florence: Robert Schuman Center from Advances Studies, European University Institute.
Tye-Williams, S., & Krone, K. J. (2017). Identifying and re-imagining the paradox of workplace bullying advice. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 45, 218–235.
Uras, U. (2015, August 13). Q&A: Why are bloggers being killed in Bangladesh? Al Jazeera. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/qa-bloggers-killed-bangladesh150813081558774.html. Last accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Van Camp, D., Sloan, L. R., & El Bassiouny, A. (2016). People notice and use an applicant’s religion in job suitability evaluations. The Social Science Journal, 53(4), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.02.006.
Van Laer, K. (2015). Managing Muslim employees and Islamic practices at work: Exploring elements shaping policies on religious practices in Belgian organizations. In S. Groschl & R. Bendl (Eds.), Managing religious diversity in the workplace: Examples from around the world (pp. 303–322). Surrey: Gower.
Wang, A. B. (2017, March 12). A man assumed a store’s Indian owners were Muslim. So he tried to burn it down, police say. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/03/12/police-man-started-dumpster-fire-to-run-the-arabs-out-of-our-country-the-victims-were-indian/?utm_term=.aebb0bbe5c9c. Accessed 31 Dec 2017.
Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., & Magnusson, J. (1988). An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 738–748.
Williams, J. H., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (1999). The effects of organizational practices on sexual harassment and individual outcomes in the military. Military Psychology, 11, 303–328.
Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60, 127–162.
Woodrow, C., & Guest, D. E. (2017). Leadership and approaches to the management of workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26, 221–233.
Wuthnow, R. (1982). Anti-Semitism and stereotyping. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping (pp. 137–187). New York: Praeger.
Wuthnow, R. (2007). America and the challenges of religious diversity. New York: Princeton University Press.
Zapf, D., Knorz, C., & Kulla, M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors and job content, social work environment, and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 215–237.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ryan, A.M., Gardner, D.M. (2021). Religious Harassment and Bullying in the Workplace. In: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Caponecchia, C., Escartín, J., Salin, D., Tuckey, M.R. (eds) Dignity and Inclusion at Work. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, vol 3. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0218-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0218-3_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0217-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0218-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences