Abstract
In this chapter, we scrutinize the construct validity of quantitative empirical research on workplace bullying and harassment during the last 5 years. We aim to respond to the question to what degree inferences can be legitimately made from the operationalizations in workplace bullying and harassment studies to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were based. After carefully studying common definitions of workplace bullying and harassment, we found that scholars are largely in agreement (up to 90%) about two definitional issues: bullying is repeated and systematic negative social behaviour that endures over a longer period of time. In the light of these two definitional characteristics, we found that construct validity in this scholarly field is largely threatened in quantitative studies. Therefore, to improve the construct validity, we suggest some strategies. For researchers using behavioural inventories, we firstly recommend employing better-informed research designs and, in particular, sampling strategies. Researchers must sample enough targets or victims of bullying to be able to profoundly go into the discourse of bullying. Secondly, we advise these researchers to categorize their focal study variable to increase its construct validity. Researchers who use primarily the self-labelling approach are appealed to use definitions that operationalize, in a similar or equivalent way, the two fundamental features explained above that are shared by an overwhelming majority of bullying definitions. In addition, we invite researchers to use equivalent response sets. Finally, we call researchers to move away from a definitionalist view on construct validity by embracing a more relationalist view on workplace bullying and harassment, enabling them to investigate the issue of construct validity in relation to neighbouring or related concepts such as workplace incivility, counterproductive workplace behaviour, abusive supervision, workplace aggression and conflicts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adams, A. (1992). Bullying at work: How to confront and overcome it. London: Virago Press.
Agervold, M. (2007). Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence, based on an empirical study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 161–172.
An, Y., & Kang, J. (2016). Relationship between organizational culture and workplace bullying among Korean nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 10(3), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2016.06.004.
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471.
Aquino, K. (2000). Structural and individual determinants of workplace victimization: The effects of hierarchical status and conflict management style. Journal of Management, 26(2), 171–193.
Aquino, K., & Bradfield, M. (2000). Perceived victimization in the workplace: The role of situational factors and victim characteristics. Organization Science, 11(5), 525–537.
Arcangeli, G., Giorgi, G., Ferrero, C., Mucci, N., & Cupelli, V. (2014). [Prevalence of workplace bullying in a population of nurses at three Italian hospitals]. Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia, 36(3), 181–185.
Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the targets’ perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 717–741.
Arenas, A., Giorgi, G., Montani, F., Mancuso, S., Perez, J. F., Mucci, N., & Arcangeli, G. (2015a). Workplace bullying in a sample of Italian and Spanish employees and its relationship with job satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1912). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01912.
Arenas, A., León-Pérez, J.-M., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2015b). Workplace bullying and interpersonal conflicts: The moderation effect of supervisor’s power/Acoso laboral y conflictos interpersonales: el papel moderador de las bases de poder del supervisor. Revista de Psicología Social, 30(2), 295–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2015.1016753.
Astrauskaite, M., Notelaers, G., Medisauskaite, A., & Kern, R. (2015). Workplace harassment: Deterring role of transformational leadership and core job characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2014.06.001.
Azevedo, N. S., Ribeiro, A. P., Silva, D. R., Alves, S. S. d. M., Pacheco, C. L. D., Oliveira, S. A. C., & Costa, R. P. P. (2013). Nursing work: Challenges for health management in the Northeast of Brazil. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(6), 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12156.
Baillien, E., Notelaers, G., & De Witte, H. (2008). From conflict escalation to workplace bullying: A dual concern theory oriented analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 43(3–4), 202–202.
Baillien, E., Neyens, I., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2009). A qualitative study on the development of workplace bullying: Towards a three way model. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1–16.
Baillien, E., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2011a). Job autonomy and workload as antecedents of workplace bullying: A two-wave test of Karasek’s Job Demand Control Model for targets and perpetrators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 191–208.
Baillien, E., Notelaers, G., De Witte, H., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2011b). The relationship between the work unit’s conflict management styles and bullying at work: Moderation by conflict frequency. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 32, 401–419.
Baillien, E., Bollen, K., Euwema, M., & De Witte, H. (2014). Conflicts and conflict management styles as precursors of workplace bullying: A two-wave longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.752899.
Baillien, E., Camps, J., Van den Broeck, A., Stouten, J., Godderis, L., Sercu, M., & De Witte, H. (2016). An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind: Conflict escalation into workplace bullying and the role of distributive conflict behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(2), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2563-y.
Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., & Zapf, D. (2017). Towards a conceptual and empirical differentiation between workplace bullying and interpersonal conflict. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1385601.
Balducci, C., Alfano, V., & Fraccaroli, F. (2009). Relationships between mobbing at work and MMPI-2 personality profile, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Violence and Victims, 24(1), 52–67.
Bardakçı, E., & Günüşen, N. P. (2016). Influence of workplace bullying on Turkish nurses’ psychological distress and nurses’ reactions to bullying. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614549073.
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A., & Wotman, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 994–1005.
Björkqvist, K. (1992). Trakassering förekommer bland anställda vid ÅA (Harassment among employees at Åbo Akademi). Meddelanda från Åbo Akademi, 9, 14–17.
Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Hjelt-Bäck, M. (1994). Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173–184.
Blackstock, S., Harlos, K., Macleod, M. L. P., & Hardy, C. L. (2015). The impact of organisational factors on horizontal bullying and turnover intentions in the nursing workplace. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(8), 1106–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12260.
Blau, G., & Andersson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 595–614.
Bohle, P., Knox, A., Noone, J., Mc Namara, M., Rafalski, J., & Quinlan, M. (2017). Work organisation, bullying and intention to leave in the hospitality industry. Employee Relations, 39(4), 446–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2016-0149.
Bonde, J. P., Gullander, M., Hansen, Å. M., Grynderup, M., …, Kolstad, H. A. (2016). Health correlates of workplace bullying: A 3-wave prospective follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 42(1), 17–25.
Branch, S., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2009). Workplace bullying. In T. Redman & A. Wilkinson (Eds.), Contemporary human resource management (3rd ed., pp. 517–541). Sydney: Prentice Hall – Financial Times Press.
Brodsky, C. M. (1976). The harassed worker. Toronto: Lexington Books.
Burton, J. P. (2015). The role of job embeddedness in the relationship between bullying and aggression. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 518–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.944169.
Carretero, N., & Luciano, J. V. (2013). Prevalence and incidence of workplace bullying among Spanish employees working with people with intellectual disability. Disability and Health Journal, 6(4), 405–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.04.002.
Clausen, T., Hansen, J. V., Hogh, A., Garde, A. H., Persson, R., Conway, P. M., … Rugulies, R. (2016). Exposure to negative acts and risk of turnover: A study of a register-based outcome among employees in three occupational groups. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89(8), 1269–1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1161-3.
Coetzee, M., & Oosthuizen, R. M. (2017). Work-role psychosocial flourishing: Its mediation role on workplace bullying and employee turnover intention. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(3), 211–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1321826.
Conway, P. M., Clausen, T., Hansen, Å. M., & Hogh, A. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness presenteeism: Cross-sectional and prospective associations in a 2-year follow-up study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1055-9.
Conway, P. M., Høgh, A., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Grynderup, M. B., Mikkelsen, E. G., Persson, R., … Hansen, Å. M. (2018). Optimal cut-off points for the Short-Negative Act Questionnaire and their association with depressive symptoms and diagnosis of depression. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, wxx105. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx105.
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64–80.
Cowie, H., Naylor, P., Rivers, I., Smith, P. K., & Pereira, B. (2002). Measuring workplace bullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 33–51.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957.
Dallner, M., Elo, A.-L., Gamberale, F., Hottinen, V., Knardahl, S., Lindström, K., … Ørhede, E. (2000). Validation of the General Nordic Questionnaire (QPSNordic) for psychological and social factors at work. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
De Cuyper, N., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity and workplace bullying among targets and perpetrators: Moderation by employability. Work and Stress, 23, 206–224.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science, 19, 1–15.
Devonish, D. (2013). Workplace bullying, employee performance and behaviors: The mediating role of psychological well-being. Employee Relations, 35(6), 630–647. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2013-0004.
Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., Tuckey, M. R., & Escartín, J. (2017). Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) and enacted PSC for workplace bullying and psychological health problem reduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 844–857. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1380626.
Dussault, M., & Frenette, É. (2015). Supervisors’ transformational leadership and bullying in the workplace. Psychological Reports, 117(3), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.117c30z2.
Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16–27.
Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379–401.
Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2015). Workplace bullying as an antecedent of mental health problems: A five-year prospective and representative study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0944-7.
Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B. I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims, 12, 247–263.
Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationship to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4), 381–401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3–30). London: Taylor & Francis.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research and practice (pp. 3–39). London: Taylor & Francis.
Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rørvik, E., Lande, Å. B., & Nielsen, M. B. (2016). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: A moderated mediation analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164216.
Escartín, J., Sora, B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á. (2012). Adaptación y validación de la versión española de la Escala de Conductas Negativas en el Trabajo realizadas por acosadores: NAQ-Perpetrators. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 28, 157–170.
Escartín, J., Ceja, L., Navarro, J., & Zapf, D. (2013). Modeling workplace bullying behaviors using catastrophe theory. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 17(4), 493–515.
Escartín, J., Monzani, L., Leong, F., & Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á. (2017). A reduced form of the Workplace Bullying Scale – The EAPA-T-R: A useful instrument for daily diary and experience sampling studies. Work & Stress, 31(1), 42–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1295113.
Evans, D. (2017). Categorizing the magnitude and frequency of exposure to uncivil behaviors: A new approach for more meaningful interventions. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(2), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12275.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Sprigg, C., Axtell, C., & Subramanian, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of workplace cyberbullying on trainee doctors. Medical Education, 49(4), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12666.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Axtell, C., & Sprigg, C. (2016). Design, development and validation of a workplace cyberbullying measure, the WCM. Work & Stress, 30(4), 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1255998.
Fattori, A., Neri, L., Aguglia, E., Bellomo, A., Bisogno, A., Camerino, D., … Viora, U. (2015). Estimating the impact of workplace bullying: Humanistic and economic burden among workers with chronic medical conditions. BioMed Research International, 2015, 12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/708908.
Felblinger, D. M. (2008). Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses’ shame responses. JOGNN, 37, 234–242.
Figueiredo-Ferraz, H., Gil-Monte, P. R., & Olivares-Faúndez, V. E. (2015). Influence of mobbing (workplace bullying) on depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study among employees working with people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12084.
Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291–309.
Francioli, L., Høgh, A., Conway, P. M., Costa, G., Karasek, R., & Hansen, Å. M. (2016). Do personal dispositions affect the relationship between psychosocial working conditions and workplace bullying? Ethics & Behavior, 26(6), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1043367.
Galanaki, E., & Papalexandris, N. (2013). Measuring workplace bullying in organisations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(11), 2107–2130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.725084.
Gamian-Wilk, M. (2013). Does bullying increase compliance? Social Influence, 8(2–3), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.756429.
Gardner, D., O’Driscoll, M., Cooper-Thomas, H., Roche, M., Bentley, T., Catley, B., …, Trenberth, L. (2016). Predictors of workplace bullying and cyber-bullying in New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 448.
Giorgi, G., Arenas, A., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2011). An operative measure of workplace bullying: The Negative Acts Questionnaire across Italian companies. Industrial Health, 49(6), 686–695. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1287.
Giorgi, G., Ando, M., Arenas, A., Shoss, M. K., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2013). Exploring personal and organizational determinants of workplace bullying and its prevalence in a Japanese sample. Psychology of Violence, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028049.
Giorgi, G., Leon-Perez, J. M., & Arenas, A. (2015). Are bullying behaviors tolerated in some cultures? Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between workplace bullying and job satisfaction among Italian workers. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2266-9.
Giorgi, G., Perminienė, M., Montani, F., Fiz-Perez, J., Mucci, N., & Arcangeli, G. (2016). Detrimental effects of workplace bullying: Impediment of self-management competence via psychological distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(60). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00060.
Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: A 6-month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12035.
Goldberg, D. P., Oldehinkel, T., & Ormel, J. (1998). Why GHQ threshold varies from one place to another. Psychological Medicine, 28(4), 915–921.
Goodboy, A. K., Martin, M. M., & Brown, E. (2016). Bullying on the school bus: Deleterious effects on public school bus drivers. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(4), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2016.1225161.
Goodboy, A. K., Martin, M. M., Knight, J. M., & Long, Z. (2017). Creating the boiler room environment: The job demand-control-support model as an explanation for workplace bullying. Communication Research, 44(2), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215614365.
Grynderup, M. B., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Lange, T., Conway, P. M., Bonde, J. P., Garde, A. H., … Hansen, Å. M. (2017). The associations between workplace bullying, salivary cortisol, and long-term sickness absence: A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 710. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4716-7.
Gullander, M., Grynderup, M., Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Kolstad, H. A., … Bonde, J. P. (2015). Are changes in workplace bullying status related to changes in salivary cortisol? A longitudinal study among Danish employees. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 79(5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.10.001.
Hagenaars, J., & McCutcheon, L. (2002). Applied latent class analysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Garde, A. H., & Persson, R. (2014). Workplace bullying and sleep difficulties: A 2-year follow-up study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87(3), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0860-2.
Hansen, Å. M., Gullander, M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Kolstad, H. A., Willert, M. V., …, Grynderup, M. B. (2016). Workplace bullying, sleep problems and leisure-time physical activity: A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 42(1), 26–33.
Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Individual and situational predictors of workplace bullying: Why do perpetrators engage in the bullying of others. Work and Stress, 23(4), 349–358.
Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Role stressors and exposure to workplace bullying: Causes or consequences of what and why? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(5), 610–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2010.482264.
Heinemann, P. P. (1972). Mobbning : gruppvåld bland barn och vuxna. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying…oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499.
Hershcovis, M. S., & Reich, T. C. (2013). Integrating workplace aggression research: Relational, contextual, and method considerations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S26–S42. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1886.
Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Destructive conflict and bullying at work Launch of the Civil Service Race Equality Network (pp. 1–30). Manchester: Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute Science and Technology.
Holten, A.-L., Robert Hancock, G., Persson, R., Marie Hansen, Å., & Høgh, A. (2016). Knowledge hoarding: Antecedent or consequent of negative acts? The mediating role of trust and justice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2015-0222.
Hutchinson, J. (2012). Rethinking workplace bullying as an employment relations problem. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(5), 637–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185612454955.
Hyunjin, O., Choon, U. D., & Joo, Y. Y. (2016). Factors affecting workplace bullying and lateral violence among clinical nurses in Korea: Descriptive study. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(3), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12324.
Jacobson, R. P., Hood, J. N., & Jacobson, K. J. L. (2017). The effects of moral emotional traits on workplace bullying perpetration. Ethics & Behavior, 27(7), 527–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1182026.
Janssens, H., Braeckman, L., De Clercq, B., Casini, A., De Bacquer, D., Kittel, F., & Clays, E. (2016). The indirect association of job strain with long-term sickness absence through bullying: A mediation analysis using structural equation modeling. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 851. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3522-y.
Kakarika, M., González-Gómez, H. V., & Dimitriades, Z. (2017). That wasn’t our deal: A psychological contract perspective on employee responses to bullying. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.005.
Kang, J., Kim, J.-I., & Yun, S. (2017). Effects of a cognitive rehearsal program on interpersonal relationships, workplace bullying, symptom experience, and turnover intention among nurses: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 47(5), 689–699.
Keashly, L. (1998). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85–117.
Keashly, L., & Jagatic, K. (2003). By another name: American perspectives on workplace bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 31–61). London: Taylor & Francis.
Khubchandani, J., & Price, J. H. (2015). Workplace harassment and morbidity among US adults: Results from the National Health Interview Survey. Journal of Community Health, 40(3), 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9971-2.
Kile, S. M. (1990). Helsefarlige ledere – og medarbeidere. Oslo: Hjemmets Bokforlag.
Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Vartia, M., Elovainio, M., Vahtera, J., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2003). Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(10), 779–783.
Laschinger, H. K. S., & Fida, R. (2014). A time-lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout, and occupational turnover intentions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(5), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.804646.
Leon-Perez, J. M., Notelaers, G., Arenas, A., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2013). Identifying victims of workplace bullying by integrating traditional estimation approaches into a latent class cluster model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506280.
Leon-Perez, J. M., Notelaers, G., Arenas, A., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2014). Identifying victims of workplace bullying by integrating traditional estimation approaches into a latent class cluster model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(7), 1155–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506280.
Leon-Perez, J. M., Medina, F. J., Arenas, A., & Munduate, L. (2015). The relationship between interpersonal conflict and workplace bullying. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2013-0034.
Lewis, D. (2004). Bullying at work: The impact of shame among university and college lectures. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 32(3), 281–299.
Lewis, D., Sheehan, M. J., & Davies, C. (2008). Uncovering workplace bullying. Journal of Workplace Rights, 13(3), 281–301.
Lewis, D., Megicks, P., & Jones, P. (2017). Bullying and harassment and work-related stressors: Evidence from British small and medium enterprises. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615624039.
Leymann, H. (1986). Vuxenmobbning – Om psykiskt våld i arbetslivet [Mobbing-psychological violence at work places]. Stockholm: Studentlitteratur.
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119–126.
Leymann, H. (1993). Mobbing – Psychoterror am Arbeitsplatz und wie man sich dagegen wehren kann. Hamburg: Rowohlt Reinbeck.
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165–184.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 251–275.
Liefooghe, A. P. D., & Davey, K. M. (2003). Explaining bullying at work: Why should we listen to employee accounts? In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 219–230). London: Taylor & Francis.
Loerbroks, A., Weigl, M., Li, J., Glaser, J., Degen, C., & Angerer, P. (2015). Workplace bullying and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among junior physicians in Germany. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(2), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.008.
Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2003). The communicative cycle of employee emotional abuse: Generation and regeneration of workplace mistreatment. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 471–501.
Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2006). Take this job and…: Quitting and other forms of resistance to workplace bullying. Communication Monographs, 73(4), 406–433.
Magee, C., Gordon, R., Robinson, L., Reis, S., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2015). Distinct workplace bullying experiences and sleep quality: A person-centred approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.004.
Magee, C., Gordon, R., Robinson, L., Caputi, P., & Oades, L. (2017). Workplace bullying and absenteeism: The mediating roles of poor health and work engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12156.
Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. (2002). Latent class models for clustering: A comparison with K-means. Canadian Journal of Marketing Research, 20, 37–44.
Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. (2004). Latent class models. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The Sage handbook for quantitative methodology (pp. 175–198). Thousand Oakes: Sage.
Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2006). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. In S. B. Matthiesen (Ed.), Bullying at work: Antecedents and outcomes. Doctoral thesis, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen.
Matthiesen, S. B., Raknes, B. I., & Røkkum, O. (1989). Mobbing på arbeidsplassen [Bullying at work]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 26, 761–774.
Medina, F. J., Munduate, L., Leon-Perez, J. M., & Arenas, A. (2015). The relationship between interpersonal conflict and workplace bullying. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2013-0034.
McCutcheon, L. (1987). Latent class analysis (Vol. 64). London: Sage.
Messick, S. (1988). Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment. ETS Research Report Series, 1988(2), i–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2330-8516.1988.tb00303.x.
Mikkelsen, E. G., & Einarsen, S. (2001). Bullying in Danish worklife: Prevalence and health correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 393–414.
Mikkelsen, E. G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Relationships between exposure to bullying at work and psychological and psychosomatic health complaints: The role of state negative affectivity and generalized self-efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 397–405.
Milner, A., Page, K., Witt, K., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2016). Psychosocial working conditions and suicide ideation: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey of working Australians. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(6), 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000700.
Mucci, N., Giorgi, G., Cupelli, V., Gioffrè, P. A., Rosati, M. V., Tomei, F., … Arcangeli, G. (2015). Work-related stress assessment in a population of Italian workers. The Stress Questionnaire. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.069.
Mundbjerg Eriksen, T. L., Hogh, A., & Hansen, Å. M. (2016). Long-term consequences of workplace bullying on sickness absence. Labour Economics, 43, 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.008.
Nabe-Nielsen, K., Grynderup, M. B., Lange, T., Andersen, J. H., Bonde, J. P., Conway, P. M., … Hansen, Å. M. (2016). The role of poor sleep in the relation between workplace bullying/unwanted sexual attention and long-term sickness absence. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89(6), 967–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1136-4.
Naseer, S., Raja, U., & Donia, M. B. L. (2016). Effect of perceived politics and perceived support on bullying and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of type A personality. The Journal of Psychology, 150(5), 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1154809.
Neyens, I., Baillien, E., Notelaers, G., & De Witte, H. (2007). Pesten op het werk: Risicofactoren in werk en organisatie [Workplace bullying: Risk factors in the job and the organisation]. Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 23, 306–320.
Nguyen, D. T. N., Teo, S. T. T., Grover, S. L., & Nguyen, N. P. (2017). Psychological safety climate and workplace bullying in Vietnam’s public sector. Public Management Review, 19(10), 1415–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1272712.
Niedhammer, I., David, S., & Degioanni, S. (2006). Economic activities and occupations at high risk for workplace bullying: Results from a large-scale cross-sectional survey in the general working population in France. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(4), 346–353.
Niedl, K. (1995). Mobbing/Bullying am arbeitsplatz. Eine empiriche Analyse zum Phänomen sowie zu personalwirtschaftlich relevanten Effekten von systematischen Feindseligkeiten (Mobbing/Bullying at work. An empirical analysis of the phenomenon and of the effects of systematic harassment on human resource management). Munich: Hampp.
Nielsen, M. B. (2009). Methodological issues in research on workplace bullying. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen.
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2013). Can observations of workplace bullying really make you depressed? A response to Emdad et al. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86(6), 717.
Nielsen, M. B., & Knardahl, S. (2015). Is workplace bullying related to the personality traits of victims? A two-year prospective study. Work & Stress, 29(2), 128–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1032383.
Nielsen, M. B., Skogstad, A., Matthiesen, S. B., Glasø, L., Aasland, M. S., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Prevalence of workplace bullying in Norway: Comparisons across time and estimation methods. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320801969707.
Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010a). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 955–979.
Nielsen, M. B., Bjørkelo, B., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2010b). Sexual harassment: Prevalence, outcomes, and gender differences assessed by three different estimation methods. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(3), 252–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771003705056.
Nielsen, M. B., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Measuring exposure to workplace bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research and practice (pp. 149–175). London: Taylor & Francis.
Nielsen, M. B., Glasø, L., Matthiesen, B. S., Eid, J., & Einarsen, S. (2013). Bullying and risk-perception as health hazards on oil rigs. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(4), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-12-2012-0395.
Nielsen, M. B., Nielsen, G. H., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2015). Workplace bullying and suicidal ideation: A 3-wave longitudinal Norwegian study. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), e23–e28. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302855.
Nielsen, M. B., Einarsen, S., Notelaers, G., & Nielsen, G. H. (2016). Does exposure to bullying behaviors at the workplace contribute to later suicidal ideation? A three-wave longitudinal study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 42(3), 246–250. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3554.
Nielsen, M. B., Birkeland, M. S., Hansen, M. B., Knardahl, S., & Heir, T. (2017a). Victimization from workplace bullying after a traumatic event: Time-lagged relationships with symptoms of posttraumatic stress. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 90(5), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1204-4.
Nielsen, M. B., Emberland, J. S., & Knardahl, S. (2017b). Workplace bullying as a predictor of disability retirement: A prospective registry study of Norwegian employees. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(7), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001026.
Nielsen, M. B., Gjerstad, J., Jacobsen, D. P., & Einarsen, S. V. (2017c). Does ability to defend moderate the association between exposure to bullying and symptoms of anxiety? Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1953). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01953.
Norton, P., Costa, V., Teixeira, J., Azevedo, A., Roma-Torres, A., Amaro, J., & Cunha, L. (2017). Prevalence and determinants of bullying among health care workers in Portugal. Workplace Health & Safety, 65(5), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079916666545.
Notelaers, G., & De Witte, H. (2003). Pesten op het werk: omvang en welke gedragingen? (Bullying at work: prevalence and types of behaviours?). Over.Werk, 13(4), 165–169.
Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2009). A job characteristics approach to explain workplace bullying. Paper presented at the 11th European Congress Psychology. Konferanse retrieved from
Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2013). The world turns at 33 and 45: Defining simple cutoff scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised in a representative sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 670–682.
Notelaers, G., De Witte, H., Vermunt, J. K., & Einarsen, S. (2006a). Pesten op het werk, gewikt en gewogen: Een latente klassen benadering op basis van de negatieve Acts-vragenlijst (How to measure bullying at work? A latent class analysis of the Negative Acts Questionnaire). Gedrag en Organisatie, 19(2), 149–160.
Notelaers, G., Einarsen, S., De Witte, H., & Vermunt, J. K. (2006b). Measuring exposure to bullying at work: The validity and advantages of the latent class cluster approach. Work and Stress, 20(4), 288–301.
Notelaers, G., Paas, L., & Einarsen, S. (2011a). Unraveling the process of workplace bullying. Paper presented at the 15th European Congress Work and Organizational Psychology, Maastricht.
Notelaers, G., Vermunt, J. K., Baillien, E., Einarsen, S., & De Witte, H. (2011b). Exploring risk groups workplace bullying with categorical data. Industrial Health, 49(1), 73–88.
Notelaers, G., Paas, L., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Workplace bullying, a process? Paper presented at the 8th international conference on workplace bullying and harassment – Future challenges, 12–15 June 2012, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Notelaers, G., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Einarsen, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2013). Testing the strain hypothesis of the demand control model to explain severe bullying at work. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34(1), 69–87.
Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Guenter, H., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2018a). Do interpersonal conflict, aggression and bullying at the workplace overlap? A latent class modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1743). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01743.
Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B., Hoel, H., & Einarsen, S. (2018b). Measuring bullying at work with the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire: Identification of targets and criterion validity. Work & Stress, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736.
Nübling, M., Stößel, U., Hasselhorn, H.-M., Michaelis, M., & Hofmann, F. (2006). Measuring psychological stress and strain at work – Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, Doc05.
Oh, H., Uhm, D.-c., & Yoon, Y. J. (2016). Workplace bullying, job stress, intent to leave, and nurses’ perceptions of patient safety in South Korean hospitals. Nursing Research, 65(5), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1097/nnr.0000000000000175.
Olender, L. (2017). The relationship between and factors influencing staff nurses’ perceptions of nurse manager caring and exposure to workplace bullying in multiple healthcare settings. Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(10), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000000522.
Olsen, E., Bjaalid, G., & Mikkelsen, A. (2017). Work climate and the mediating role of workplace bullying related to job performance, job satisfaction, and work ability: A study among hospital nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(11), 2709–2719. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13337.
Olweus, D. (1973). Hackkycklingar och översittare : forskning om skolmobbning. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools. Bullies and whipping boys. Washington: Hemisphere Press, Wiley.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
Park, J. H., & Ono, M. (2017). Effects of workplace bullying on work engagement and health: The mediating role of job insecurity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(22), 3202–3225. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1155164.
Peng, Y.-C., Chen, L.-J., Chang, C.-C., & Zhuang, W.-L. (2016). Workplace bullying and workplace deviance: The mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and the moderating effect of core self-evaluations. Employee Relations, 38(5), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2016-0014.
Philip, B., Angela, K., Jack, N., Maria, M. N., Julia, R., & Michael, Q. (2017). Work organisation, bullying and intention to leave in the hospitality industry. Employee Relations, 39(4), 446–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2016-0149.
Pilch, I., & Turska, E. (2015). Relationships between Machiavellianism, organizational culture, and workplace bullying: Emotional abuse from the target’s and the perpetrator’s perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2081-3.
Pintea, S., & Moldovan, R. (2009). The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis: Fundamentals and applications in clinical psychology. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 9(1), 49–66.
Piotrowski, C. (2012). From workplace bullying to cyberbullying: The enigma of E-harassment in modern organizations. Organization Development Journal, 30(4), 44–53.
Podsiadly, A., & Gamian-Wilk, M. (2017). Personality traits as predictors or outcomes of being exposed to bullying in the workplace. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.001.
Powell, J. E., Powell, A. L., & Petrosko, J. M. (2015). School climate as a predictor of incivility and bullying among public school employees: A multilevel analysis. Journal of School Violence, 14(2), 217–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.906917.
Quine, L. (2002). Workplace bullying in junior doctors: Questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal, 324, 878–879.
Quinney, R. (1972). Who is the victim? Criminology, 10, 314–323.
Rayner, C., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2002). Workplace bullying. What we know, who is to blame, and what can we do. London: Taylor & Francis.
Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., & Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12092.
Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Moen, B. E., & Magerøy, N. (2016). Exposure to bullying behaviors at work and subsequent symptoms of anxiety: The moderating role of individual coping style. Industrial Health, 54(5), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0196.
Reknes, I., Notelaers, G., Magerøy, N., Pallesen, S., Moen, B. E., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Aggression from patients or next of kin and exposure to bullying behaviours: A conglomerate experience. Nursing Research and Practice, 13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1502854.
Ren, L., & Kim, H. (2017). Effects of bullying experience on psychological well-being mediated by conflict management styles and psychological empowerment among nursing students in clinical placement: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 47(5), 700–711.
Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2017). Cross-domain consequences of workplace bullying: A multi-source daily diary study. Work & Stress, 31(3), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1330782.
Sackett, P. R., Berry, C. M., Wiemann, S. A., & Laczo, R. M. (2006). Citizenship and counterproductive behavior: Clarifying relations between the two domains. Human Performance, 19(4), 441–464. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1904_7.
Salin, D. (2001). Prevalence and forms of bullying among business professionals: A comparison of two different strategies for measuring bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 425–441.
Salin, D. (2003a). The significance of gender in the prevalence, forms and perceptions of bullying. Nordiske Organisasjonsstudier, 5(3), 30–50.
Salin, D. (2003b). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610003.
Salin, D., & Notelaers, G. (2018). The effects of workplace bullying on witnesses: Violation of the psychological contract as an explanatory mechanism? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1443964.
Sauer, P. A., & McCoy, T. P. (2017). Nurse bullying: Impact on nurses’ health. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 39(12), 1533–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916681278.
Schwickerath, J., & Zapf, D. (2011). Inpatient treatment of bullying victims. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory, research and practice (pp. 397–422). London: Taylor & Francis.
Simons, S. R., Stark, R. B., & DeMarco, R. F. (2011). A new, four-item instrument to measure workplace bullying. Research in Nursing & Health, 34(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20422.
Sörensen, T. (1987). Mental helse i Nordkyst. Bodø: Nordland Fylkeskommune, Fylkeshelsesjefens kontor.
Søyland, V., Matthiesen, S. B., & Notelaers, G. (2007). Workplace bullying on the continental shelf. Paper presented at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Praha.
Spagnoli, P., Balducci, C., & Fraccaroli, F. (2017). A two-wave study on workplace bullying after organizational change: A moderated mediation analysis. Safety Science, 100, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.05.013.
Spence Laschinger, H. K., & Nosko, A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology: The role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12122.
Streiner, D. L., & Cairney, J. (2007). What’s under the ROC? An introduction to receiver operating characteristics curves. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(2), 121–128.
Taniguchi, T., Takaki, J., Hirokawa, K., Fujii, Y., & Harano, K. (2016). Associations of workplace bullying and harassment with stress reactions: A two-year follow-up study. Industrial Health, 54(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2014-0206.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178–190.
Thylefors, I. (1987). Syndabockar. Om utstötning och mobbning i arbetslivet [Scapegoats. About expulsion and bullying in working life]. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
Tokarev, A., Phillips, A., Hughes, D., & Irwing, P. (2017). Leader dark traits, workplace bullying, and employee depression: Exploring mediation and the role of the dark core. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 911.
Tong, M., Schwendimann, R., & Zúñiga, F. (2017). Mobbing among care workers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Swiss Nursing Homes Human Resources Project. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 66, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.005.
Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). Workplace bullying and psychological health at work: The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Work & Stress, 27(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.782158.
Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2015). A longitudinal investigation of workplace bullying, basic need satisfaction, and employee functioning. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(1), 105–116.
Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2016). Longitudinal relationships between workplace bullying, basic psychological needs, and employee functioning: A simultaneous investigation of psychological need satisfaction and frustration. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(5), 690–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1132200.
Trochim, W. (2000). The research methods knowledge base (2nd ed.). Cincinnati: Atomic Dog Publishing.
Tsuno, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Multifactor leadership styles and new exposure to workplace bullying: A six-month prospective study. Industrial Health, 53(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2014-0152.
Tsuno, K., Kawakami, N., Tsutsumi, A., Shimazu, A., Inoue, A., Odagiri, Y., … Kawachi, I. (2015). Socioeconomic determinants of bullying in the workplace: A National Representative Sample in Japan. PLoS One, 10(3), e0119435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119435.
Van de Vliert, E. (2010). Moving bullies and victims up on conflict-researchers’ waiting lists. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 3(2), 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-4716.2010.00055.x.
Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & Godderis, L. (2016). The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.004.
Van den Brande, W., Baillien, E., Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., Van den Broeck, A., & Godderis, L. (2017). Exposure to workplace bullying: The role of coping strategies in dealing with work stressors. BioMed Research International, 2017, 12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1019529.
Varhama, L. M., & Björkqvist, K. (2004). Conflicts, workplace bullying and burnout problems among municipal employees. Psychological Reports, 94, 1116–1124.
Vartia, M. (1993). Psychological harassment (bullying, mobbing) at work. In K. Kauppinen-Toropainen (Ed.), OECD panel group on women, work, and health (pp. 149–152). Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
Vermunt, J. K. (2004). Toepassingen van latent klasse analyse in sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek. (Applications of latent class analysis in social sciences). Sociale Wetenschappen, 47, 2–14.
Vignoli, M., Guglielmi, D., Balducci, C., & Bonfiglioli, R. (2015). Workplace bullying as a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders: The mediating role of job-related psychological strain. BioMed Research International, 2015, 8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/712642.
Vranjes, I., Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2018). Patterns of cybervictimization and emotion regulation in adolescents and adults. Aggressive Behavior, 44(6), 647–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21790.
Vukelić, M., Čizmić, S., Petrović, I. B., Tenjović, L., & Giorgi, G. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire - Revised. Psihologija, 48(1), 19–33.
Warszewska-Makuch, M., Bedyńska, S., & Żołnierczyk-Zreda, D. (2015). Authentic leadership, social support and their role in workplace bullying and its mental health consequences. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 21(2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1028230.
Waschgler, K., Ruiz-Hernández, J. A., Llor-Esteban, B., & Jiménez-Barbero, J. A. (2013). Vertical and lateral workplace bullying in nursing: Development of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(12), 2389–2412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479027.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452.
Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 23(7), 693–706.
Wright, W., & Khatri, N. (2015). Bullying among nursing staff: Relationship with psychological/behavioral responses of nurses and medical errors. Health Care Management Review, 40(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000015.
Yen-Chun, P., Liang-Ju, C., Chen-Chieh, C., & Wen-Long, Z. (2016). Workplace bullying and workplace deviance: The mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and the moderating effect of core self-evaluations. Employee Relations, 38(5), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2016-0014.
Yildirim, A., & Yildirim, D. (2007). Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: Mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1444–1453.
Yokoyama, M., Suzuki, M., Takai, Y., Igarashi, A., Noguchi-Watanabe, M., & Yamamoto-Mitani, N. (2016). Workplace bullying among nurses and their related factors in Japan: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(17–18), 2478–2488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13270.
Zapf, D. (1999). Organisational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 70–85.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 165–184). London: Taylor & Francis.
Zapf, D., & Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497–522.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway, Grant Number 250127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Notelaers, G., Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M. (2021). Construct Validity in Workplace Bullying and Harassment Research. In: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Notelaers, G., Rayner, C. (eds) Concepts, Approaches and Methods. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0133-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0134-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences