Abstract
The chapter provides a brief discussion of underpinning belief systems of race, gender, and class ideologies that provided the rationale for colonization within Aotearoa. She argues that these belief systems were embedded in the dogma of colonial supremacy, which provided justification for colonial invasion globally. The imposition of colonial structures of race, gender, and class served to validate acts of oppression and subjugation of Indigenous peoples, for the dispossession of Indigenous lands and for the subjugation of the position of women within Indigenous societies. These systems of classification, all constructed and imposed by colonial forces, were in essence ways through which colonizers self-legitimized their tyranny over and domination of Indigenous peoples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anthias F, Yuval-Davis M (1992) Racialized boundaries: race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. Routledge, London
Arvin M, Tuck E, Morrill A (2013) Decolonizing feminism: challenging connections between settler colonialism and Heteropatriarchy. Fem Form 25(1):8–34
Barnes AW, Taiapa K, Borell B, McCreanor T (2013) Māori experiences and response to racism in New Zealand, Auckland. MAI J 2(2):63–77
Barrington JM, Beaglehole TH (1974) Māori schools in a changing society: an historical review. New Zealand Council for Educational Research, Wellington
Bear TL (2016) Power in my blood: corporeal sovereignty through the Praxis of an indigenous eroticanalysis. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy in English Dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Bedgood D (1980) Rich and poor in New Zealand. George, Allen & Unwin, Auckland
Bell A (1996) We’re just New Zealanders: Pākehā identity politics. In: Spoonley P, Pearson D, MacPherson C (eds) Ngā Patai: racism and ethnic relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The Dunmore Press Ltd., Palmerston North
Benedict R (1942) Race and racism. St. Edmundsbury Press, Suffolk
Blackledge D, Hunt B (1985) Sociological interpretations of education. Routledge, USA
Blauner B (1994) Talking past each other. In: Pincus FL, Ehrlich H (eds) Race and ethnic conflict: contending views on prejudice, discrimination and ethnoviolence. Westview Press, Boulder
Bolt C (1971) Victorian attitudes to race. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London
Coney S (1993) Standing in the sunshine: a history of New Zealand women since they won the vote. Penguin Books, Auckland
Coulthard G (2014) Red skin, white masks: rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Daly M (1973) Beyond God the father: toward a philosophy of women’s liberation. Beacon Press, Boston
Darwin C (1910) The origin of species by means of natural selection. J. Murray, London
Davis A (1991) Women, race and class. Random House, New York
Dunbar-Oritz R (2014) An indigenous peoples’ history of the United States. Beacon Press, Boston
Fry R (1985) It’s different for daughters. New Zealand Council for Educational Research, Wellington
Game M (1998) The communist Manifesto: transgendered Proletarians. In: Cowling M (ed) The communist manifesto: new interpretations. New York University Press, New York, pp 132–141
Giddens A (1986) Sociology: a brief but critical introduction, 2nd edn. Macmillan Education, London
Goldberg DT (1990) Anatomy of racism. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Gould SJ (1981) The mismeasure of man. Penguin Books, New York
Grande S (2004) Red pedagogy: native American social and political thought. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, London
Harris CI (1993) Whiteness as property. Harv Law Rev 106:1707–1791
Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J (2006) Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med 63(2006):1428–1441
Hunt S (2016) An Introduction to the health of two-spirit people: historical, contemporary and emergent issues. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health, Prince George
Hutchings J, Aspin C (eds) (2007) Sexuality and the stories of indigenous people. Huia Publishers, Wellington
Irwin K (1992) Towards theories of Māori Feminism. In: Du Plessis R, Bunkle P, Irwin K, Laurie A, Middleton S (eds) Feminist voices: women’s studies texts for Aotearoa/New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Auckland, pp 1–19
Jackson M (2007) Globalisation and the colonising state of mind. In: Bargh M (ed) Resistance: an indigenous response to neoliberalism. Huia, Wellington, pp 167–182
Jahoda G (1999) Images of Savages: ancients [I.E. Ancient] roots of modern prejudice. In: Western culture. Routledge, London/New York
James B, Saville-Smith K (1989) Gender, culture and power. Oxford University Press, Auckland
Johnston P, Pihama L (1995) What counts as difference and what differences count: gender, race and the politics of difference. In: Irwin K, Ramsden I, Kahukiwa R (eds) Toi Wāhine: the worlds of Māori women. Penguin Books, Auckland, pp 75–86
Johnston PM (1998) He aro rereke: Education policy and mori underachievement: Mechanisms of power and difference, unpublished doctor of philosophy thesis, Auckland: University of Auckland
Kettle A (1963) Karl Marx: founder of modern communism. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (Educational) Ltd., London
Lyons O (2009) 400 years of hostility to native Americans. Albany Times Union on Sunday, 9 Aug 2009, pp B1 and B3. http://www.onondaganation.org/mediafiles/pdfs/un/Doctrine%20of%20Discovery.pdf
Manuel A, Derrickson RM Grand Chief (2015) Unsettling Canada: a national wake-up call. Between The Lines, Toronto
Maracle L (1996) I am woman: a native perspective on sociology and feminism. Press Gang Publishers, Vancouver
Marx K (1967a) Capital: a critique of political economy, volume one: the process of production. International Publishers, New York
Marx K (1967b) Capital: a critique of political economy, volume two: the process of circulation of capital. International Publishers, New York
Marx K (1971) Capital: a critique of political economy, volume three: the process of capitalist production as a whole. Progress Publishers, Moscow
Marx K, Engels F (1913) Communist manifesto. Charles H Kerr & Company, Chicago
Mikaere A (1995) The balance destroyed: the consequences for Māori women of the colonisation of Tikanga Māori. Unpublished Master of Juriprudence thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton
Mikaere A (2016) Te Harinui: civilising the Māori with school and church. In: Hutchings J, Lee-Morgan J (eds) Decolonisation in Aotearoa: education, research and practice. NZCER Press, Wellington, pp 48–57
Nepe T (1991) Te Toi Huarewa Tipuna: Kaupapa Māori, an educational intervention system. Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Auckland, Auckland
Newcomb S (1992) Five hundred years of injustice. Shaman’s Drum. Fall 1992, pp 18–20
Newcomb S (2008) Pagans in the promised land: decoding the doctrine of Christian. Fulcrum Publishing, Colorado
Oakley A (1974) Housewife. Pelican Books, Great Britain
Penetito W (2010) What’s Māori about Māori education. Victoria University Press, Wellington
Pihama L (2001) Tihei mauri ora: Honouring our voices mana wahine as a kaupapa māori theoretical framework, unpublished doctoral thesis, Auckland: University of Auckland.
Pihama L, Te Nana R, Reynolds P, Smith C, Reid J, Smith LT (2014) Positioning historical trauma theory within Aotearoa New Zealand. Altern Int J Indigenous Peoples 10(3):248–262
Ruether R (1983) Sexiam and god-talk: toward a feminist theology. Beacon Press, Boston
Simmonds N, Gabel K (2016) Ūkaipō: decolonisation and Māori maternities. In: Hutchings J, Lee-Morgan J (eds) Decolonisation in Aotearoa: education, research and practice. NZCER Press, Wellington, pp 145–157
Sinclair K (1990) ‘Richmond, Christopher William’, first published in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, vol 1, 1990. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r9/richmond-christopher-william. Accessed 13 Aug 2017
Smith LT (1986) Is ‘Taha Māori’ in schools the answer to Maori school failure? In: Smith GH (ed) Ngā Kete Waananga: Māori perspectives of Taha Māori. Auckland College of Education, Auckland
Smith LT (1992a) Maori women: Discourses, projects and mana wahine. In: Middleton S, Jones A (eds) Women and Education in Aotearoa 2, Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, pp 33–51
Smith LT (1999) Decolonizing methodologies: research and indigenous peoples. Zed Books, New York
Smith LT (2016) Keeping a decolonising agenda to the forefront. In: Hutchings J, Lee-Morgan J (eds) Decolonisation in Aotearoa: education, research and practice. NZCER Press pp ix–x, Wellington
Thatcher ID (1998) Past receptions of the communist manifesto. In: Cowling M (ed) The communist manifesto: new interpretations. New York University Press, New York, pp 63–76
Thomson AS (1859) The story of New Zealand: past and present : savage and civilized. J. Murray, London
Waitangi Tribunal (1996) The taranaki report: Kaupapa tuatahi, muru me te raupatu: The muru and raupatu of the taranaki land and people. Wai 143, Wellington: Government Printer
Walker R (1990) Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: struggle without end. Penguin Books, Auckland
Walker R (2016) Reclaiming Māori education. In: Hutchings J, Lee-Morgan J (eds) Decolonisation in Aotearoa: education, research and practice. NZCER Press, Wellington
Warner M (1976) Alone of all her sex: the myth and the cult of the Virgin Mary. Picador/Pan Books, London
Waziyatawin (2008) What does justice look like? The struggle for liberation in Dakota homeland. Living Justice Press, St. Paul
Wilks-Heeg S (1998) The communist manifesto and working-class parties in Western Europe. In: Cowling M (ed) The communist manifesto: new interpretations. New York University Press, New York, pp 119–131
Wollenstonecraft M (1985) In: Miriam Brody (ed) Vindication of the rights of woman, Penguin classics. Penguin, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Pihama, L. (2019). Colonization and the Importation of Ideologies of Race, Gender, and Class in Aotearoa. In: McKinley, E., Smith, L. (eds) Handbook of Indigenous Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3899-0_56
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3899-0_56
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3898-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3899-0
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education