Skip to main content

Progress in Mid-infrared Fiber Source Development

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Optical Fibers

Abstract

Mid-infrared fiber lasers have made significant strides in the last few decades and are now beginning to compete with and, in some cases, supersede traditional laser systems in terms of performance. In this chapter, we briefly review the current state of the field of lasers in the mid-infrared including traditional workhorse systems based on parametric amplification, transition metals, and quantum cascading. This is followed by a look at the materials science of mid-infrared compatible optical fiber and rare-earth doping in soft glasses. The advances in fiber laser sources operating near 3 μm are then explored including progress in narrow-linewidth and ultrafast systems. As an example of applications of these laser sources, we also present recent results in supercontinuum generation based on the 3 μm class fiber laser.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • R. Alfano, The Supercontinuum Laser Source. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., US (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Alfano, S.L. Shapiro, Emission in the region 4000 to 7000 A via four-photon coupling in glass. PRL 31(2), 584 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Antipov, D.D. Hudson, A. Fuerbach, S.D. Jackson, High-power mid-infrared femtosecond fiber laser in the water vapor transmission window. Optica 3(12), 1373 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y.O. Aydin, V. Fortin, F. Maes, F. Jobin, S.D. Jackson, R. Vallée, M. Bernier, Diode-pumped mid-infrared fiber laser with 50% slope efficiency. Optica 4(2), 6–9 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Behzadi, m. Aliannezhadi, M. Hossein-zadeh, R.K. Jain, Design of a new family of narrow-linewidth mid-infrared lasers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(12), 2501–2513 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bernier, D. Faucher, R. Vallée, A. Saliminia, G. Androz, Y. Sheng, S.L. Chin, Bragg gratings photoinduced in ZBLAN fibers by femtosecond pulses at 800 nm. Opt. Lett. 32(5), 454–456 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Bernier, V. Michaud-belleau, S. Levasseur, V. Fortin, J. Genest, R. Vallée, All-fiber DFB laser operating at 2.8 μm. Opt. Lett. 40(1), 81–84 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Bharathan, R.I. Woodward, M. Ams, D.D. Hudson, S.D. Jackson, A. Fuerbach, Direct inscription of Bragg gratings into coated fluoride fibers for widely tunable and robust mid-infrared lasers. Opt. Express 25(24), 30013 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Caron, M. Bernier, D. Faucher, R. Vallée, Understanding the fiber tip thermal runaway present in 3μm fluoride glass fiber lasers. Opt. Express 20(20), 22188 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Cheng, K. Nagasaka, T.H. Tuan, X. Xue, M. Matsumoto, H. Tezuka, T. Suzuki, Y. Ohishi, Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation spanning 2.0 to 15.1 μm in a chalcogenide step-index fiber. Opt. Lett. 41(9), 2117 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.N. Cizmeciyan, H. Cankaya, A. Kurt, A. Sennaroglu, Cr 2 + : ZnSe laser at 2420 nm. Opt. Lett. 34(20), 3056–3058 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Crawford, D.D. Hudson, S.D. Jackson, High-power broadly tunable 3 μm fiber laser for the measurement of optical fiber loss. IEEE Photonics J. 7(3), 1–9 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Dekker, A.C. Judge, R. Pant, I. Gris-s, J.C. Knight, C.M. De Sterke, B.J. Eggleton, Highly-efficient , octave spanning soliton self-frequency shift using a specialized photonic crystal fiber with low OH loss. Opt. Express 19(18), 17766–17773 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Domachuk, N.A. Wolchover, M. Cronin-Golomb, A. Wang, A.K. George, C.M.B. Cordeiro, J.C. Knight, F.G. Omenetto, Over 4000 nm bandwidth of mid-IR supercontinuum generation in sub-centimeter segments of highly nonlinear tellurite PCFs. Opt. Express 16(10), 7161–7168 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Dudley, J.R. Taylor, Ten years of nonlinear optics in photonic crystal fibre. Nat. Photonics 3, 85 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. M. Dudley, J. R. Taylor, Supercontinuum Generation in Optical Fibers. Cambridge University Press. UK (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Dudley, G. Genty, S. Coen, Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78(4), 1135–1184 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Duval, M. Bernier, V. Fortin, J. Genest, M. Piché, R. Vallée, Femtosecond fiber lasers reach the mid-infrared. Optica 2(7), 623 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Duval, J.-C. Gauthier, L.-R. Robichaud, P. Paradis, M. Olivier, V. Fortin, M. Bernier, M. Piché, R. Vallée, Watt-level fiber-based femtosecond laser source tunable from 2.8 to 3.6 μm. Opt. Lett. 41(22), 5294 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U. Elu, M. Baudisch, H. Pires, F. Tani, M.H. Frosz, F. Köttig, A. Ermolov, P.S.J. Russell, J. Biegert, High average power and single-cycle pulses from a mid-IR optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier. Optica 4(9), 1024 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Fortin, M. Bernier, S.T. Bah, R. Vallée, 30  W fluoride glass all-fiber laser at 294  μm. Opt. Lett. 40(12), 2882 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Fortin, F. Maes, M. Bernier, S.T. Bah, M. D’Auteuil, R. Vallée, Watt-level erbium-doped all-fiber laser at 344  μm. Opt. Lett. 41(3), 559 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. F. A. Gaeta, Ultra-low threshold supercontinuum generation in sub-wavelength waveguides. Opt. Express, 12, 3137–3143 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.R. Gattass, E. Mazur, Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials. Nat. Photonics 2(4), 219–225 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.R. Gattass, L. Brandon Shaw, V.Q. Nguyen, P.C. Pureza, I.D. Aggarwal, J.S. Sanghera, All-fiber chalcogenide-based mid-infrared supercontinuum source. Opt. Fiber Technol. 18(5), 345–348 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Golding, S. Jackson, T. King, M. Pollnau, Energy transfer processes in Er3+−doped and Er3+,Pr3+−codoped ZBLAN glasses. Phys. Rev. B 62(2), 856–864 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. A. Harrington, Infrared Fibers and Their Applications (SPIE Press Book) (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Hemmer, M. Baudisch, A. Thai, A. Couairon, J. Biegert, Self-compression to sub-3-cycle duration of mid-infrared optical pulses in dielectrics. Opt. Express 21, 28095–28102 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Henderson-Sapir, J. Munch, D.J. Ottaway, Mid-infrared fiber lasers at and beyond 3.5um using dual-wavelength pumping. Opt. Lett. 39(3), 493–496 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Henderson-Sapir, S.D. Jackson, D.J. Ottaway, Versatile and widely tunable mid-infrared erbium doped ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 41(7), 1676 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. O. Hill, D. C. Johnson, B. S. Kawasaki, R. I. Macdonald, CW three-wave mixing in single-mode optical fibers. J. Appl. Phys. 49, 5098 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Hu, D.D. Hudson, S.D. Jackson, Stable, self-starting, passively mode-locked fiber ring laser of the 3  μm class. Opt. Lett. 39(7), 2133–2136 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hu, S.D. Jackson, D.D. Hudson, Ultrafast pulses from a mid-infrared fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 40(18), 4226 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Hudson, E. Mägi, A. Judge, S. Dekker, B. Eggleton, Highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass micro/nanofiber devices: design, theory, and octave-spanning spectral generation. Opt. Commun. 285(23), 4660–4669 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Hudson, R.J. Williams, M.J. Withford, S.D. Jackson, Single-frequency fiber laser operating at 2.9 μm. Opt. Lett. 38(14), 2388 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Hudson, S.A. Antipov, L. Lizhu, I. Alamgir, T. Hu, M. Amraoui, Y. Messaddeq, M.R. Rochette, S. Jackson, A. Fuerbach, Toward all-fiber supercontinuum spanning the mid-infrared. Optica 4(10), 1163–1166 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.D. Jackson, Single-transverse-mode 2.5-W holmium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating at 2.86 μm. Opt. Lett. 29, 334 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.D. Jackson, High-power erbium cascade fibre laser. Electron. Lett. 45(16), 830 (2009a)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S.D. Jackson, High-power and highly efficient diode-cladding- pumped holmium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating at 2 . 94 m. Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2327–2329 (2009b)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Jones, S. Diddams, J. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. Windeler, J. Hall, S. Cundiff, Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis. Science 288(5466), 635 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Jovanovic, A. Fuerbach, G. D. Marshall, M. Ams, M. J. Withford, Fibre Grating Inscription and Applications. Topics in applied physics. Heidelberg, vol. 123. 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Kashyap, Fiber Bragg Gratings. Academic Press, US (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • O.P. Kulkarni, V.V. Alexander, M. Kumar, M.J. Freeman, M.N. Islam, F.L. Terry, M. Neelakandan, A. Chan, Supercontinuum generation from ~1.9 to 4.5 μ m in ZBLAN fiber with high average power generation beyond 3.8 μm using a thulium-doped fiber amplifier. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28(10), 2486–2498 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Li, D. Hudson, S. Jackson, High-power diode-pumped fiber laser operating at 3 μm. Opt. Lett. 36(18), 3642–3644 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Li, H. Luo, B. Zhai, R. Lu, Z. Guo, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, Black phosphorus: A two-dimension saturable absorption material for mid-infrared Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 30361 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Liao, W. Gao, T. Cheng, X. Xue, Z. Duan, D. Deng, H. Kawashima, T. Suzuki, Y. Ohishi, Five-octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in fluoride glass. Appl. Phys. Express 6(3), 4–7 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.F.H. Librantz, S.D. Jackson, L. Gomes, S.J.L. Ribeiro, Y. Messaddeq, Pump excited state absorption in holmium-doped fluoride glass. J. Appl. Phys. 103(2), 1–9 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Liu, J. Liu, H. Shi, F. Tan, P. Wang, High power mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a single-mode ZBLAN fiber with up to 21.8 W average output power. Opt. Express 22(20), 24384–24391 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Liu, M. Wu, B. Huang, P. Tang, C. Zhao, D. Shen, D. Fan, S.K. Turitsyn, Widely wavelength-tunable mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24(3), 0900507 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Maes, V. Fortin, M. Bernier, R. Vallée, 5.6 W monolithic fiber laser at 3.55 μm. Opt. Lett. 42(11), 2054 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Majewski, S.D. Jackson, Tunable dysprosium laser. Opt. Lett. 41(19), 4496 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U. Møller, Y. Yu, I. Kubat, C.R. Petersen, X. Gai, L. Brilland, D. Méchin, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, B. Luther-Davies, O. Bang, Multi-milliwatt mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a suspended core chalcogenide fiber. Opt. Express 23(3), 3282 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Moselund, C. Petersen, S. Dupont, C. Agger, O. Bang, S.R. Keiding, Supercontinuum: broad as a lamp, bright as a laser, now in the mid-infrared. Proc. SPIE 8381, 83811A–83811A–6 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.K.N. Patel, Interpretation of CO2 optical maser experiments. Phys. Rev. Lett. 12(21), 588–590 (1964)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Petersen, U. Møller, I. Kubat, B. Zhou, S. Dupont, J. Ramsay, T. Benson, S. Sujecki, N. Abdel-Moneim, Z. Tang, D. Furniss, A. Seddon, O. Bang, Mid-infrared supercontinuum covering the 1.4–13.3 μm molecular fingerprint region using ultra-high NA chalcogenide step-index fibre. Nat. Photonics 8(11), 830–834 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Petersen, P.M. Moselund, C. Petersen, U. Møller, O. Bang, Spectral-temporal composition matters when cascading supercontinua into the mid-infrared. Opt. Express 24(2), 749–758 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.H.V. Price, X. Feng, A.M. Heidt, G. Brambilla, P. Horak, F. Poletti, G. Ponzo, P. Petropoulos, M. Petrovich, J. Shi, M. Ibsen, W.H. Loh, H.N. Rutt, D.J. Richardson, Supercontinuum generation in non-silica fibers. Opt. Fiber Technol. 18(5), 327–344 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Qin, G. Xie, C. Zhao, S. Wen, P. Yuan, L. Qian, Mid-infrared mode-locked pulse generation with multilayer black phosphorus as saturable absorber. Opt. Lett. 41(1), 56 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Salem, Z. Jiang, D. Liu, R. Pafchek, D. Gardner, P. Foy, M. Saad, D. Jenkins, A. Cable, P. Fendel, Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation spanning 1.8 octaves using step-index indium fluoride fiber pumped by a femtosecond fiber laser near 2 μm. Opt. Express 23(24), 30592 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Sanghera, L.B. Shaw, I.D. Aggarwal, Chalcogenide glass-fiber-based mid-IR sources and applications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 114–119 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Schneider, Mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers in multiple cascade operation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(4), 354–356 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.B. Shaw, R.R. Gattass, J. Sanghera, I. Aggarwal, All-fiber mid-IR supercontinuum source from 1.5 to 5 μm. Fiber Lasers VIII: Technol. Syst. Appl. 7914, 79140P–79140P–5 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Shen, Y. Wang, H. Chen, K. Luan, M. Tao, J. Si, Wavelength-tunable passively mode-locked mid-infrared Er3+−doped ZBLAN fiber laser. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 14913 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Singh, D.D. Hudson, Y. Yu, C. Grillet, S.D. Jackson, A. Casas-Bedoya, A. Read, P. Atanackovic, S.G. Duvall, S. Palomba, B. Luther-Davies, S. Madden, D.J. Moss, B.J. Eggleton, Midinfrared supercontinuum generation from 2 to 6  μm in a silicon nanowire. Optica 2(9), 797 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D.R. Solli, C. Ropers, P. Koonath, B. Jalali, Optical rogue waves. Nature 450(7172), 1054–1057 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R.H. Stolen, A. Ashkin, Optical Kerr effect in glass waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 294(1973), 20–23 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Stolen, C. Lin, Self-phase modulation in silica optical fibers. Phys. Rev. A 17(4), 1448 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Sumiyoshi, H. Sekita, Dual-wavelength continuous-wave cascade oscillation at 3 and 2 μm with a holmium-doped fluoride-glass fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 23(23), 1837–1839 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Sumiyoshi, H. Sekita, T. Arai, Cascade Ho : ZBLAN fiber laser and its medical applications. Quantum 5(4), 936–943 (1999)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Swiderski, High-power mid-infrared supercontinuum sources: current status and future perspectives. Prog. Quantum Electron. 38(5), 189–235 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Tran, G.H. Sigel, B. Bendow, Heavy metal fluoride glasses and fibers: a review. J. Lightwave Technol. 2(5), 566–586 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Wei, H. Shi, H. Luo, H. Zhang, Y. Lyu, Y. Liu, 34 nm-wavelength-tunable picosecond Ho^3+/Pr^3+−codoped ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Express 25(16), 19170 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Xia, Z. Xu, M.N. Islam, F.L. Terry, M.J. Freeman, A. Zakel, J. Mauricio, 10.5 W time-averaged power mid-IR supercontinuum generation extending beyond 4 μm with direct pulse pattern modulation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(2), 422–434 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Yang, B. Zhang, K. Yin, X. Zhou, J. Hou, High power all fiber mid-IR supercontinuum generation in a ZBLAN fiber pumped by a 2 μm MOPA system. Opt. Express 21(17), 19732–19742 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Yin, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards, C. Luo, Mid-IR supercontinuum generation and applications: a review. Proc. SPIE 9200, 92000U (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Yin, B. Zhang, L. Yang, J. Hou, 15.2 W spectrally flat all-fiber supercontinuum laser source with > 1 W power beyond 3. 8 μm. Opt. Lett. 42(12), 2334 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Yu, X. Gai, T. Wang, P. Ma, R. Wang, Z. Yang, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, B. Luther-Davies, Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in chalcogenides. Opt. Mater. Express 3(8), 1075–1086 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Yu, B. Zhang, X. Gai, C. Zhai, S. Qi, W. Guo, Z. Yang, R. Wang, D. Choi, S. Madden, B. Luther-davies, 1.8-10 μm mid-infrared supercontinuum generated in a step-index chalcogenide Fiber using low peak pump power. Opt. Lett. 40(6), 1081 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhao, X. Wang, S. Dai, Z. Pan, S. Liu, L. Sun, P. Zhang, Z. Liu, Q. Nie, X. Shen, R. Wang, 1.5-14 μm midinfrared supercontinuum generation in a low-loss Te-based chalcogenide step-index fiber. Opt. Lett. 41(22), 5222–5225 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Zhu, R. Jain, 10 W level diode pumepd compact 2.78 μm ZBLAN fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 32(1), 26–28 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Zhu, L. Geng, X. Zhu, L. Li, Q. Chen, R.A. Norwood, T. Manzur, N. Peyghambarian, Towards ten-watt-level 3-5 μm Raman lasers using tellurite fiber. Opt. Express 23(6), 7559 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Zhu, X. Zhu, F. Wang, S. Xu, Y. Li, X. Guo, K. Balakrishnan, R.A. Norwood, N. Peyghambarian, Graphene mode-locked fiber laser at 2.8 μm. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 28(1), 7–10 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stuart D. Jackson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Hudson, D.D., Fuerbach, A., Jackson, S.D. (2018). Progress in Mid-infrared Fiber Source Development. In: Peng, GD. (eds) Handbook of Optical Fibers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1477-2_53-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1477-2_53-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1477-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1477-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics