Abstract
This chapter is about childhood adversities and the problems and mental health of street children, child laborers, and child slaves and soldiers. It describes intolerable and worse distressing aspects of child deprivation that are complex, social, cultural, political, and economical in nature; that often overlap as the different categories or types can be mutually inclusive and difficult to differentiate; or they are hard to understand the constraints of the constructs thereof; are controversial in terms of their impact on child development and mental health; and more importantly, to anybody they stimulate evoke variable responses and a range of thresholds of emotive issues such as degrees of acceptability, child rights, ethics, and morals (ILO 2015; Geneva 2015; Liebel 2015; Munthali 2018; Myers 2001). These constructs in this chapter referring to street children, child laborers, child slaves, and soldiers are dealt with separately in more detail. Finally, this chapter cites some examples of what works in improving the lives of child laborers, street children, and child slaves and soldiers.
A. Nikapota: deceased.
References
Abdullahi II, Noor ZM, Said R, Baharumshah AZ (2016) Does poverty influence prevalence of child labour in developing countries? Int J Econ Financ Issues 6(1):7–12
Aberra M, WMichael K, Lemma I (2003) Child labour and associated problems in a rural town in south West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 17(1):45–52
Aderinto AA (2000) Social correlates and coping measures of street-children: a comparative study of street and non-street children in South-Western Nigeria. Child Abuse Negl 24(9):1199–1213
Agarwal RK (2004) The barefoot lawyers: prosecuting child labour in the supreme court of India. Ariz J Int Comp Law 21:663
Alem HW, Laha A (2016) Livelihood of street children and the role of social intervention: insights from literature using meta-analysis. Child Dev Res. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3582101. 3582101, 13 p.
Aptekar L (1994) Street children in the developing world: a review of their condition. Cross-Cult Res 28(3):195–224
Aptekar L, CianoFederoff LM (1999) Street children in Nairobi: gender differences in mental health. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 85:35–46
Asogwa SE (1986) Sociomedical aspects of child labor in Nigeria. J Occup Med 28(1):46–48
Ayaya SO, Esamai FO (2001) Health problems of street children in Eldoret, Kenya. East Afr Med J 78(12):624–630
Bales K, Hesketh O, Silverman B (2015) Modern slavery in the UK: how many victims? Significance 12(3):16–21
Benvegnú LA, Fassa AG, Facchini LA, Wegman DH, Dall’Agnol MM (2005) Work and behavioural problems in children and adolescents. Int J Epidemiol 34(6):1417–1424
Betancourt TS, McBain R, Newnham EA, Advenika M (2014) A behavioural intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomised controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(12):1288–1297
Betancourt TS, McBain RK, Newnham EA, Robert T (2015) The intergenerational impact of war: longitudinal relationships between caregiver and child mental health in post conflict Sierra Leone. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 56(10):1101–1107
Bhukuth A (2008) Defining child labour: a controversial debate. Dev Pract 18(3):385–394
Cosgrove JG (1990) Towards a working definition of street children. Int Soc Work 33(2):185–192
Craig G (2017) The UK’s modern slavery legislation: an early assessment of Progress. Soc Incl 5(2):16–27
Dutta A (2014) Children in Dickens’s novels. Int J Stud Engl Lang Lit 2(2):1–4
Duyar I, Ozener B (2005) Growth and nutritional status of male adolescent laborers in Ankara, Turkey. Am J Phys Anthropol 128(3):693–698
Fassa AG, Facchini LA, Dall’Agnol MM, Christiani DC (2000) Child labor and health: problems and perspectives. Int J Occup Environ Health 6(1):55–62
Fekadu D, Alem A (2001) Child-labour and emotional disorders in an urban district, Ethiopia: a rapid assessment on community perception of child labour. Ethiop J Health Dev 15(3):197–202
Fekadu D, Alem A, Hägglöf B (2006) The prevalence of mental health problems in Ethiopian child labourers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(9):954–959
Gamlin J, Camacho AZ, Ong M, Hesketh T (2015) Is domestic work a worst form of child labour? The findings of a six-country study of the psychosocial effects of child domestic work. Child Geogr 13(2):212–225
Gharaibeh M, Hoeman S (2003) Health hazards & risks for abuse among child labor in Jordan. J Paediatric Nursing 18(2):140–147
Glauser B (2015) Street children: Deconstructing a construct. In James, A. (Ed.), Prout, A. (Ed.). (2015). Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745008
Hadi A (2000) Child abuse among working children in rural Bangladesh: prevalence and determinants. Public Health 114(5):380–384
Harfst M (2013) Street children in Brazil: daily struggles in a complex social setting. GRIN Verlag, Munich
Hounmenou C (2016) Exploring child prostitution in a major city in the west African region. Child Abuse Negl 59:26–35
ILO (1973) ILO conventions 138 minimum age convention 1973. International Labour Office, Geneva
ILO (1999) ILO convention 182 worst forms of child labour convention 1999. International Labour Office, Geneva
ILO (2015) Development of an instrument for the psychosocial assessment of child workers. International Labour Office, Geneva
ILO (2017) Global estimates of child labour: results and trends 2012–2016. International Labour Office, Geneva
Kassouf AL, McKee M, Mossialos E (2001) Early entrance to the job market and its effect on adult health: evidence from Brazil. Health Policy Plan 16(1):21–28
Khakshour A, Ajilian Abbasi M, Sayedi SJ, Saeidi M, Khodaee GH (2015) Child labor facts in the worldwide: a review article. Int J Pediatr 3(1.2):467–473
Kutcher S, Wei Y, Weist MD (eds) (2015) School mental health: global challenges and opportunities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lalor KJ (1999) Street children: a comparative perspective. Child Abuse Negl 23(8):759–770
Lenz AS, Hollenbaugh KM (2015) Meta-analysis of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for treating PTSD and co-occurring depression among children and adolescents. Counsel Outcome Res Eval 6(1):18–32
Liebel M (2015) Protecting the rights of working children instead of banning child labour. Int J Child Rights 23(3):529–547
Mallik S, Chaudhuri RN, Biswas R, Biswas B (2004) A study on morbidity pattern of child labourers engaged in different occupations in a slum are of Calcutta. J Indian Med Assoc 102(4):198–200
Mathews R, Reis C, Iacopino V (2003) Child Labor. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 26(2):181–182
McKinney SJ, Hill RJ, Hania H (2015) Child slavery and child labour. Pastor Rev 11(2):54–60
Mehta M, Prabha SV, Mistry HN (1985) Child labor in Bombay. Child Abuse and Neglect 9(1):107–111
Miller CL, Duke G, Northam S (2016) Child sex-trafficking recognition, intervention, and referral: an educational framework for the development of health-care-provider education programs. J Hum Trafficking 2(3):177–200
Moore JL, Houck C, Hirway P, Barron CE, Goldberg AP (2017) Trafficking experiences and psychosocial features of domestic minor sex trafficking victims. J Interpers Violence 1:0886260517703373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517703373
Munthali J (2018) Social Norms or Child Labour?: The Case of the Maasai Community in Kenya. In I. Tshabangu (Ed.), Global Ideologies Surrounding Children–s Rights and Social Justice (pp. 88–104). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2578-3.ch006
Myers WE (2001) The right rights? Child labor in a globalizing world. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci 575(1):38–55
Nichol S, Skipper S (2013) Child trafficking for sexual exploitation within the United Kingdom: a north western perspective. J Public Adm 48(1):89–104
Nuwayhid IA, Usta J, Makarem M, Khudr A, El-Zein A (2005) Health of children working in small urban industrial shops. Occup Environ Med 62(2):86–94
O’Brien M (2014) The internet, child pornography and cloud computing: the dark side of the web? Inf Commun Technol Law 23(3):238–255
Omokhodion FO, Omokhodion SI (2004) Health status of working and non-working school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ann Trop Paediatr 24(2):175–178
Parveen S (2014) Conceptual meaning and definition of street children: worldwide. Sociology 12(11):78–80
Poulatova C (2013) Children and armed conflict. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne
Riverbank J, Martyn L, Whetten K, Vasudevan L (2018) A survey of health-care seeking practices and related stigma among community and street-based children in Cambodia. Int Health 10(3):211–213
Robson E (2004) Hidden child workers: young carers in Zimbabwe. Antipode 36(2):227–248
Roggero P, Mangiaterra V, Bustreo F, Rosati F (2007) The health impact of child labor in developing countries: evidence from cross-country data. Am J Public Health 97(2):271–275
Stoklosa H, Dawson MB, Williams-Oni F, Rothman EF (2017) A review of US health care institution protocols for the identification and treatment of victims of human trafficking. J Hum Trafficking 3(2):116–124
Sturrock S, Hodes M (2016) Child labour in low-and middle-income countries and its consequences for mental health: a systematic literature review of epidemiological studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25(12):1273–1286
Williams C (1993) Who are “street children?” a hierarchy of street use and appropriate responses. Child Abuse Negl 17(6):831–841
Wolff FC, Maliki (2008) Evidence on the impact of child labor in Indonesia, 1993–2000. Econ Hum Biol 6(1):143–169
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Fekadu, D., Nikapota, A. (2020). Street Children, Exploitation and Slavery. In: Taylor, E., Verhulst, F., Wong, J., Yoshida, K., Nikapota, A. (eds) Mental Health and Illness of Children and Adolescents. Mental Health and Illness Worldwide. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0753-8_17-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0753-8_17-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0753-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-0753-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences