Skip to main content

Human Organisms from an Evolutionary Perspective: Its Significance for Medicine

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
  • 2221 Accesses

Abstract

Defenders of evolutionary medicine claim that medical professionals and public health officials would do well to consider the role of evolutionary biology with respect to the teaching, research, and judgments pertaining to medical theory and practice. An integral part of their argument is that the human body should be understood as a bundle of evolutionary compromises. Such an appreciation, which includes a proper understanding of biological function and physiological homeostasis, would provide a crucial perspective regarding the understanding and securing of human health needs currently lacking in the medical arena.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Alexander HK, Martin G, Martin OY, Bonhoeffer S (2014) Evolutionary rescue: linking theory for conservation and medicine. Evol Appl 7:1161–1179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ananth M (2008) In defense of an evolutionary concept of health: nature, norms, and the human biology. Ashgate Press, Aldershot

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananth M (2017) Bringing biology to life: an introduction to the philosophy of biology. Broadview Press, Calgary

    Google Scholar 

  • APHA (American Public Health Association) 2016. https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health

  • Ariew A, Cummins R, Perlman M (eds) (2002) Functions: new essays in the philosophy of psychology and biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes KC, Armelagos GJ, Morreale SC (1999) Darwinian medicine and the emergence of allergy. In: Trevathan WR, Smith EO, McKenna JJ (eds) Evolutionary medicine. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 209–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Basanta D, Miodownik M, Baum B (2008) The evolution of robust development and homeostasis in artificial organisms. Comput Biol 4:1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000030

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechtel W (1985) In defense of a naturalistic concept of health. In: Humber JM, Almeder RF (eds) Biomedical ethics review 1985. Humana Press, Clifton, pp 131–170

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman EM, Verheijen IWH, Van der Vlueten CPM, de Bruin ABH et al (2014) Influences on anatomical knowledge: the complete arguments. Clin Anat 3:296–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard C (1957) An introduction to the study of experimental medicine. Dover Publication, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow J, Pargetter R (1987) Functions. J Philos 84:181–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishai WR, Graham NMH et al (1996) Rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in a patient receiving rifabutin prophylaxis. N Engl J of Med 334:1573–1576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boorse C (1987) Concepts of health. In: Van DeVeer D, Regan T (eds) Health care ethics: an introduction. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, pp 359–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Boorse C (1997) A rebuttal on health. In: Humber JM, Almeder RF (eds) What is disease? Humana Press, Totowa, pp 1–134

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boorse C (2002) A rebuttal on functions. In: Ariew A, Cummins R, Perlman M (eds) Functions: new essays in the philosophy of psychology and biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 63–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Buller DJ (1999) Adapting minds: evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB (1963) The wisdom of the body, revised and enlarged edn. W. W. Norton & Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper SJ (2008) From claude bernard to walter cannon. emergence of the concept of homeostasis. Appetite 51:419–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins R, Roth M (2010) Traits have not evolved to function the way they do because of a past advantage. In: Ayala FJ, Arp R (eds) Contemporary debates in the philosophy of biology. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 72–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1859/1958) The origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favoured in the struggle for life, mentor edn. Mentor/Penguin Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Depew D (1998) Darwinism and developmentalism: prospects for convergence. In: van de Dijver G, Salthe SN, Delpos M (eds) Evolutionary systems: biological and epistemological perspectives on selection and self-organization. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 21–32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewald PW (1994) Evolution of infectious disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman S, Herron JC (2004) Evolutionary analysis, 3rd edn. Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist GW, Joel G, Kingsolver JG (2001) Is optimality over the hill? In: Orzack SH, Sober E (eds) Adaptationism and optimality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 219–241

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein K (1963) The organism, a holistic approach to biology derived from pathological data in man. Beacon, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardcastle V (1999) Understanding functions: a pragmatic approach. In: Hardcastle V (ed) Where biology meets psychology. The MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 27–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartig T, Mitchell R, de Vries S, Frumkin H (2014) Nature and health. Annu Rev Public Health 35:207–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kark J (2000) Sickle cell trait. http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/sickle_trait.html

  • Keeney RE, Powley TL (2008) Body energy homeostasis. Appetite 53:442–445

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin P (2001) What functions explain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1974) Teleological and teleonomic, a new analysis. Boston Stud Philos Sci 14:91–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (2000) Darwin’s influence on modern thought. Sci Am 238:78–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millikan R (1993) White queen psychology and other essays for alice. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesse R, Williamd GC (1994) Why we get sick: the new science of darwinian medicine. Times Book/Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesse RM, Williams GC (1997) Evolutionary biology in the medical curriculum: what every physician should know. Bioscience 47:664–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen L (1997) Teleological language in the life sciences. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Odling-Smee JF, Laland KN, Feldman NW (2003) Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton University Press, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Older J (2004) Anatomy: a must for teaching the next generation. Surgeon 2:79–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papa V, Vaccarezza M (2013) Teaching anatomy in the XXI century: new aspects and pitfalls. Scientific World Journal 7281:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman M (2010) Traits have evolved because of a past advantage. In: Ayala FJ, Arp R (eds) Contemporary debates in the philosophy of biology. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, pp 53–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Profet M (1991) The function of allergy: immunological defense against toxins. Quart Rev Biol 66:23–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts MBV (1986) Biology: a functional approach, 4th edn. ELBS with Nelson, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Salthe SN (1998) The role of natural selection theory in understanding evolutionary systems. In: van de Dijver G, Stanley N, Salthe SN, Delpos M (eds) Evolutionary systems: biological and epistemological perspectives on selection and self-organization. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 13–20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Seidel C (2002) Basic concepts in physiology. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan T (1999) Darwinian medicine. Lecture given to the biology department at loyola marymount university. http://philpapers.org/rec/SHADM

  • Sprouffke K, Merlo LMF, Garrish PJ, Maley CC, Sniegowski PD (2012) Cancer in light of experimental evolution. Curr Biol 22:762–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turney B (2007) Anatomy in a modern medical curriculum. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 89:104–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyreman S J (2001) The concept of function in osteopathy and conventional medicine: a comparative study. Doctoral Dissertation, British School of Osteopath

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2007) Darwinian medicine: basic theory with practical uses for public health. http://www.who.int/global_health_histories/seminars/2005-2007/en/

  • Wouters A (2003a) Philosophers on function. Acta Biotheor 51:223–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wouters A (2003b) Four notions of biological function. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 34:633–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright L (1976) Teleological explanations: an etiological analysis of goals and functions. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahesh Ananth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ananth, M. (2017). Human Organisms from an Evolutionary Perspective: Its Significance for Medicine. In: Schramme, T., Edwards, S. (eds) Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8688-1_62

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics