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Snake Envenomation in Domestic Animal Species in Australia

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Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas

Part of the book series: Toxinology ((TOXI))

Abstract

Snakebite is a significant animal health problem for domestic animals in Australia. Animalsare more frequently envenomed than humans, perhaps due to their innate hunting instincts. The Australian continent is home to many highly venomous snakes. The most common snake species responsible for animal envenomation are the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) and eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis). Notable, but less frequently reported snake species include the red bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus), taipan (Oxyruanus scutellatus) and death adders (Acanthophis sp.). There is significant geographic variation between regions of Australia and the venomous snake species that occur. Dogs and cats are the most frequently reported animal species requiring veterinary treatment for clinically significant envenoming, however horses and other animal species are occasionally envenomed. A range of clinical syndromes have been reported for envenomed animals and are dependent upon the snake species. Animals may present with generalized paralysis, myopathy, coagulation disorders or local bite site reactions. The chronology and severity of clinical signs appear to be related to total venom dose received, bodyweight and elapsed time. Death may occur rapidly following envenomation from some species of snakes, particularly in low bodyweight dogs. Veterinarians commonly diagnose snakebite by interpretation of clinical signs, and application of hematological, biochemical and coagulation tests. The principle treatments used by veterinarians are antivenom, hospitalization, supportive care, and respiratory support measures. Research to improve diagnostic efficiency, better understanding of cost-benefit of various treatment approaches are required to improve outcomes for animals and owners.

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  1. Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    A. M. Padula

  2. Emergency and Critical Care, UVet Werribee Animal Hospital, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway Werribee, Melbourne, VIC, 3030, Australia

    Hui Mei Ong & Kylie Kelers

Authors
  1. A. M. Padula
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  2. Hui Mei Ong
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  3. Kylie Kelers
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. M. Padula .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hawaii Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

    Carl-Wilhelm Vogel

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine New Mexico School of Medicine, New Mexico Poison Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

    Steven A. Seifert

  3. Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Division of Development and Innovation Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Denise V. Tambourgi

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Padula, A.M., Ong, H.M., Kelers, K. (2018). Snake Envenomation in Domestic Animal Species in Australia. In: Vogel, CW., Seifert, S., Tambourgi, D. (eds) Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas. Toxinology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7438-3_66

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