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Glycome as Biomarkers

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Glycomics is the comprehensive study of all glycans expressed in biological systems. Despite the fact that many routinely used biomarkers are either glycans of glycoconjugates, glycomic approaches to discover novel biomarkers are just on the rise. Routinely used glycan biomarkers have been developed using traditional immunological techniques and monoclonal antibody technology. Recent progress in the development of analytical methodologies and strategies has enabled new biomarker discovery programs. Glycosylation is found on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices creating the initial point of contact in cellular interactions to mediate cell–cell interactions, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, and cell signaling. Thus, glycosylation is believed to be highly sensitive to the biological environment and has been implicated in various diseases including cancer. In this chapter, established glycan-related biomarkers as well as recently identified biomarker candidates are viewed. Glycomic techniques employed to identify those biomarkers are also reviewed.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

AFP:

Alpha-Fetoprotein

ARCL:

Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa

ASD:

Autism Spectrum Disorder

BEP:

β-Elimination in the Presence of Pyrazolone Analogs

CA:

Carbohydrate Antigen or Cancer Antigen

CDG:

Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

CS:

Chondroitin Sulfate

CSCs:

Cancer Stem Cells

CSF:

Cerebrospinal Fluid

DS:

Dermatan Sulfate

FUT:

Fucosyltransferase

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycan

GalNAc:

N-Acetylgalactosamine

GlcNAc:

N-Acetylglucosamine

GSLs:

Glycosphingolipids

GWAS:

Genome-Wide Association Study

HCC:

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

hECCs:

Human Embryonic Carcinoma Cells

HER2:

Human EGFR-Related 2

hESCs:

Human Embryonic Stem Cells

HILIC:

Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography

hiPSCs:

Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

HNF1A:

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-α

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

KS:

Keratan Sulfate

mAb:

Monoclonal Antibody

MALDI:

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

MODY:

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young

MRM:

Multiple Reaction Monitoring

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

MUC:

Mucin

O-Fuc:

O-Linked Fucose

O-GalNAc:

O-Linked N-Acetylgalactosamine

O-GlcNAc:

O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine

O-Man:

O-Linked Mannose

O-Xyl:

O-Linked Xylose

PGs:

Proteoglycans

PSA:

Prostate-Specific Antigen

RP:

Reversed Phase

Ser:

Serine

SNPs:

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

SSEA:

Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen

Thr:

Threonine

TOF:

Time of Flight

TRA:

Tumor-Rejection Antigen

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge research support from the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan

    Yasuro Shinohara & Jun-ichi Furukawa

  2. S-BIO, Vaupell Inc., 20 Executive Drive, Hudson, NH, 03051, USA

    Yoshiaki Miura

Authors
  1. Yasuro Shinohara
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  2. Jun-ichi Furukawa
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  3. Yoshiaki Miura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasuro Shinohara .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Shinohara, Y., Furukawa, Ji., Miura, Y. (2014). Glycome as Biomarkers. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7740-8_23-1

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