Abstract
Regressive changes occur in all the tissues of the body involving the bone, and osteoporosis is one of such change that is seldom diagnosed before the occurrence of fracture. Osteoporosis most of the time manifests in the maxillofacial region involving jaw bones. Radiographic bone density can be assessed from simple radiographs in two main ways: by taking linear measurements (morphometric analysis) or by measuring the optical density and comparing it with a step wedge (densitometric analysis). It has been proposed that osteopenia observed on panoramic radiographs could be used as a referral criterion for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment.
Panoramic radiography has been an important component of dental diagnostic radiology for over 40 years. It is a technique that produces an image of the teeth and jaws on a single film. Dental panoramic radiography accounts for 32% of all medical radiologic examinations in the United Kingdom, with approximately two million panoramic radiographs taken annually in National Health Service dental practices in England and Wales alone. So the incidental findings detected on panoramic radiographs of these patients can be used for the identification of women who have no awareness of their low BMD and who could benefit from BMD testing. Qualitative and quantitative panoramic indices, including the mandibular cortical index (MCI), mental index (MI), or panoramic mandibular index (PMI), have also been used for panoramic radiographs to assess the bone quality and to observe signs of resumption and osteoporosis.
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Abbreviations
- AI:
-
Antegonial index
- BMD:
-
Bone mineral density
- DPA:
-
Dual photon absorptiometry
- DXA:
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- GI:
-
Gonial index
- MCI:
-
Mandibular cortical index
- MI/MCW:
-
Mental index/mandibular cortical width
- PMI:
-
Panoramic mandibular index
- QCT:
-
Quantitative computed tomography
- RANKL:
-
Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand
- SPA:
-
Single photon absorptiometry
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Govindraju, P., Mahesh Kumar, T.S., Chandra, P., Balaji, P., Sowbhagya, M.B. (2017). Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible: Biomarker for Osteoporosis. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_13
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