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Use of Visceral Adipocyte Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer

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Biomarkers in Cancer

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Abstract

Repositories of visceral adipocytes, such as the omentum, have historically been regarded as accessory organs, providing insulation, mechanical, and/or nutritional support. However, the discovery of key adipokines and immune mediators within visceral adipocytes has precipitated revisiting and redefining the traditional function of the visceral adipose tissue, particularly as adipocytes relate to cancer development and progression. Parallel studies of the biology of adipocytes in obesity and cancer have also identified perturbations in cellular homeostasis with an imbalance of secreted adipokines tipped in favor of inflammation within the microenvironment as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and its master regulator, the glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78). These proteins are detectable in peripheral circulation and may provide insight into tumor biology and prognosis. Given the strong link between adiposity and endometrial cancer, evaluating these adipocyte-derived factors in the context may reveal a useful tool to aid clinical decisions. This chapter reviews several biomarker candidates emanating from adipocytes and the biological basis for their role in endometrial cancer.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

BMI:

Body Mass Index

cAMP:

Cyclic AMP

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CT:

Computed Tomography

EAC:

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma

ER:

Endoplasmic Reticulum

FABP4:

Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4

GPER:

G protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor

GRP78:

Glucose-Regulated Protein 78

HMW:

High Molecular Weight

IGF:

Insulin Growth Factor

IGFBP:

Insulin Growth Factor-Binding Protein

IRS:

Insulin Receptor Substrate

JNK:

c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase

LMW:

Low Molecular Weight

MCP-1:

Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1

MMW:

Medium Molecular Weight

mTOR:

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear Factor κB

PPAR-α:

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ

SOCS-3:

Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling-3

STAT-3:

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3

UCP1:

Uncoupling Protein 1

UPR:

Unfolded Protein Response

VEGF:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA

    Liz Y. Han

  2. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Yvonne G. Lin

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  1. Liz Y. Han
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Correspondence to Yvonne G. Lin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Scien, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Han, L.Y., Lin, Y.G. (2015). Use of Visceral Adipocyte Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7681-4_28

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