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LGR5 as Marker in Brain Cancer

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Biomarkers in Cancer

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Abstract

WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is the standard basis for brain cancer diagnosis. It is primarily based on histopathological findings and some parameters such as frequency of mitotic malignant cells and existence of necrosis, providing a guideline for treatments of patients. Gliomas, the most frequently occurring brain tumor group, are particularly heterogeneous, showing a variety of cellular morphologies, molecular aberrations, and biological behavior. This fact has driven intensive investigations on searching for biomarkers for better stratification of gliomas and has resulted in the discovery of specific expression of the leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in multiple adult tissue stem cells. This is particularly relevant, as tumors with a low level of differentiation are associated with especially poor prognosis. Although inadequate choices of therapeutics for glioma patients currently make biomarkers’ utility for glioma patients limited, recent advances are shedding light not only on the heterogeneity of glioma tumors within and across the subtypes, but also on the heterogeneity between malignant cells within the individual tumors.

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Abbreviations

AP1:

Activator Protein 1

ChIP:

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

CIC:

Capicua Transcriptional Repressor

CNS:

Central Nervous System

EMSA:

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

EPHA2:

Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2

G-CIMP:

Glioma-CpG Island Methylator Phenotype

GSC:

Glioblastoma Stem Cell

IDH:

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

L1CAM:

L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule

LGR5:

Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 5

LHX2:

LIM Homeobox 2

LOH:

Loss of Heterozygosity

MAPK:

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

MGMT:

O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase

PFKFB4:

Fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4

PFS:

Progression-Free Survival

RB:

Retinoblastoma

RNAi:

RNA Interference

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan

    Susumu Nakata

  2. Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    Emma Phillips & Violaine Goidts

Authors
  1. Susumu Nakata
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  2. Emma Phillips
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  3. Violaine Goidts
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Violaine Goidts .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Scien, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Nakata, S., Phillips, E., Goidts, V. (2015). LGR5 as Marker in Brain Cancer. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7681-4_11

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