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Interaction of Sialyltransferases, Sialidases, and Sialic Acids in Liver Diseases and Applications to Biomarker Discovery

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Biomarkers in Liver Disease

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Abstract

Sialic acids are family of extraordinary monosaccharides with nine-carbon backbone that are thoroughly expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and higher invertebrates and also on specific bacteria that interact with vertebrates. In liver diseases, alterations in the carbohydrate content of plasma glycoproteins have been described either due to tissue destruction, tissue proliferation, depolymerization, or inflammation. Accordingly, sialic acid is being studied in liver diseases since the last two decades. Sialyltransferase group of enzymes catalyzes the transfer of the activated form of sialic acid onto the acceptor sugar. Sialidases (EC 3.2.1.18, also called neuraminidases) are glycosidases that catalyze the removal of sialic acid residues linked α-glycosidically from carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The sialyltransferases, sialidases, and sialic acids have been evaluated in liver diseases, and significant alterations have been found. Detailed understanding of the role of sialic acid, sialidases, and sialyltransferases and their interactions in liver diseases may significantly contribute to open new exciting frontiers of basic and therapeutic exploration.

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Abbreviations

Apo:

Apolipoprotein

CMAH:

Cytidine monophosphate acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase

CMP:

Cytidine monophosphate

CRP:

C reactive protein

FSA:

Free sialic acid

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

LSA:

Lipid-bound sialic acid

NEU1:

Neurominidase 1

NEU2:

Neurominidase 2

NEU3:

Neurominidase 3

NEU4:

Neurominidase 4

Neu5Ac:

N-acetylneuraminic acid

OJM:

Obstructive jaundice model

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PSA:

Polysialic acids

SOC:

Sham operated control

ST6Gal I:

Galactoside α2,6 sialyltranferase 1

TSA:

Total sialic acid

vWF:

Von Willebrand factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sciences, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Istanbul University, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey

    A. Ata Alturfan

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ebru Emekli-Alturfan

Authors
  1. A. Ata Alturfan
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  2. Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
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Correspondence to A. Ata Alturfan or Ebru Emekli-Alturfan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Alturfan, A.A., Emekli-Alturfan, E. (2017). Interaction of Sialyltransferases, Sialidases, and Sialic Acids in Liver Diseases and Applications to Biomarker Discovery. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_19

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