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Biomarkers in Liver Disease pp 871–899Cite as

Immunological Biomarkers in Liver Transplantation

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Abstract

Liver transplantation is the standard therapy for many liver diseases. Despite being a considerable successful treatment, avoiding allograft rejection, among other complications, continues being one of the big challenges for physicians. Immunosuppression drugs significantly decrease rejection rates after liver transplantation; however, they have generally associated adverse effects which compromise liver transplantation outcome, increasing patients’ morbidity and mortality. So, a close monitoring of immunosuppression is essential to reduce drugs’ undesirable effects as long as allograft rejection is avoided. Nevertheless, monitoring of liver transplant recipients (LTRs) frequently entails the study of liver biopsies with its consequent inconvenience and risk for the patient. Identification of biomarkers that could diagnose or predict the risk of suffering allograft rejection (acute, chronic, or antibody mediated), or, on the contrary, the potential to achieve allograft tolerance, would represent a considerable progress in the managing and monitoring of LTRs. As the immune response of LTRs is responsible for the rejection or tolerance of the liver allograft, most of the potential biomarkers studied in this field are related to the immune system. For that reason, in this chapter, we attempt to review the state of the art in immunological biomarkers for the managing of patients after liver transplantation.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

AMR:

Antibody-mediated rejection

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

AR:

Acute rejection

BEC:

Biliary epithelial cells

C1q:

Complement component 1q

C4:

Complement component 4

CLU:

Clusterin

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CR:

Chronic rejection

DC:

Dendritic cells

DSAs:

Donor-specific human alloantibodies

GBP2:

Guanylate-binding protein 2

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HLA-G:

Human leukocyte antigen, class I, G

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IL-2:

Interleukin 2

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IL-8:

Interleukin 8

IL-10:

Interleukin 10

IL-23:

Interleukin 23

IRF5:

Interferon regulatory factor 5

IS:

Immunosuppression)

Krt19:

Cytokeratin-19

LCN2:

Lipocalin-2

LTRs:

Liver transplant recipients

MCS:

Median channel shift

MFI:

Mean fluorescent intensity

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA:

microRNA

NK:

Natural killer cells

OLT:

Orthotopic liver transplantation

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

RAI:

Rejection activity index

sIL2-R:

Soluble interleukin 2 receptor

SPIs:

Solid-phase immunoassays

Th1:

Type 1 helper T cells

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Treg cells:

Regulatory T cells

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Digestive Pathology Group, Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), CIBA Building, Avda. San Juan Bosco 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Estela Solanas & Pedro Baptista

  2. Liver Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avda. Juan Bosco 15, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Elena Martínez-Crespo, Alberto Lue & M. Trinidad Serrano

Authors
  1. Estela Solanas
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  2. Elena Martínez-Crespo
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  3. Alberto Lue
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  4. Pedro Baptista
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  5. M. Trinidad Serrano
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Correspondence to Estela Solanas or M. Trinidad Serrano .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Solanas, E., Martínez-Crespo, E., Lue, A., Baptista, P., Serrano, M.T. (2017). Immunological Biomarkers in Liver Transplantation. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_17

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